干旱及复水对不同抗旱性玉米光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,以抗旱性不同的玉米品种郑单958和陕单902为试材,在水分胁迫0、3、6、9天和复水3、6、9天条件下,通过气体交换和叶绿素荧光技术,研究水分胁迫和复水后叶片的气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素的变化特征。结果表明,随着水分胁迫天数的增加,陕单902的Pn、Ci、Gs、Fv/Fm、Yield、qP、Chl等指标的下降幅度均大于郑单958;NPQ上升的幅度大于郑单958。郑单958的光系统在水分胁迫时受到的伤害程度要小于陕单902。复水后郑单958的光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素等迅速恢复,陕单902光合参数及其他参数恢复缓慢。在水分胁迫条件下,耐旱玉米品种郑单958能保持良好的光合特性,在复水后,具有良好的生理补偿效应,是适应干旱环境的重要生理因素。     

干旱胁迫与复水对玉米苗期渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶的影响

以掖单13号（抗旱性弱）和农大108（抗旱性强）为试材,采用盆栽控水的方法,研究了不同程度的干旱胁迫与复水条件对玉米苗期渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶的影响。结果表明,玉米苗期可溶性糖、蛋白质和脯氨酸的积累与品种的抗旱性呈负相关,抗旱性与水分胁迫下抗氧化酶类活性呈显著负相关,其中SOD和POD为主要抗氧化酶。     

干旱胁迫对杨树品种光合生理的影响研究

以杨树品种中嘉2号(Populus deltoides cv.Zhongjia No.2)和中石2号(P.deltoides cv.ZhongshiNo.2)为供试材料,采用Li-CoR-6200便携式光合仪测定它们在干旱胁迫时的净光合速率(Pn)及影响净光合速率的主要因子.结果表明,2个杨树品种对干旱胁迫的响应有相同...     

转基因玉米苗期抗旱性生理生化指标与复水过程的研究

采用盆栽法，在苗期干旱胁迫和复水过程中测定不同转基因玉米的指标：相对电导率、相对含水量、蒸腾速率、光合速率，以期评价4类转基因玉米的抗旱性能，探求复水过程在转基因玉米抗旱性筛选中的应用。     

抽雄期干旱胁迫与复水对不同玉米品种生长及产量的影响

[目的]探讨广西不同玉米品种在抽雄期对干旱胁迫及旱后复水的响应,为玉米抗旱机理研究、抗旱品种选育及广西玉米秋播用种选择提供理论依据.[方法]在大棚内采用桶栽法对桂单0810、迪卡008、正大619、琛玉969和桂单901等5个玉米品种在抽雄期进行4、8、12、16和20 d的干旱胁迫处理及相应胁迫时间后的复水处理试验,每个品种均以正常浇水为对照,分别于相应干旱胁迫时间后的第1 d及旱后复水15 d取样,统计次生根数、最长根长和绿叶数,测定各处理根、冠干物质量,计算各指标与对照的比值;成熟期计算单株果穗产量,以产量为基准计算抗旱系数和抗旱指数,并对抗旱系数进行聚类分析.[结果]干旱胁迫下各玉米品种的冠干重、根干重、次生根数、最长根长和绿叶数均比对照下降,且各指标与对照比值随胁迫时间的延长而下降.复水后,各指标的恢复生长量随胁迫时间的增加而减少;除最长根长在干旱胁迫4 d后复水出现超补偿生长外,其他指标均未产生超补偿效应.桂单0810、迪卡008和正大619在干旱胁迫下各指标的降幅均小于琛玉969和桂单901;复水后,前者的恢复能力又高于后者.桂单0810、迪卡008和正大619的抗旱系数和抗旱指数均高于琛玉969和桂单901,通过抗旱系数的聚类分析,可将5个玉米品种分为两大类,桂单0810、迪卡008和正大619归为抗旱性较强的品种,桂单901和琛玉969归为抗旱性较弱的品种.[结论]桂单0810、迪卡008和正大619在抽雄期受干旱胁迫时根、冠生长所受影响较小,且在复水后能够有效地恢复生长,从而保证较高的生物量及产量,可作为广西秋播玉米抗旱品种推广应用.     

抽雄期干旱胁迫与复水对不同玉米品种生长及产量的影响

[目的]探讨广西不同玉米品种在抽雄期对干旱胁迫及旱后复水的响应,为玉米抗旱机理研究、抗旱品种选育及广西玉米秋播用种选择提供理论依据.[方法]在大棚内采用桶栽法对桂单0810、迪卡008、正大619、琛玉969和桂单901等5个玉米品种在抽雄期进行4、8、12、16和20d的干旱胁迫处理及相应胁迫时间后的复水处理试验,每个品种均以正常浇水为对照.[结果]干旱胁迫下各玉米品种的冠干重、根干重、次生根数、最长根长和绿叶数均比对照下降,且各指标与对照比值随胁迫时间的延长而下降.复水后,各指标的恢复生长量随胁迫时问的增加而减少;除最长根长在干旱胁迫4 d后复水出现超补偿生长外,其他指标均未产生超补偿效应.桂单0810、迪卡008和正大619在干旱胁迫下各指标的降幅均小于琛玉969和桂单901;复水后,前者的恢复能力又高于后者桂单0810、迪卡008和正大619的抗旱系数和抗旱指数均高于琛玉969和桂单901,通过抗旱系数的聚类分析,可将5个玉米品种分为两大类,桂单0810、迪卡008和正大619归为抗旱性较强的品种,桂单901和琛玉969归为抗旱性较弱的品种.[结论]桂单0810、迪卡008和正大619在抽雄期受干旱胁迫时根、冠生长所受影响较小,且在复水后能够有效地恢复生长,从而保证较高的生物量及产量,可作为广两秋播玉米抗旱品种推广应用.     

土壤干旱胁迫及复水对黑果腺肋花楸生理指标的影响

以2年生黑果腺肋花楸为材料,采用盆栽形式进行土壤逐渐干旱胁迫及旱后复水处理,通过测定渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性等指标,探讨黑果腺肋花楸对土壤干旱及复水的响应特点。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,黑果腺肋花楸叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量均显著增加(P0.05),过氧化氢酶活性显著降低(P0.05),可溶性蛋白质含量和过氧化物酶活性的变化不明显;复水后,各项生理指标都有所恢复,并保持相对较高的叶片相对含水量;表明在干旱胁迫下,黑果腺肋花楸通过调节自身渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性等一系列生理指标适应土壤干旱胁迫,表现出较强的抗旱力。     

不同施肥处理对玉米光合特性及产量形成的影响

为探索在一定无机肥施用量基础上配施有机肥对玉米的增产机理,在山西省农科院东阳试验基地采用大田试验研究了4种有机肥施用量对玉米叶面积指数、光合速率、气孔导度及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施有机肥处理的玉米各生育时期的叶面积指数、光合效率和气孔导度都显著增大,产量显著提高。随施肥量增加,叶面积指数增大,促进了营养生长并延缓了叶片衰老,有利于叶片生长;300 kg/hm2(M)有机肥处理下,抽穗期和灌浆期叶片光合速率和气孔导度效果较好,有利于提高光合作用,促进了籽粒灌浆,产量达到最高,较对照提高34.1%。抽穗期和灌浆期光合参数与籽粒产量的相关性高于拔节期和大喇叭口期,说明通过提升花后的光合作用能够更有效地提高作物产量。在常规施用化肥基础上,配施300 kg/hm2有机肥有是山西地区玉米的最佳施肥方式。     

普通玉米主要品质性状杂种优势研究

利用普通玉米的10个骨干自交系按不完全双列杂交法组配成45个组合,分析了10个自交系及其杂交一代的4个主要品质性状(粗淀粉、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、赖氨酸)的杂种优势及其亲子关系.结果表明:玉米4个品质性状的杂种优势以粗淀粉含量最强,其次是粗脂肪含量,而粗蛋白和赖氨酸含量呈现负的杂种优势,且各性状不同组合的杂种优势存在着较大差异;粗淀粉含量、粗脂肪含量和粗蛋白含量亲子相关性达到了显著或极显著水平,而赖氨酸含量亲子相关性极弱.     

水分胁迫下玉米叶片中一氧化氮与钙和钙调素的相互作用

以玉米(Zea mays L.)为材料,研究水分胁迫下玉米叶片中NO与Ca2+和钙调素(CaM)含量之间的关系。结果显示:Ca2+鳌合剂、Ca2+通道阻塞剂和CaM拮抗剂预处理均抑制了水分胁迫诱导的NO产生和一氧化氮合酶(nitric ox-idesynthase,NOS)活性的提高,同时也能抑制水分胁迫诱导的叶片线粒体NO产生,而对叶绿体NO产生并没有影响;NO清除剂羟基2苯基4,4,5,5四咪唑1羟基3氧化物(2-4-carboxypheny l-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide,c-PTIO)能抑制水分胁迫条件下Ca2+和CaM的产生以及CaM1基因表达,但对水分胁迫最初诱导的玉米叶片叶肉细胞原生质体Ca2+和玉米叶片中CaM1基因表达以及CaM含量增加没有影响。上述结果表明:水分胁迫下NO和Ca2+/CaM之间存在相互作用。     

Effects of maize (Zea mays L.) growth and photosynthesis on δ13C in soil respiration

As a safe, stable and practical labeling method, the natural abundance of ¹³C has been widely used in a carbon cycle in the soil-plant system. In order to understand the effects of maize growth and photosynthesis on the value of δ¹³C in soil respiration, the value of δ¹³C in soil respiration was determined by mass spectrum after being trapped in a NaOH solution under a closed static chamber and then turned into barium carbonate in a pot experiment. The results showed that maize growth and photosynthesis significantly affected the value of δ¹³C in the soil respiration. In maize-planted soil, the value of δ¹³C in soil respiration had a clear seasonal variation. It changed with maize growth in the range of −14.57‰ to −12.3‰ and decreased during the period of trumpeting > ripening > flowering stages. The difference of δ¹³C in soil respiration during various maize growth stages added up to about 2.3‰ However, in bare soil, δ¹³C in soil respiration ranged from −19.34‰ to −19.13‰ and did not change significantly over time. The δ¹³C in soil respiration in the maize-planted soil was the lowest at flowering stage. This was mainly due to the decline of the input in assimilates into soil and the decrease in root activity. However, the δ¹³C increased at ripening stage, due to the decomposition and ingestion of senescent and died roots by soil microorganisms. In the planted soil, δ¹³C in soil respiration was significantly higher during daytime than at nighttime at flowering and ripening stages. The difference of δ¹³C in soil respiration between day and night periods added up to about 1.4‰ and 2.1‰ at flowering and ripening stages, respectively. Shading maize plants at the trumpeting stage decreased the value of δ¹³C in soil respiration significantly. The difference of δ¹³C in soil respiration between the treatment of non-shading and shading plants added up to 2.85‰ It was concluded that δ¹³C in soil respiration was remarkably controlled by the maize growth and photosynthesis in planted soil. Soil respiration was mainly derived from the recent assimilates during maize growth. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(3): 1072–1078 [译自: 生态学报]     

Shoot and root traits in drought tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids

This study aimed to investigate the differences in shoot and root traits, and water use and water use efficiency (WUE) in drought tolerant (DT) maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under full and deficit irrigated conditions. A two-year greenhouse study was conducted with four hybrids (one conventional hybrid, 33D53AM, two commercial DT hybrids, P1151AM, N75H, and an experimental hybrid, ExpHB) grown under two water regimes (I₁₀₀ and I₅₀, referring to 100 and 50% of evapotranspiration requirements). Under water stress, the hybids P1151AM, N75, and ExpHB showed more drought tolerance and had either greater shoot dry weight or less dry weight reduction than the conventional hybrid (33D53AM). However, these three hybrids responded to water stress using different mechanisms. Compared with the conventional hybrid, the two commercial DT hybrids (P1151AM and N75H) had a smaller leaf area, shoot dry weight, and root system per plant. As a result, these hybrids used less water but had a higher WUE compared with the conventional hybrid. In contrast, the experimental hybrid (ExpHB) produced more shoot biomass by silking stage at both irrigation levels than all other hybrids, but it had relatively lower WUE. The hybrids demonstrated different drought response mechanisms that may require different irrigation management strategies. More investigation and validation are needed under field conditions and in different soil types.     

高油玉米花粉直感效应与伴侣杂交种的选配研究

以20个优良的普通玉米杂交种为母本,以含油量不同的10个高油杂交种为父本,配制200个杂交当代组合,旨在通过分析杂交当代粒重和油分直感的表现,研究品质性状在杂交当代的表现规律,探讨高油玉米杂交种与普通玉米杂交种配套种植的最佳方式。结果表明,普通玉米杂交种与高油玉米杂交种杂交当代籽粒主要表现为:油分显著增加、百粒重增加不明显;父母本间在这2个性状上互作不显著,但农大62×187、农大62×931和沈单16×961等少数组合杂交当代百粒重有所增加。综合考虑油分、产量、父母本株高、开花期和生育期等性状后,筛选出了适合东北春玉米区和华北夏玉米区种植的不同伴侣杂交种组合,并对伴侣杂交种选育的一些原则进行了讨论。     

普通玉米3个籽粒性状的遗传分析

以籽粒性状差异明显的自交系组配的6个世代为试验材料。采用主基因＋多基因遗传模型对籽粒长度、籽粒比重、籽粒鲜干重差值（HKWI）等3个籽粒性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明，籽粒比重未检测到主基因，籽粒长度和HKWI在多数组合检测到2对主基因．且2对主基因的加性效应为减效，显性效应为增效。加性效应大干显性效应，互作效应中以1效应和i效应较为明显；多基因的加性效应和显性效应均为减效，且显性效应大于加性效应，3种上位性效应也较为明显；3个性状的主基因遗传率在各分离世代存在一定的差异。综合分析表明，籽粒长度受主基因和多基因的共同影响，而HKWI的主基因起决定作用。     

玉米高无机磷突变体的选育和特性研究

采用⁶⁰Coγ射线辐射诱变,创造出2个玉米高无机磷突变体lpa-zhong1和lpa-zhong2,研究了其突变的等位性和遗传控制类型,同时对野生型亲本和突变体的种子发芽率、磷组分含量、微量金属元素含量以及农艺性状和产量性状做了初步研究。结果表明,两个突变是等位的,且突变受单隐性基因所控制;与野生型亲本相比,突变造成种子发芽率降低;总磷、无机磷含量极显著增加,植酸含量显著下降;金属元素含量、农艺性状无显著变化;除了百粒重显著下降之外,其他产量性状差异不显著。     

QTL mapping for leaf area in maize(Zea mays L.)under multi-environments

Leaves are the main organs of photosynthesis in green plants. Leaf area plays a vital role in dry matter accumulation and grain yield in maize(Zea mays L.). Thus,investigating the genetic basis of leaf area will aid efforts to breed maize with high yield. In this study,a total of 150F_7 recombinant inbred lines(RILs)derived from a cross between the maize lines Xu 178 and K12 were used to evaluate three ear-leaves area(TELA)under multi-environments. Inclusive composite interval mapping(ICIM)was used to identify quantitative trait loci(QTLs)for TELA under a single environment and estimated breeding value(EBV). A total of eight QTLs were detected under a single environmental condition,and four QTLs were identified for EBV which also can be detected in single environment. This indicated that the EBV-detected QTLs have high genetic stability. A major QTL(qTELA_2-9)located in chromosome bin 2.04/2.05 could be detected in four environments and has a high phenotypic contribution rate(ranging from 10.79 to 16.51%)that making it a good target for molecular breeding. In addition,joint analysis was used to reveal the genetic basis of leaf area in six environments. In total,six QTL×environment interactions and nine epistatic interactions were identified. Our results reveal that the genetic basis of the leaf area is not only mainly determined by additive effects,but also affected by epistatic effects environmental interaction effects.     

土壤萘污染对玉米苗期生长和生理的影响

以玉米幼苗为实验材料,研究了不同浓度的土壤萘污染对其生理指标和生长发育的影响.结果表明,土壤萘污染浓度小于50 nag·kg-1时对玉米地上部分的生长发育有促进作用,对根部的影响是污染初期有促进作用.但随着处理时间的增则抑制根部的生理活动.土壤萘污染浓度为100-150 mg·kg-1时,第1周时对玉米的生长发育也有促进作用,第2周开始抑制玉米的生长发育.当土壤萘污染浓度大于200mg·kg-1时,污染胁迫作用对玉米幼苗生长发育的影响明显.研究证实,高浓度污染的胁迫能使幼苗体内蓄积大量的活性氧和超氧自由基,破坏了其脂膜和代谢所需的蛋白酶,导致生理指标活动发生变化和代谢系统的紊乱.各项生理指标的变化表明,玉米苗期第2周是对萘污染进行生理调节和适应的关键时期.     

Yield penalty of maize (Zea mays L.) under heat stress in different growth stages: A review

Maize (Zea mays L.) can exhibit yield penalties as a result of unfavorable changes to growing conditions. The main threat to current and future global maize production is heat stress. Maize may suffer from heat stress in all of the growth stages, either continuously or separately. In order to manage the impact of climate driven heat stress on the different growth stages of maize, there is an urgent need to understand the similarities and differences in how heat stress affects maize growth and yield in the different growth stages. For the purposes of this review, the maize growth cycle was divided into seven growth stages, namely the germination and seedling stage, early ear expansion stage, late vegetative growth stage before flowering, flowering stage, lag phase, effective grain-filling stage, and late grain-filling stage. The main focus of this review is on the yield penalty and the potential physiological changes caused by heat stress in these seven different stages. The commonalities and differences in heat stress related impacts on various physiological processes in the different growth stages are also compared and discussed. Finally, a framework is proposed to describe the main influences on yield components in different stages, which can serve as a useful guide for identifying management interventions to mitigate heat stress related declines in maize yield.