2001－2017年四川省耕地产能变化与潜力特征分析

提高耕地产能对于满足中国日益增长的粮食安全需求有重要意义。该研究基于MODIS-EVI数据,通过构建作物EVI生长曲线,利用二次差分法及阈值法提取耕地复种指数并计算最优生长时长(Most Active Day, MAD)表征耕地产能变化,分析了2001-2017年四川省复种指数不变区内单季作物种植区,双季作物的第一、二季种植区内耕地产能变化及潜力特征。结果表明:1)研究期内四川省93.5%的耕地复种指数未发生变化,复种指数不变区内熟制以一年一季(占总耕地面积的88.3%)和一年两季(占总耕地面积的2.7%)为主;2)研究期内四川省单季作物产能显著下降与显著提升区分别占总面积的24.0%和33.2%,产能稳定区占比最大;双季中第一、二季作物产能分别呈先降后升和波动下降趋势,产能变化耕地面积分别占总面积的62.1%和49.4%;3)双季作物产能提升潜力大。研究期内四川省单季作物产能提升区和产能下降区产能提升潜力小于40%的耕地占比分别为83.8%和71.4%;双季作物第一、二季作物产能提升区内产能提升潜力大于40%的耕地分别占89.5%和67.6%。双季作物产能提升潜力大于80%的耕地面积超过一半,表明四川省双季作物的耕地产能仍有较大的提升空间。该研究所提出的耕地产能量化方法,可以应用于大尺度、长时间序列的耕地产能变化监测、耕地产能提升潜力空间识别等,可为优化耕地产能监测方法、促进耕地保护政策与规划制定提供借鉴。     

抗除草剂转基因作物面临的机遇与挑战及其发展策略

2008年全球抗除草剂转基因作物已占转基因作物总种植面积的80%以上,抗除草剂成为最主要的转基因应用的性状.该技术的成功应用极大地降低了杂草防除成本、增加了安全性和减少了除草剂的残留药害.但是,抗除草剂转基因作物的大规模产业化将导致除草剂市场单一化,从而冲击除草剂产业,还会产生杂草抗药性和基因逃逸等环境安全问题,因此抗除草剂转基因作物面临着挑战.在我国转基因抗除草剂作物还没有实际的商业化,不过由于市场巨大、政策支持等面临良好发展机遇.此外,从抗除草剂基因利用、转基因抗除草剂作物的研究与开发策略等方面进行综述,以期为我国转基因抗除草剂作物的研究与开发提供可能有益的信息.     

环渤海低平原区土壤安全容盐潜力评价

该文通过环渤海低平原区的土壤安全临界容盐潜力和最大容盐潜力分析,为保障土壤安全和粮食作物安全下的咸水灌溉提供科学依据。通过实验室数据和整合所搜集资料,查明了环渤海低平原区的0～40cm土壤含盐量现状,在此基础上,以不同盐分情况下的土壤安全容盐值、土壤化学类型和作物布局结构为参考指标,对研究区的土壤安全容盐潜力进行了评价。总的来看,环渤海低平原区的土壤安全临界容盐潜力变化区间为1.0～3.0g/kg,其中以2.0～2.5g/kg的潜力区为主,占总面积的81.3%,整体容盐潜力较大;其他等级1.5～2.0、2.5～3.0和1.0～1.5g/kg的潜力区,分别占10.0%、5.4%和3.1%。土壤安全最大容盐潜力区的变化区间为1.5～5.5g/kg,其中以2.5～3.5g/kg的潜力区为主,占总面积的68.7%,整体容盐潜力较小;其他等级3.5～4.5、1.5～2.5和4.5～5.5g/kg的潜力区,分别占25.2%、5.1%和1.0%。土壤安全临界容盐潜力区和最大容盐潜力区在空间格局上有很好的对应关系,临界容盐潜力大的地区,最大容盐潜力也大;反之,依然。     

主要农作物秸秆养分资源现状及其肥料替代潜力分析——以安徽省为例

安徽省农作物秸秆资源丰富,充分利用秸秆养分资源对于农田养分投入的合理分配具有重要意义。评估全省主要农作物秸秆还田当季有效养分替代化肥潜力,可为安徽省减肥增效提供科学依据。本研究以安徽种植面积较大的主要农作物水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、花生和油菜为研究对象,通过查阅安徽省统计数据和公开发表的文献资料,对2017年安徽省主要农作物秸秆数量、秸秆还田率以及还田当季养分利用率进行估算,明晰了全省化肥减施潜力。结果表明:2017年安徽省主要农作物秸秆资源量为4 699.9万t,秸秆资源分布上呈北部和中部较多、南部最少的特征。秸秆养分资源总量为124.8万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为38.1万t、11.4万t和75.3万t,分别占全省主要农作物养分需求的40.1%、32.1%和68.9%。理论上,秸秆全量还田,且养分充分利用的情况下,秸秆养分替代化肥潜力大。但秸秆养分N、P_2O_5和K_2O当季利用率分别为38.9%、52.3%和69.9%,实际秸秆N、P_2O_5和K_2O养分还田量仅占主要农作物养分需求的15.6%、16.8%和48.2%,分别占农田养分总投入量的8.6%、6.4%和41.4%。通过秸秆还田,全省可减施化肥63.3万t,减施比例为19.8%, N、P_2O_5和K_2O减施比例分别为11.4%、17.2%、40.7%。进一步提高秸秆还田率和当季养分释放率,是推进全省化肥减施增效的有利手段。     

Fungicide application practices and personal protective equipment use among orchard farmers in the agricultural health study

Fungicides are routinely applied to deciduous tree fruits for disease management. Seventy-four private orchard applicators enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study participated in the Orchard Fungicide Exposure Study in 2002-2003. During 144 days of observation, information was obtained on chemicals applied and applicator mixing, application, personal protective, and hygiene practices. At least half of the applicators had orchards with <100 trees. Air blast was the most frequent application method used (55%), followed by hand spray (44%). Rubber gloves were the most frequently worn protective equipment (68% mix; 59% apply), followed by respirators (45% mix; 49% apply), protective outerwear (36% mix; 37% apply), and rubber boots (35% mix; 36% apply). Eye protection was worn while mixing and applying on only 35% and 41% of the days, respectively. Bivariate analyses were performed using repeated logistic or repeated linear regression. Mean duration of mixing, pounds of captan applied, total acres sprayed, and number of tank mixes sprayed were greater for air blast than for hand spray (p < 0.05). Spraying from a tractor/vehicle without an enclosed cab was associated with wearing some type of coverall (p < 0.05). Applicators often did not wash their hands after mixing (77%), a finding not explained by glove use. Glove use during mixing was associated with younger age, while wearing long-sleeve shirts was associated with older age (p < 0.05 each). Self-reported unusually high fungicide exposures were more likely on days applicators performed repairs (p < 0.05). These data will be useful for evaluating fungicide exposure determinants among orchard applicators.     

Golfer exposure to chlorpyrifos and carbaryl following application to turfgrass

Exposure of golfers to pesticides following their application to turfgrass is of concern to regulators, turfgrass professionals, and consumers. Multipathway exposures were evaluated for golfers on turfgrass treated with chlorpyrifos and carbaryl. Air concentrations and transferable foliar residues (TFRs) were measured to assess potential respiratory and dermal exposures, respectively. At the same time, exposure to individuals simulating the play of golf was determined by dosimetry and urinary biomonitoring. Individual golfer exposure was determined in 76 rounds of golf following eight applications of chlorpyrifos and two applications of carbaryl. Estimated exposures to golfers following full course and full rate applications of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl were 19-68 times below current U.S. EPA acute reference dose (Rfd) values, indicating safe exposures under U.S. EPA hazard quotient criteria. Dermal exposure was determined to be the dominant exposure pathway to golfers, accounting for approximately 60% of the chlorpyrifos absorbed dose and 100% of the carbaryl absorbed dose. This study also provides a set of transfer factors (TFs) that may be used to determine dermal exposure of golfers to pesticides using transferable residue data.     

甘肃省中东部农户地膜应用及回收现状

为了解甘肃省中东部地区农户地膜应用、回收状况及其主要影响因素,于2019年3月26日—4月1日采用手机问卷方式,在甘肃中东部开展了地膜应用及回收情况调查。结果显示:调查区域主要种植有玉米、小麦、蔬菜和马铃薯等作物覆膜面积占种植面积的73.2%;种植不同作物的调查农户中,99.3%玉米种植户采用覆膜技术,28.5%、77.1%、57.9%和52.1%种植户分别对小麦、蔬菜、马铃薯和其他作物采用覆膜技术;甘肃省中东部地区地膜回收方式主要为人工捡拾,占调查对象的89.3%;回收残膜的农户中47.7%的农户将残膜交给回收网点,28.3%在地头焚烧,13.8%将其堆放田间,7.9%进行填埋处理,还有2.2%采取其他方式处理;调查作物的地膜回收作业率均在80.0%以上,其中蔬菜高达99.3%;按照人工回收作业的地膜离田率为80%和90%分别估算,2018年甘肃省中东部地区地膜回收率达74.2%和83.5%,其中蔬菜上地膜回收情况最好,分别为79.4%和89.4%。目前甘肃省中东部地区地膜回收工作仍存在回收难度大、回收机械化强度不够、回收地膜处置不当,政府支持力度不够等问题。政府和相关部门应加大地膜新国家标准宣传及执行力度,制定相关扶持和奖励机制,提高地膜回收的机械化程度,快速推动农膜回收及资源化利用工作,为合理应用地膜及农膜污染防控提供数据支撑。此外,手机调查地膜应用及回收系统的启用,能快速有效地获得一手数据,为未来全面快速获取中国地膜应用回收的基础数据提供借鉴。     

A lysimeter study of the fate of fertilizer nitrogen in spring barley crops grown on shallow soil overlying Chalk: crop uptake and leaching losses

The objective of this work was to determine the fate of fertilizer nitrogen (labelled with nitrogen-15) applied to an undisturbed shallow soil overlying Chalk contained in 10 lysimeters (80 cm diameter, 135 cm deep). Measurements are reported of the nitrogen uptake by four spring barley crops and the rate and extent of leaching of nitrate beyond the roots. The crops were fertilized with 0, 80 or 120 kg N ha^?1 in each of four years, but only the first application in 1977 was labelled with nitrogen ?15. Rainfall and irrigation approximated to the long-term average, but in two treatments dry or wet spring conditions were imposed for the 10 weeks after sowing the first crop in 1977. The dry matter and grain yields of the spring barley crops varied from year to year in the ranges 8.7–14.0 t ha^?1 and 3.5–6.1 t ha^?1 respectively. The total nitrogen harvested in the crop approximated to the amount of nitrogen applied in each year with an apparent recovery of fertilizer in the range 38–76%. The recovery of nitrogen derived from fertilizer (labelled with nitrogen-15) was 46–54% in the first crop and after 2 years rapidly declined to below 1%. The total amount of nitrogen-15 labelled fertilizer recovered in four barley crops was 49–57% of that applied. Mean annual nitrate concentrations in water draining from the base of the lysimeters were in the range 11.8–26.7 mg N 1^?1 and did not differ significantly between nitrogen fertilizer treatments (0, 80 and 120 kg N ha^?1 a^?1). In all treatments nitrate concentrations varied considerably within each growing season, with a cycle of peaks and troughs. Annual losses of nitrate were in the range 39–128 kg N ha^?1, and the mean annual losses over the 4 years varied between lysimeters from 65 to 83 kg N ha^?1. Nitrogen-15 labelled nitrate was detected in the first drainage water collected in autumn following its spring application, 5 months earlier. Recovery of fertilizer-derived nitrogen in drainage water was greatest during the winter following the second barley crop, and was 3.4–3.7% of the nitrogen-15 applied. Over the 4 years of the experiment 6.3–6.6% of labelled fertilizer was accounted for in drainage water, representing 2–3% of the total nitrogen lost by leaching.     

太湖流域农田肥料投入与养分平衡状况分析

通过对太湖流域9个县市的700多份实地作物施肥情况调查,并结合相关统计资料,综合分析了太湖流域目前农田肥料投入以及氮、磷养分的平衡(盈亏)状况,重点进行了大田作物和蔬菜等经济作物氮、磷肥料投入量、养分平衡状况以及有机肥和化肥投入比较。分析结果表明,蔬菜等经济作物的养分投入和盈余状况整体上均高于粮食、油料作物,而大宗粮食、油料作物的周年养分投入支出基本平衡。蔬菜播种面积尽管只占到所统计4类作物总播种面积的30%,但是其施磷量却达总施磷量的50%以上,而磷素是造成我国水体富营养化的关键因素之一,加之目前经济作物的种植面积日益扩大,对水环境的影响不容忽视。     

北京地区温室大棚黄瓜生长期作物潜在病害的发生概率

在北京大兴区选择一普通温室大棚,观测正常管理方式下黄瓜生长期（2012年10月12日-2013年4月26日）温室大棚内的空气温、湿度数据,根据病菌侵染适宜的空气温度、相对湿度和叶片湿润时间,分析作物潜在病害的发生概率.结果表明,88.1％的潜在病害发生在凌晨和夜间,加强凌晨和夜间时段的温室管理是减少温室大棚病害发生的关键;潜在病害发生天数占观测周期内总天数的22.8％,2-4月潜在病害发生概率占全生育期的97.7％,其中3月最严重,占总量的53.3％,3月份温室大棚作物的食品安全潜在风险可能最大.研究结果可为北京地区温室大棚作物病害的管理提供科学依据.     

旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性

氮素是作物生长最重要的必需元素之一。合理施用氮肥能促进作物生长并提高产量,但是,过多施用氮肥则抑制作物生长并导致大量的肥料氮残留在土壤中,这部分氮素不但会引起土壤养分不平衡,而且为生态环境带来潜在威胁,因此,研究残留氮的动向及作物有效性可为合理施用化肥氮、高效利用土壤残留氮素和减少残留氮素的损失提供依据。应用~(15)N示踪技术,通过4年定位试验,研究了黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作过程中土壤残留肥料氮的变化及作物吸收利用。在冬小麦和夏玉米轮作的第一个周期,为了制造高肥料氮残留背景,于冬小麦播种前向微区施入240 kg hm~(-2)的~(15)N标记氮素;在夏玉米拔节期,为了研究氮肥施入对残留肥料氮的影响,设置0和120 kg hm~(-2)两个氮水平,以普通尿素施入微区。在第2至第4个轮作周期内,为了分析残留肥料氮的动向及其对作物的有效性,微区内不施任何肥料。结果发现,冬小麦播种前施用的~(15)N标记氮肥于收获期在0~200 cm土壤剖面中均有残留,但大部分累积在0~40 cm土层中,累积总量达到200.9 kg hm~(-2),占当季施入量的83.7%。在随后的夏玉米生长季残留的肥料氮迅速减少,之后随生长季的后移缓慢减少,然后保持相对稳定。经过4年的冬小麦/夏玉米轮作,0~300 cm土壤剖面仍残留大量的~(15)N肥料,后季不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的残留量分别为47.1 kg hm~(-2)和54.0 kg hm~(-2)。可见,有一部分肥料氮被固定在土壤有机质中。作物对残留氮的回收量逐年减少,且因后季追施氮肥与否而异,4年中作物对肥料氮的总利用率不追施氮肥和追施氮肥处理的分别为46.9%和50.4%,其中在第1个轮作周期中,小麦和玉米的总利用率分别41.6%和42.0%,后3年利用率分别仅有5.3%和8.4%;4年中残留~(15)N的损失率分别达38.1%和29.7%,其损失主要发生在第1个轮作周期的夏玉米生长季节。说明,在旱地土壤上,氮肥的残留是不可避免的,残留肥料氮的有效性较低,只有少量被作物逐年吸收,一部分以有机形态残留在土壤剖面中,另一部分发生了无效损失。后季追施氮肥可促进作物对土壤残留肥料氮的吸收且增加肥料氮在土壤中的保留,减少残留肥料氮的无效损失,但是以自身的大量损失为代价的。     

我国主要粮食作物一次性施肥的长期效应研究进展

一次性施肥是农业轻简化生产的迫切需求，一次性施肥在我国主要粮食作物上的短期应用研究较多，但缺乏长期效应分析，探明一次性施肥长期施用对三大粮食作物产量、土壤肥力、氮肥利用率及环境效应的影响，可为我国农业轻简化绿色可持续生产提供支撑。本研究利用“中国知网”数据库对三大粮食作物上进行一次性施肥的所有文献(截至2021年12月20日)进行检索，分析一次性施肥连续施用5 a及5 a以上对三大粮食作物产量、土壤肥力和氮肥利用率的影响，以及一次性施肥连续施用3 a及3 a以上对农田生态环境的影响。与普通尿素分次施肥相比，一次性施肥连续施用5 a及以上使小麦、玉米和水稻的产量分别提高 4.9% ~ 19.6%、0 ~ 14.4%、0 ~ 17.6%，氮肥利用率分别提高 24.2% ~ 52.0%、14.3% ~ 80.3%、4.4% ~ 80.7%，土壤全氮、有机质、无机氮(NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N)含量分别提高 0 ~ 8.7%、0 ~ 6.7%、0 ~ 23.8%，3.8% ~ 11.8%、0 ~ 6.4%、0 ~ 16.6% 和 0 ~ 77.2%、0 ~ 66.3%、0 ~ 42.4%；一次性施肥连续施用3 a及以上的小麦、玉米和水稻农田N₂O排放、NH₃挥发分别降低 16.9% ~ 43.3%、5.1% ~ 56.0%、5.6% ~ 43.2% 和 18.6% ~ 37.6%、6.1% ~ 52.4%、37.2% ~ 66.0%。一次性施肥在三大粮食作物连续应用可长期维持土壤肥力和作物产量，同时提高氮肥利用率和降低氮素损失。     

基于GIS和改进型土地生态适宜性评价模型的茶叶适宜性综合评价

Tea(Camellia sinensis) is one of the most valuable cash crops in southern China;however,the planting distribution of tea crops is not optimal and the production and cultivation regions of tea crops are restricted by law and custom.In order to evaluate the suitability of tea crops in Zhejiang Province,the annual mean temperature,the annual accumulated temperature above 10 C,the frequency of extremely low temperature below 13 C,the mean humidity from April to October,slope,aspect,altitude,soil type,and soil texture were selected from climate,topography,and soil factors as factors for land ecological evaluation by the Delphi method based on the ecological characteristics of tea crops.These nine factors were quantitatively analyzed using a geographic information system(GIS).The grey relational analysis(GRA) was combined with the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) to address the uncertainties during the process of evaluating the traditional land ecological suitability,and a modified land ecological suitability evaluation(LESE) model was built.Based on the land-use map of Zhejiang Province,the regions that were completely unsuitable for tea cultivation in the province were eliminated and then the spatial distribution of the ecological suitability of tea crops was generated using the modified LESE model and GIS.The results demonstrated that the highly,moderately,and non-suitable regions for the cultivation of tea crops in Zhejiang Province were 27 552.66,42 724.64,and 26 507.97 km 2,and accounted for 28.47%,44.14%,and 27.39% of the total evaluation area,respectively.Validation of the method showed a high degree of coincidence with the current planting distribution of tea crops in Zhejiang Province.The modified LESE model combined with GIS could be useful in quickly and accurately evaluating the land ecological suitability of tea crops,providing a scientific basis for the rational distribution of tea crops and acting as a reference to land policy makers and land use planners.     

Estimation of the uncertainty in crop loss predictions through statistical modelling of the AOT40 levels for ozone

Ozone critical levels in Europe are defined in terms of an accumulated exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb, AOT40. For agricultural crops, for example, the critical level is an AOT40 of 5300 ppb.h during daylight in May to July in the year with the highest cumulative exposure in the last five years. In a region of the size of the UK, however, the worst case year is not the same over the whole region and maps become difficult to interpret. Prediction of crop losses on the basis of a single year out of five also wastes potentially valuable information. An alternative approach estimates the distribution of aggregate exceedances over a threshold by means of a compound Poisson model for episodes of raised ozone concentration with linear modelling techniques used to allow direct incorporation of covariate information. The use of spatial and environmental covariates, along with temporal and spatially correlated random effects, is explored using data from the UK ozone monitoring network. The model produces results similar to those from other mapping methods. By combining this model with a crop loss relationship, crop losses of 5–15% for the UK are predicted but the errors range between 2% and 6% indicating that fine detail in crop loss mapping is unlikely to be very accurate.     

Insecticide residues in pollen and nectar of a cucurbit crop and their potential exposure to pollinators

Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides widely used on many pollinated agricultural crops, and increasing evidence indicates that they move to some extent into pollen and nectar. This study measured levels of neonicotinoid residues in pollen and nectar from a pumpkin crop treated with formulated products containing imidacloprid, dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam using different timings and application methods. Environmental conditions have a significant effect on overall residue levels; nectar residues were 73.5-88.8% less than pollen residues, and metabolites accounted for 15.5-27.2% of the total residue amounts. Foliar-applied treatments and chemigated insecticides applied through drip irrigation during flowering resulted in the highest residues of parent insecticide and metabolites, which may reach average levels up to 122 ng/g in pollen and 17.6 ng/g in nectar. The lowest levels of residues were detected in treatment regimens involving applications of insecticides at planting, as either seed dressing, bedding tray drench, or transplant water treatment.     

Comparison of operator exposure for five different greenhouse spraying applications

The European Crop Protection Association (ECPA) and the Agricultural Research Center (CLO-DVL) joined forces in a project to stimulate the safe use of pesticides in southern European countries. CLO-DVL optimized a method using mineral chelates as tracers on collectors. This quantitative method to evaluate spray deposits was used to compare operator exposure from several greenhouse spraying techniques. Operator exposure measurements were of a comparative nature. Five application methods were investigated: a standard spray gun with an operator walking forwards, a spray lance with an operator walking forwards and backwards, a trolley, and a vehicle, both with vertical spray booms. The exposure was measured with patches at 15 places on operators' coveralls and gloves, using mineral chelates as tracer elements. The difference in exposure of the patches between the different techniques was very high. Walking backwards reduced exposure by a factor of 7. The exposures with the trolley and the vehicle, two innovative spraying techniques, were respectively 25 and 100 times lower compared to exposure with the standard spray gun. Operator exposure while walking forward with the spray lance was about two times higher than with the spray gun. Besides very large differences in exposure among the five techniques, there were also large differences in exposure among various parts of the body. All of this is important in consideration of operator safety and for the parts of the body that need to be protected most.     

生态位适宜度方法在基于GIS的耕地多宜性评价中的应用

以江汉平原后湖地区耕地为研究对象，将生态位适宜度方法引入到多宜性评价研究中，采用加权平均和限制因子模型对各评价单元水稻、小麦、棉花和油菜4种作物的生态位适宜度值及限制因子进行了定量分析。结果表明：研究区生态位适宜度值整体较高，最大值达0．958，生境条件基本能满足作物的需求；评价结果以1、2级为主，所占面积达75％；水稻的适宜性面积在该区最大，达65．54％，小麦次之；限制该地区耕地生产潜力的生态因子主要为：速效磷、CEC和道路通达度。该研究结果能直接指导农业生产实践，促进耕地的合理利用与管理。     

Microbiological transformation of carbon and nitrogen compounds in forest soils of Central Evenkia

It has been found that the total productivity of bacteria and micromycetes in the 0- to 50-cm layer of homogeneous cryozems (Cryosols) on slopes of northern and southern exposures varies from 1.2 to 1.4 t/ha, respectively, and the calculated content of microbial carbon varies in the range 0.7–0.9 t/ha. The respiratory activity of the upper soil layer is 2.5–2.6 μg C–CO₂/(g h); the potential methane formation capacity reaches 0.13 nmol CH₄/(m² day) for soils on slopes of northern exposure and 0.16 nmol CH₄/(m² day) for slopes of southern exposure. Accumulation of sorbed ammonium is recorded in the range 15–17 mg NH₄/100 g soil in summer. The increase of temperature in the upper horizons of soils on slopes of southern exposure by 5°C compared to the northern slopes results in only an insignificant increase in the emission of CO₂ and CH₄. The accumulation of sorbed ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in homogeneous cryozems during the vegetation period is comparable to that in gray forest soils of the southern taiga subzone of the Middle Siberia.     

长期肥料定位试验栗钙土中磷肥在莜麦上的产量效应及行为研究

研究了高寒半干旱区8年肥料定位试验中,磷肥和有机肥在莜麦上的产量效应、土壤磷素的平衡、土壤Olsen-P及各形态无机磷的变化。结果表明,单施磷肥(N0P1)莜麦增产30.8%、单施氮肥(N1P0)增产109.4%、氮肥和磷肥配合(N1P1)施用莜麦增产314.0%;NP间表现出显著正交互作用,NP(N1和P1)交互作用增产86.9%;施用22.5和45.0.t/hm2有机肥分别比N0P0处理增产115.1%和220.1%;施用有机肥基础上增施磷肥无明显增产效应。不同施肥处理土壤Olsen-P和各形态无机磷的增减取决于土壤磷素的积累与消耗量,7年不施磷肥土壤Olsen-P降低3.3mg/kg。施用磷肥和有机肥土壤各形态磷库均有不同程度的积累;土壤磷素积累以无机磷为主,其中Ca2-P和Ca8-P的积累量分别占土壤无机磷变化总量的19.3%和25.4%,Al-P和Fe-P分别占23.8%和14.8%,O-P和Ca10-P共占13.0%。依据土壤磷素收支平衡状况计算出维持土壤磷素平衡的P2O5用量为45.0.kg/hm2。根据肥料效应函数计算出有机肥用量为0、22.5.t/hm2时,P2O5的最高产量用量分别为98.4.kg/hm2和87.4.kg/hm2。