检测细胞凋亡的常用方法

细胞凋亡的主要形态学特征是凋亡小体的形成，过去常用普通光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜进行观察。实际上，细胞凋亡的发生远远早于典型的形态变化。怎样将病理形态和代谢结合在一起来观察细胞的凋亡，是多年来人们研究的重点。本文将近年来常用于细胞凋亡研究的十种新方法作以简介。这些方法包括碘化丙啶荧光染色法、吖啶橙荧光染色法。吖啶橙活细胞悬液染色法、Hoechst33258荧光染色法，简易末端标记法、5’末端^32P标记法、荧光原位末端标记技术、酶原位末端标记技术、PI染色的流式细胞分析术和Hoechst-P1染色的流式细胞分析术等。     

线粒体凋亡途径在锰致鸡支持-生精细胞凋亡中的作用

探讨线粒体凋亡途径在锰致鸡支持-生精细胞凋亡中的作用。取对数生长期鸡支持-生精细胞,用含0、2、3、4mmol.L-1MnCl2的DMEM培养液,培养24h,采用吖啶橙-溴化乙锭(AO/EB)双荧光染色法检测鸡支持-生精细胞凋亡,流式细胞仪检测线粒体膜电位(△ψm),Westernblot法检测胞浆内细胞色素C(Cytc)蛋白表达含量,分光光度法检测半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶9,3(Caspase-9,3)活性。用含MnCl2的DMEM培养液培养24h后,处理组细胞与对照组相比,鸡支持-生精细胞凋亡指数逐渐升高(P0.01);线粒体膜电位显著降低(P0.01);胞浆中Cytc蛋白表达量逐渐增加;Caspase-9,3活性逐渐升高(P0.01)。线粒体途径介导的凋亡是锰对鸡生殖毒性作用的主要机制之一。     

亚慢性铝中毒对雏鸡大脑神经细胞凋亡的影响

采用连续腹腔注射固定体积、不同浓度梯度三氯化铝(AICl3)水溶液法,建立不同程度的亚慢性铝中毒雏鸡模型,通过吖啶橙/溴化乙锭双荧光染色法、琼脂糖凝胶电泳法和流式细胞术对雏鸡大脑神经细胞凋亡进行观测.结果表明:①荧光显微镜下可见,染铝组雏鸡大脑神经细胞发生典型的凋亡和坏死变化,细胞凋亡指数增加,极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),且随AlCl3浓度增加而加重.②染铝组雏鸡大脑神经细胞G0/G1期细胞数量增加,G2/M和S期细胞数量减少,细胞增殖指数降低,细胞凋亡率升高,且随染铝剂量的增多而加重,与对照组比,组间差异均极显著(P<0.01).③各染铝组雏鸡大脑琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测出现典型的DNA梯形带.上述结果说明,铝可引发雏鸡大脑神经细胞DNA损伤,抑制其增殖,诱导其凋亡.     

水貂阿留申病毒诱导猫肾细胞(CrFK)凋亡

为研究水貂阿留申病毒(AMDV)在体外诱导猫肾细胞(CrFK)凋亡情况,用AMDV-G株感染CrFK细胞,采用CCK-8法检测CrFK细胞感染后的细胞存活率,用AO/EB染色法检测CrFK细胞核的形态变化,用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,并通过分光光度计法检测细胞凋亡执行分子Caspase-3活性。结果显示,AMDV-G株感染可导致CrFK细胞增殖率下降,产生明显的形态学凋亡特征;流式细胞术检测结果显示,AMDV-G株感染可引起CrFK细胞凋亡并随着感染时间的延长凋亡率增加,同时Caspase-3活性显著升高。上述结果表明,AMDV-G株在体外能够诱导CrFK细胞凋亡,为进一步研究AMDV致病机理奠定基础。     

猪水肿病大肠杆菌贵州分离株毒素Stx2e对Vero细胞的毒性作用

猪水肿病毒素即Ⅱ型志贺毒素变异体e亚型(Shiga toxin 2e,Stx2e)。采用吖啶橙/溴化乙锭(AO/EB)双荧光染色法和四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法,比较了从患水肿病猪粪便样品中分离的28株大肠杆菌所产志贺毒素对Vero细胞的毒性作用。结果显示,MTT比色法检测的细胞比活力与AO/EB染色法检测的正常细胞与早期凋亡细胞比率之和呈正相关。将28株菌株产生的Stx2e作用于Vero细胞,均能抑制Vero细胞的生长,并诱导Vero细胞的凋亡;其中8株病原菌所产Stx2e毒素对Vero细胞的毒性作用强于O157∶H7。这些毒素的毒力差异可能与其A亚基基因的结构变异有关。结果提示,贵州分离的产Stx2e大肠杆菌的毒力存在一定差异,其中部分菌株的毒力作用较强,应加强对养殖场仔猪的保护。     

甘草提取物(GC-X)体外诱导人宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡作用的研究

为了探讨甘草提取物(GC-X)体外对HeLa细胞的促凋亡作用,试验采用MTT比色法观察了GC-X对HeLa细胞增殖的抑制情况,AO/EB双荧光染色法和透射电镜观察了细胞凋亡的形态学变化,流式细胞仪测定了各组细胞的凋亡率。结果表明:GC-X体外对HeLa细胞的生长、增殖的抑制作用具有剂量和时间依赖性,其48 h的IC50仅为11.24μg/m L;AO/EB双荧光染色和透射电镜观察可见,GC-X作用后He La细胞均出现典型的凋亡细胞形态;流式细胞仪检测GC-X对HeLa细胞的诱导凋亡作用呈现明显的浓度依赖性。说明GC-X可抑制HeLa细胞的增殖并具有诱导细胞凋亡的作用。     

冬虫夏草菌丝水提液对SP2／0细胞凋亡的影响

在冬虫夏草菌丝水提液诱导下，采用Hoechst33342荧光染色、MTT、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪等方法，观察和分析了SP2／0细胞的凋亡情况。结果显示，冬虫夏草菌丝水提液可抑制SP2／0细胞增殖，在荧光显微镜下，凋亡细胞呈亮绿色，DNA琼脂糖电泳可见典型的“阶梯状”条带，Annexin—V—FITC和碘化丙啶（PI）双染后流式细胞仪分析显示，细胞凋亡数量明显增多。表明，冬虫夏草菌丝水提液对SP2／0细胞增殖的抑制作用可能与诱导其凋亡有关。     

一种同时进行牛囊胚差异染色和凋亡染色的方法

旨在优化双重荧光染色方法的基础上,建立囊胚的三重免疫荧光染色方法,以期更经济、高效、准确地评估胚胎质量。三重免疫荧光染色方法分别用CDX2蛋白、caspase-3蛋白和Hochest 33342标记囊胚的滋养层细胞、凋亡细胞和所有细胞的细胞核,共3种染色方案。双重荧光染色方法采用PI染色滋养层细胞,或通过TUNEL法进行凋亡细胞染色;而囊胚细胞的细胞核用Hochest33342染色。结果表明,三重免疫荧光染色方法获得的图像清晰,能准确地标记囊胚中的各类细胞。另外,比较3种染色方案的准确性、复杂性及染色效果,确定两种一抗或两种二抗共同孵育的方案准确度高、效果好、且用时最短,为最佳染色方案。综上表明,在同一枚囊胚中,通过标记CDX2和caspase-3蛋白来鉴定其滋养层细胞和凋亡细胞,并进行囊胚质量的评估是可行的,而且较双重荧光染色有较大的优势。     

牦牛乳腺上皮细胞体外培养及鉴定

本研究旨在建立牦牛乳腺上皮细胞系,并对建立的细胞系生物学特性进行鉴定,采用组织块种植法,分离培养乳腺上皮细胞;通过胰酶消化法纯化细胞;利用免疫荧光及Western blot技术对其进行鉴定;脂质体介导法将绿色荧光蛋白基因转染进乳腺上皮细胞中,荧光显微镜下检测绿色荧光蛋白基因表达;金黄色葡萄球菌侵染牦牛乳腺上皮细胞,流式细胞仪(AnnexinV/PI双染法)检测乳腺上皮细胞的凋亡,RT-PCR检测感染细胞中抗菌肽以及凋亡因子表达。结果表明,分离纯化获得牦牛乳腺上皮细胞,细胞角蛋白18表达呈阳性,波形蛋白表达呈阴性,证明培养的细胞是上皮细胞并且没有成纤维细胞污染;β-酪蛋白表达呈阳性,说明建立的乳腺上皮细胞具有一定的泌乳功能;荧光显微镜能够检测到绿色荧光蛋白表达,表明EGFP基因成功导入了乳腺上皮细胞;金黄色葡萄球菌感染牦牛乳腺上皮细胞3h后,Annexin V/PI双染法检测发现感染组细胞凋亡率明显升高,差异显著(P0.05);感染细胞中TAP(P0.01)、BNBD5(P0.01)及BAX(P0.01)表达量明显增高,BCL-2(P0.05)表达量降低。综上表明,本研究成功建立了一株稳定的牦牛乳腺上皮细胞系,该细胞系能够作为研究牦牛乳腺发育及分化的体外研究模型。     

旋毛虫ES抗原致鼠胸腺淋巴细胞凋亡的初步研究

本试验首次以体外培养的小鼠胸腺淋巴细胞为实验对象,加入旋毛虫(Trichinella spiralis)肌幼虫ES抗原做刺激物,通过(AO/EB)双荧光染色法和流式细胞术对鼠胸腺淋巴细胞的凋亡水平的检测,进而证明旋毛虫肌幼虫ES抗原能够诱导鼠淋巴细胞发生凋亡.     

Gossypol acetic acid induces apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells via a caspase-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathway

To investigate the effects of gossypol acetic acid (GA) on proliferation and apoptosis of the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and further understand the possible underlying mechanism responsible for GA-induced cell apoptosis, RAW264.7 cells were treated with GA (25~35 µmol/L) for 24 h and the cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay, while apoptotic cells were identified by TUNEL assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and flow cytometry. Moreover, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ_m) with Rhodamine 123 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) with DCFH-DA were analyzed by fluorescence spectrofluorometry. In addition, the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-9 was assessed by Western Blot assay. Finally, the GA-induced cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry in the present of caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK and Ac-LEHD-FMK, respectively. GA significantly inhibited the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and caused obvious cell apoptosis and a loss of ΔΨ_m in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, the ROS production in cells was elevated, and the levels of activated caspase-3 and caspase-9 were up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, GA-induced cell apoptosis was markedly inhibited by caspase inhibitors. These results suggest that GA-induced RAW264.7 cell apoptosis may be mediated via a caspase-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathway.     

荧光探针JC-1与PI联合染色法在猪精子线粒体膜电位检测中的应用

目前,对于精子线粒体膜电位(MMP)的检测分析,通常采用JC-1单独染色,这种染色方法可以准确地区分高、低MMP精子,但不能明确区分精子的存活状态。本研究采用JC-1与碘化丙啶(propidium iodide,PI)2种荧光染料联合染色的方法,对6种不同保存条件下的猪精子进行染色,分别使用流式细胞仪与荧光显微镜2种检测手段对猪精子MMP进行检测。结果表明:死亡精子头部呈红色,高MMP精子尾部呈橙红色,低MMP精子尾部为绿色。2种检测手段的结果比较显示,荧光显微镜能够有效地区分出高、低MMP死精子,但对于活精子MMP的高低检测效果不甚理想。相反,流式细胞仪则能够有效地区分活精子MMP的高低,但对于死精子MMP高低的检测仍较困难。因此,对于猪精子线粒体MMP的检测,采用JC-1与PI双染的方法,用流式细胞仪与荧光显微镜进行联合检测,能比较全面的反映出精子线粒体的功能状态。     

山羊痘病毒诱导BHK-21细胞凋亡的检测

为验证山羊痘病毒诱导BHK-21细胞出现凋亡现象的存在,分别采用HE染色、凋亡试剂盒检测、流式细胞仪检测和DNA Ladder检测,对山羊痘病毒感染的BHK[21细胞培养物进行细胞凋亡检测.不同方法检测结果均显示,山羊痘病毒感染BHK-21细胞组相同时间细胞凋亡数明显高于对照组.表明山羊痘病毒可诱导BHK-21细胞发生...     

Photodynamic hyperthermal therapy with indocyanine green (ICG) induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in B16F10 murine melanoma cells

We examined the effects of photodynamic hyperthemal therapy (PHT), which is a combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and hyperthermia (HT), on the apoptosis and cell cycle progression of murine melanoma B16F10 cells. The percentage of apoptotic cell was determined by flow cytometry using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double staining. The cell cycle analysis was performed by PI staining with flow cytometry. The expression of cyclins and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) were examined by a Western blotting analysis. PHT induces death in B16F10 cells, and PHT-mediated apoptosis occurred acutely and persistently in vitro. Our study demonstrated that PHT using indocyanine green (ICG) and near infrared (NIR) light source induces apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in the B16F10 cells.     

Flow cytofluorometric characterization of bovine blood and milk leukocytes

Flow cytometry and sorting proved to be a rapid method that facilitated the identification of different leukocyte populations in bovine blood and milk. After briefly incubating whole blood and milk samples in a hypotonic phosphate buffer, containing supravital acridine orange, 5 classes of leukocytes were found in the blood (lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes) and 4 in the milk (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages) by flow cytometry. Cells were morphologically identified by fluorescent microscopy after flow cytometric sorting and by light microscopy after Papanicolaous staining. Udder parenchymal and ductal tissue cells (secretory and epithelial cells) were not found in the milk samples evaluated. Large differences in the total and differential cell counts were found in the different milk secretions.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒实验感染SPF猪外周血单核细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞早期凋亡细胞的观察

采用Ａｎｎｅｘｉｎ Ｖ－ＦＩＴＣ／ＰＩ双染色法,用流式细胞仪检测了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ）实验感染ＳＰＦ猪不同时期外周血单核细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞感染Ａｎｎｅｘｉｎ Ｖ－ＦＩＴＣ＾＋／ＰＩ＾－细胞群（早期凋亡细胞群）。结果显示,ＰＲＲＳＶ感染猪外周血单核细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞Ａｎｎｅｘｉｎ Ｖ－ＦＩＴＣ＾＋／ＰＩ＾－细胞群的表达率均明显高于正常对照猪,感染后２４ｈ表达率达最高值。     

利用不同染料复合染色判定家蚕血细胞的存活状况

家蚕有5种血细胞,可以通过吖啶橙(acridine orange,AO)和碘化丙啶(propidium iodide,PI)染色来区分。溴化噻唑蓝四氮唑[3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide,MTT]是一种广泛应用于细胞增殖和活细胞鉴定的染色剂。通过对家蚕血细胞进行复染,即先用MTT染色,再用AO和PI染色,发现以下2种情况:很多颗粒细胞、浆细胞和所有的原血球细胞不能被MTT染色,但AO染色显示为活的细胞;被MTT染色的细胞表面有紫色纤维状物伸出,除了一部分具有伪足的颗粒细胞外,所有被MTT染色的血细胞也被PI染色,细胞核是红色。因此,利用这3种染料对家蚕血细胞复合染色来判断细胞的存活与死亡,需要仔细分析并分别对待。     

Use of flow cytometry for determination of differential leukocyte counts in bovine blood

A flow cytometric method was developed to perform differential leukocyte counts on bovine blood. Blood specimens from 50 healthy Holstein cows were analyzed by use of a flow cytometer. The method entailed diluting blood with phosphate-buffered, hypotonic saline solution containing acridine orange, and performing a step-wise, 3-parameter analysis on the bases of cell size, cellular granularity, and granulocyte fluorescence. Initially, proportions of monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes were determined by creating appropriate windows on dot plots of cell size (determined by forward light scatter) vs cellular granularity (determined by the logarithm of side light scatter). Eosinophils were resolved by analysis of granulocytes as dot plots of logarithms of green vs red fluorescence ascribed to acridine orange. Proportions of eosinophils and neutrophils were computed from data so generated. Microclumps of platelets spuriously affected counts of some granulocytes, particularly eosinophils. Differential leukocyte counts determined by flow cytometry generally compared favorably with those obtained by use of the conventional microscopic method, using Wright-stained blood films. Mean neutrophil and eosinophil counts determined by the 2 methods did not differ significantly, but lymphocyte counts determined by flow cytometry were significantly higher than those determined by microscopy (P less than 0.01). Correlation coefficients for counts of neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes determined by the 2 methods ranged from 0.519 to 0.833. Correlation between monocyte counts was low (r = 0.147), although mean monocyte counts determined by the 2 methods did not differ significantly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)