Role of the ENTH domain in phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding and endocytosis

Endocytic proteins such as epsin, AP180, and Hip1R (Sla2p) share a conserved modular region termed the epsin NH2-terminal homology (ENTH) domain, which plays a crucial role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis through an unknown target. Here, we demonstrate a strong affinity of the ENTH domain for phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]. With nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the epsin ENTH domain, we determined that a cleft formed with positively charged residues contributed to phosphoinositide binding. Overexpression of a mutant, epsin Lys76 --> Ala76, with an ENTH domain defective in phosphoinositide binding, blocked epidermal growth factor internalization in COS-7 cells. Thus, interaction between the ENTH domain and PtdIns(4,5)P2 is essential for endocytosis mediated by clathrin-coated pits.     

Simultaneous binding of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and clathrin by AP180 in the nucleation of clathrin lattices on membranes

Adaptor protein 180 (AP180) and its homolog, clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia protein (CALM), are closely related proteins that play important roles in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Here, we present the structure of the NH2-terminal domain of CALM bound to phosphatidylinositol-4,5- bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] via a lysine-rich motif. This motif is found in other proteins predicted to have domains of similar structure (for example, Huntingtin interacting protein 1). The structure is in part similar to the epsin NH2-terminal (ENTH) domain, but epsin lacks the PtdIns(4,5)P2-binding site. Because AP180 could bind to PtdIns(4,5)P2 and clathrin simultaneously, it may serve to tether clathrin to the membrane. This was shown by using purified components and a budding assay on preformed lipid monolayers. In the presence of AP180, clathrin lattices formed on the monolayer. When AP2 was also present, coated pits were formed.     

Wnt3a-mediated formation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate regulates LRP6 phosphorylation

The canonical Wnt-beta-catenin signaling pathway is initiated by inducing phosphorylation of one of the Wnt receptors, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), at threonine residue 1479 (Thr1479) and serine residue 1490 (Ser1490). By screening a human kinase small interfering RNA library, we identified phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type II alpha and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type I (PIP5KI) as required for Wnt3a-induced LRP6 phosphorylation at Ser1490 in mammalian cells and confirmed that these kinases are important for Wnt signaling in Xenopus embryos. Wnt3a stimulates the formation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphates [PtdIns (4,5)P2] through frizzled and dishevelled, the latter of which directly interacted with and activated PIP5KI. In turn, PtdIns (4,5)P2 regulated phosphorylation of LRP6 at Thr1479 and Ser1490. Therefore, our study reveals a signaling mechanism for Wnt to regulate LRP6 phosphorylation.     

Pax6 PAI亚结构域在黑色素细胞中对MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2的影响

【目的】高度保守的PAX转录因子家族在黑色素细胞的分化和黑色素的生成中起重要的作用,其家族共有的PD结构域是其与下游基因结合的主要位点,而PD结构域氨基端的PAI亚结构域在其与下游基因的结合过程中发挥重要的作用。研究表明Pax6在视网膜上皮黑色素细胞的分化中发挥至关重要的作用,本试验借助研究Pax6 PAI亚结构域的功能来对PAX转录因子家族共有的PD结构域和PAI亚结构域进行研究。【方法】首先通过Psipred对Pax6 PD结构域的结构进行分析,使用NCBI对Pax6 PD结构域与下游基因的结合位点进行分析,使用Jaspar对MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2启动子中Pax6 PD结构域可能的作用位点进行预测。使用普通PCR克隆Pax6PAI亚结构域,将其连入T载体,酶切后连入慢病毒载体,并送公司测序确认。将构建好的PAI亚结构域过表达载体通过细胞转染导入到培养的小鼠黑色素细胞中,使其过量表达。收集细胞,分别通过观察绿色荧光蛋白检测转染效率,使用RT-PCR和Western blot来检测MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2在m RNA和蛋白水平的变化,同时检测黑色素细胞中黑色素生成量的变化。【结果】通过NCBI分析可知,Pax6 PD结构域与下游基因的作用位点主要集中在氨基端的PAI亚结构域。通过Jaspar预测分析,得知,MITF启动子-695处存在Pax6 PD结构域的结合位点,TYR启动子-873和-1133处存在Pax6 PD结构域的结合位点,TYRP1启动子-629处存在Pax6 PD结构域的结合位点,TYRP2启动子-655处存在Pax6 PD结构域的结合位点。在黑色素细胞中过表达Pax6 PAI亚结构域后,与空载组相比,试验组MITF m RNA升高2.05倍(P0.01),蛋白质升高1.7倍(P0.01);TYR m RNA升高2.09倍,蛋白质升高2倍(P0.05);TYRP1 m RNA升高2.93倍(P0.05),蛋白质升高1.9倍(P0.01);TYRP2 m RNA升高3.62倍(P0.01),蛋白质升高1.37倍。同时试验组的黑色素含量是空载组黑色素含量的1.33倍(P0.001)。【结论】在小鼠黑色素细胞中,过表达Pax6 PAI亚结构域可以促进MITF、TYR、TYRP1和TYRP2的表达,进而使黑色素细胞黑色素的生成量增加。     

Identification of novel genes associated with duck OASL in response to influenza A virus

2′-5′-Oligoadenylate synthetase like protein(OASL) plays a key role in response to viral infections through selectively activating the OAS/RNase L or OASL/RIG-I signaling pathway. Although classic pathway of OASL is well-known, its regulated genes or co-actors are largely unknown. To study the possible molecular mechanism of duck OASL(dOASL), we performed RNA-sequencing(RNA-seq) and immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry(IP-MS) at the level of mRNA and protein, respectively. For RNA-seq, we used DF1 cell lines(DF1 dO ASL+/+, DF1 cO ASL–/–, and DF1) with or without the CK/0513 H5 N1 virus(A/chicken/huabei/0513/2007) infection. 1 737 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were identified as candidate target genes regulated by dOASL. Gene Ontology(GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) analysis and Weighted Correlation Network Analysis(WGCNA) were performed. We identified one important yellow co-expression module correlated with antiviral immune response. In this module, Ankyrin repeat and FYVE domain containing 1(ANKFY1), harboring a BTB domain similar to the methyl CpG-binding protein 1(MBD1) which bound to OASL in human, was regulated by dOASL. At protein level, 133 host proteins were detected. Interestingly, ANKFY1 was one of them binding to dOASL protein. Further phylogenomic and chromosomal syntenic analysis demonstrated MBD1 was absent in birds, while mammals retained. It is suggested that OASL-ANKFY1 interaction might act as a compensatory mechanism to regulate gene expression in birds. Our findings will provide a useful resource for the molecular mechanism research of dOASL.     

Binding of GGA2 to the lysosomal enzyme sorting motif of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor

The GGAs are a multidomain protein family implicated in protein trafficking between the Golgi and endosomes. Here, the VHS domain of GGA2 was shown to bind to the acidic cluster-dileucine motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). Receptors with mutations in this motif were defective in lysosomal enzyme sorting. The hinge domain of GGA2 bound clathrin, suggesting that GGA2 could be a link between cargo molecules and clathrin-coated vesicle assembly. Thus, GGA2 binding to the CI-MPR is important for lysosomal enzyme targeting.     

Crystal structure of a lipid G protein-coupled receptor

The lyso-phospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate modulates lymphocyte trafficking, endothelial development and integrity, heart rate, and vascular tone and maturation by activating G protein-coupled sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Here, we present the crystal structure of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 fused to T4-lysozyme (S1P(1)-T4L) in complex with an antagonist sphingolipid mimic. Extracellular access to the binding pocket is occluded by the amino terminus and extracellular loops of the receptor. Access is gained by ligands entering laterally between helices I and VII within the transmembrane region of the receptor. This structure, along with mutagenesis, agonist structure-activity relationship data, and modeling, provides a detailed view of the molecular recognition and requirement for hydrophobic volume that activates S1P(1), resulting in the modulation of immune and stromal cell responses.     

Cooperation of GGAs and AP-1 in packaging MPRs at the trans-Golgi network

The Golgi-localized, gamma-ear-containing, adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor-binding proteins (GGAs) are multidomain proteins that bind mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) in the Golgi and have an essential role in lysosomal enzyme sorting. Here the GGAs and the coat protein adaptor protein-1 (AP-1) were shown to colocalize in clathrin-coated buds of the trans-Golgi networks of mouse L cells and human HeLa cells. Binding studies revealed a direct interaction between the hinge domains of the GGAs and the gamma-ear domain of AP-1. Further, AP-1 contained bound casein kinase-2 that phosphorylated GGA1 and GGA3, thereby causing autoinhibition. This could induce the directed transfer of the MPRs from GGAs to AP-1. MPRs that are defective in binding to GGAs are poorly incorporated into AP-1-containing clathrin-coated vesicles. Thus, the GGAs and AP-1 interact to package MPRs into AP-1-containing coated vesicles.     

小菜蛾气味结合蛋白PxylOBP13基因克隆与序列分析

小菜蛾是为害十字花科蔬菜的重要害虫,干扰其嗅觉识别功能是实现小菜蛾有效治理的重要途径。本研究克隆并鉴定了1个小菜蛾气味结合蛋白基因,命名为PxylOBP13(GenBank登录号为KT156679);该基因开放阅读框全长387bp,编码128个氨基酸;预测蛋白分子量为14.33KDa,等电点为7.55,N端无信号肽序列,有3个疏水性区域,具有气味结合蛋白家族的保守结构域和6个保守的半胱氨酸残基,与6种鳞翅目昆虫的气味结合蛋白氨基酸序列一致性达50%以上。研究结果可为进一步研究小菜蛾气味结合蛋白功能,阐明小菜蛾嗅觉机制,制定科学有效的治理措施提供依据。     

PI3Kgamma is a key regulator of inflammatory responses and cardiovascular homeostasis

Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways regulate several important cellular functions, including cellular growth, division, survival, and movement. Class IB PI3K (also known as PI3Kgamma) links heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein-coupled receptors to these pathways. Activation of class IB PI3K results in the rapid synthesis of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and its dephosphorylation product PtdIns(3,4)P2 in the plasma membrane. These two lipid messengers bind to pleckstrin homology domain-containing effectors that regulate a complex signaling web downstream of receptor activation. Characteristic features of this pathway are the regulation of protein kinases and the regulation of small guanosine triphosphatases that control cellular movement, adhesion, contraction, and secretion. Most of the ligands that activate class IB PI3K are involved in coordinating the body's response to injury and infection, and recent studies suggest that small molecule inhibitors of this enzyme may represent a novel class of anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.     

绵羊肺炎支原体贵州株P113基因的克隆与生物信息学分析

为获得绵羊肺炎支原体贵州株P113基因生物信息学特征,应用DNAStar、Mega 5.0、Protparam、Protscale、IEBD等工具对其(GZ-QX1株)P113蛋白特性、结构和功能进行预测分析。结果显示,绵羊肺炎支原体GZ-QX1株P113基因序列大小为3 240bp,编码1 079个氨基酸,与绵羊肺炎支原体Y98标准株、四川SC01株、猪肺炎支原体P97、丝状支原体山羊亚种、山羊支原体山羊亚种的核苷酸序列同源性分别为99.9%、81.9%、60.4%、3.9%和5.2%。P113蛋白是分子质量约119ku的碱性蛋白,具有较多优势抗原表位;蛋白结构分析显示,P113蛋白无跨膜结构,有9个N糖基化位点,59个丝氨酸、16个苏氨酸的磷酸化位点,14种保守的特异性蛋白质激酶的结合位点;蛋白功能分析认为,P113可能是某信号传导通路的信号分子,也是一种具有良好抗原性的结构蛋白。     

小菜蛾碱性磷酸酯酶受体表达与分子模拟

【目的】利用原核表达小菜蛾(Plutella xyllostella)中肠膜结合碱性磷酸酯酶(membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase,mALP)并经Ligand blot验证其具有与Cry1Ac毒素结合的能力;通过同源建模和分子对接研究Cry1Ac-mALP的结合模式,预测毒素和受体结合区域及关键氨基酸位点(热点残基),为了解毒素-受体互作机制及分子改造增强Cry毒素活性的研究打下基础。【方法】针对小菜蛾mALP全长设计引物,并以小菜蛾c DNA为模板扩增mALP基因,双酶切后用T4连接酶连接至pET-26b原核表达载体,将构建的pET-26b-mALP载体转化Trans1-T1克隆感受态,挑取克隆并提取质粒后进行PCR、双酶切和测序验证,将验证无误的重组质粒转化E.coliBL21(DE3)表达感受态细胞,进行诱导表达。将诱导表达后的mALP转至PVDF膜上,通过Western blot和Ligand blot分别验证mALP是否成功表达以及是否具有与Cry1Ac毒素结合的能力。对mALP进行同源建模、分子动力学模拟以及模型评价,获得的mALP最佳三维结构与Cry1Ac毒素利用Patch DOCK和Fire Dock程序进行分子对接试验,对确定的最佳毒素-受体复合物进行结合区域和结合氨基酸位点分析,并通过计算机辅助的丙氨酸突变扫描试验确定毒素和受体参与的关键氨基酸残基。【结果】扩增出小菜蛾mALP基因并克隆至pET-26b原核表达载体,转化E.coli BL21(DE3)表达感受态后挑取阳性克隆提取质粒后进行PCR、双酶切和测序均显示构建正确。通过原核表达和Western blot验证成功表达了mALP蛋白,并经Ligand blot试验证实了原核表达的mALP具有和Cry1Ac毒素结合的能力。利用同源建模成功获得了mALP的三维结构,通过Patch DOCK和Fire Dock分子对接程序,获得毒素和受体的对接复合物,通过溶剂可及表面积变化计算和Ligplot分析,确定毒素结构域Ⅱ和结构域Ⅲ均参与了受体结合,并且毒素和受体均以疏水结合和氢键结合模式参与结合,最后通过热点残基预测发现Cry1Ac毒素和mALP中分别有3个氨基酸残基(376ASN、443SER和486SER)和4个氨基酸残基(452ARG、499THR、502TYR和513TYR)是参与互作的关键氨基酸位点。【结论】经原核表达的小菜蛾mALP同样具有与Cry1Ac毒素结合的能力,并利用分子模拟技术预测了小菜蛾mALP三维结构及与Cry1Ac毒素结合模式。     

Roles of PLC-beta2 and -beta3 and PI3Kgamma in chemoattractant-mediated signal transduction

The roles of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phospholipase C (PLC) in chemoattractant-elicited responses were studied in mice lacking these key enzymes. PI3Kgamma was required for chemoattractant-induced production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns (3,4,5)P3] and has an important role in chemoattractant-induced superoxide production and chemotaxis in mouse neutrophils and in production of T cell-independent antigen-specific antibodies composed of the immunoglobulin lambda light chain (TI-IglambdaL). The study of the mice lacking PLC-beta2 and -beta3 revealed that the PLC pathways have an important role in chemoattractant-mediated production of superoxide and regulation of protein kinases, but not chemotaxis. The PLC pathways also appear to inhibit the chemotactic activity induced by certain chemoattractants and to suppress TI-IglambdaL production.     

Bright Yellow 2烤烟热激蛋白90生物信息学分析

[目的]分析Bright Yellow 2烤烟热激蛋白90(HSP90)的生物学信息,为揭示烘烤过程中烟叶的烘烤特性提供理论依据.[方法]从NCBI中获取Bright Yellow 2烤烟HSP90蛋白序列NtHSP-1、NtHSP-2和NtHSP-3(GenBank登录号分别为BAL42333、BAL42332和BAM24708),利用生物信息学软件对各序列进行理化特性、跨膜区、信号肽、亚细胞定位、二级结构和三级结构预测分析.[结果]Bright Yellow 2烤烟NtHSP-1、NtHSP-2和NtHSP-3的氨基酸数量分别为812、811和699个,均以酸性氨基酸含量较多,其中谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高,理论等电点均小于5.00,二级结构均以α-螺旋(H)和无规则卷曲(C)为主.NtHSP-1和NtHSP-2的亲水性较高,具有较高的稳定性,属于分泌蛋白,具有锚定结构,定位于内质网,其三级结构呈现"r"形,N端内部具有Mg2+结合位点、HATPase_c(ATP酶)和top6b(DNA拓扑异构酶VI)功能域;NtHSP-3为非分泌型蛋白,定位于叶绿体,三级结构呈现"i"形,N端含有Mg2+结合位点和HATPase_c功能域.[结论]NtHSP-1和NtHSP-2可能与烟叶耐烤性有关,而NtHSP-3可能与烟叶易烤性有关.     

Role of nonimmune IgG bound to PfEMP1 in placental malaria

Infections with Plasmodium falciparum during pregnancy lead to the accumulation of parasitized red blood cells (infected erythrocytes, IEs) in the placenta. IEs of P. falciparum isolates that infect the human placenta were found to bind immunoglobulin G (IgG). A strain of P. falciparum cloned for IgG binding adhered massively to placental syncytiotrophoblasts in a pattern similar to that of natural infections. Adherence was inhibited by IgG-binding proteins, but not by glycosaminoglycans or enzymatic digestion of chondroitin sulfate A or hyaluronic acid. Normal, nonimmune IgG that is bound to a duffy binding-like domain beta of the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) might at the IE surface act as a bridge to neonatal Fc receptors of the placenta.     

玉米轴色突变体698-3R的遗传鉴定

以辐射诱变获得的玉米红轴突变体698-3R为材料,通过遗传交配设计分析轴色的遗传规律,利用SSR-BSA法初步定位轴色基因,并对候选基因进行克隆和表达分析。结果表明:(1)突变体698-3R的红轴对白轴性状表现为显性遗传,受一对核基因控制,初步定位在第一染色体上的SSR标记phi095与umc1452之间,与phi095相距3.9cM,与umc1452相距7.1cM,将该基因暂定名为C(t);(2)以轴色基因 P1的cDNA为模板克隆C(t),发现698-3R有3个C(t)转录本,而野生型698-3中至少有2个;预测氨基酸序列比对发现,698-3R中3个C(t)蛋白的氨基酸序列与已知P_1-wr蛋白一致,突变使其获得完整的MYB结构域和酸性激活域,而野生型698-3中698-3-P-1蛋白由于编码序列缺失导致移码突变,不具有该功能结构域;(3)对C(t)基因qRT-PCR分析发现,除25DAP外,其余4个时期在698-3R中表达水平均显著或极显著高于698-3;以 A1和 C2基因表达验证分析发现,C(t)与验证基因表达模式一致,说明C(t)可能具有 P1激活调控 A1和 C2基因表达的功能。推测该红轴基因C(t)可能为一个 P_1-wr基因。     

水稻转录因子DREB1的克隆与原核表达

DREB类转录因子特异地与DRE顺式作用元件结合,在非生物逆境胁迫(干旱、低温、高盐)中激活胁迫诱导基因的表达,使植物能够耐受水分胁迫的影响。以顺式元件rd29A3 cis构建诱饵质粒.通过酵母单杂交方法从水稻cDNA文库中筛选获得7个阳性质粒,序列分析显示阳性质粒中插入的cDNA序列一致,根据核苷酸序列推导出cDNA编码一219个氨基酸组成的多肽,该多肽有保守的EREBP/AP2结构域,N端为核定位信号(NLS),而C端则为转录激活区域,属于EREBP/AP2类转录因子,命名为RdreB1。重新合成的RdreB1 I基因降低了GC比含量,诱导处理产生了约45 kD的特异表达的融合蛋白。     

条斑紫菜叶绿体甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的cDNA克隆和序列分析(英文)

利用已知甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)的特征性保守区域合成探针,并对条斑紫菜cDNA文库进行筛选,获得了一个编码叶绿体甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GapA)的全长cDNA克隆(GAP4)。GAP4包含了全长的叶绿体甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的cDNA序列,编码72个氨基酸的信号肽和338个氨基酸的成熟蛋白。将获得的GapA蛋白的氨基酸序列与其它物种的GAPDH序列进行多重序列比较后,发现条斑紫菜的GapA氨基酸序列都包含了4个高度保守的结构域。条斑紫菜GapA的cDNA序列中GC含量很高(64.2％),与紫菜EST分析中得到的结果(65.2％)近似。通过GAPDH的分子系统发育分析,对红藻的分类地位进行了初步探讨。条斑紫菜叶绿体甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的cDNA序列已登记到GenBank数据库,序列号为:AY273819。     

条斑紫菜叶绿体甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的cDNA克隆和序列分析

利用已知甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)的特征性保守区域合成探针,并对条斑紫菜cDNA文库进行筛选,获得了一个编码叶绿体甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GapA)的全长cDNA克隆(GAP4)。GAP4包含了全长的叶绿体甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的cDNA序列,编码72个氨基酸的信号肽和338个氨基酸的成熟蛋白。将获得的GapA蛋白的氨基酸序列与其它物种的GAPDH序列进行多重序列比较后,发现条斑紫菜的GapA氨基酸序列都包含了4个高度保守的结构域。条斑紫菜GapA的cDNA序列中GC含量很高(64.2％),与紫菜EST分析中得到的结果(65.2％)近似。通过GAPDH的分子系统发育分析,对红藻的分类地位进行了初步探讨。条斑紫菜叶绿体甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶的cDNA序列已登记到GenBank数据库,序列号为:AY273819。