洞庭湖湿地野生牧草资源的研究

通过对洞庭湖湿地野生牧草资源的种类、分布及蕴藏量的调查,摸清了该湿地现有野生牧草42种,33属,3科.对分布广泛、蕴藏量大且具有开发价值的野生牧草进行了饲喂试验和品质分析,为综合利用提供了重要资料.     

贵州省野生牧草资源初探

贵州省是典型的岩溶山区,野生牧草种类繁多,是天然植物基因库,当地野生牧草具有区域适应性强、耐寒、耐热、耐干旱等优点。笔者总结了贵州省野生牧草资源丰富的原因、野生牧草资源分类、部分野生牧草种质资源简介、部分野生牧草营养价值评估、野生牧草资源开发利用展望相关内容,为今后更加细致地研究贵州省野生牧草资源提供理论依据。     

海南岛野生牧草种质资源考察

2004年6月—2005年4月对海南岛野生牧草种质资源进行了实地考察。收集了野生牧草种质资源549份,隶属7科、33属,近60种。并对收集到的野生牧草种质资源的种类、分布情况、生长习性进行了描述。通过考察,挽救了一批濒临灭绝的品种;发掘了一批可供生产和育种单位直接利用的种质资源,丰富了国家种质库。还就海南的野生牧草种质资源的保存和利用等提出意见和建议。     

湖南野生豆类牧草资源调查初报

通过对湖南野生豆类牧草资源的种类及分布调查,该地区现有野生豆类牧草92种,隶属31属.其中以决明属Cassin等6种为优势属,以野大豆Glycine soja等6属为优势种,并对6种分布广泛、蕴藏量大且具有开发价值的野生豆类牧草的生物学特征及其饲用价值进行了介绍,以期为综合利用提供重要的参考资料.     

西双版纳野生牧草种质资源调查及评价

对云南省最南部西双版纳傣族自治州开展野生牧草种质资源野外调查和收集,得出西双版纳州草地资源丰富,种类繁多,蕴含着大量的野生牧草种质资源。全州草地主要植物有128科,577属,1052种,其中禾本科(Gramineae)71属,140种;豆科(Leguminosae)47属,136种;莎草科(Cyperaceae)17属,60种。可食牧草有24科,209种,以禾本科、豆科、莎草科牧草为主。并对重要野生牧草种质资源的经济特性和饲用价值进行了评价分析,得出西双版纳地区野生牧草具有多叶、常绿、高产、低消化率等特性。开发利用这些优良野生牧草种质资源需根据具体的用途和牧草本身的特点采取不同的开发方式。     

川西北野生优良牧草资源种类、生态地理分布与化学成分

川西北野生优良牧草资源种类、生态地理分布与化学成分四川省草原研究所张健琛１野生优良牧草资源种类川西北地处青藏高原东南缘，地势高差悬殊，地形复杂，气候多样。植被极为丰富，并具有显著的垂直地带性变化，因此，植物种类繁多。根据草调统计维管束植物近万种，作为...     

发掘野生牧草种质资源提高退耕种草质量效益

内蒙古自治区作为国家退牧还草等生态建设项目重点地区，随着退饼人工种草的进一步开展，种植牧草品种单一，特别是多年生牧草品种单一的问题也逐渐显现出来。改变这种状况，必须从实际出发，立足当地自然资源优势，坚持引进优良牧草品种与开发当地野生牧草品种资源相结合，发掘野生牧草品种资源，大力推广种植野生优良牧草，调整牧草品种结构，形成种类丰富，形式多样的人工草地牧草种植格局，才能不断提高退耕种草的质量效果。     

塔城市天然草地资源及其分类

新疆天然草地优良牧草种质资源丰富,有各类牧草植物涵盖108科、687属,大部分栽培优良牧草,在新疆均有大面积野生分布。了解天然草地资源型的组成和分布特性,是保证新疆草原畜牧业可持续发展以及提高畜牧业产品的主要途径。     

西藏牧草种质资源剖析

阐述了西藏野生牧草种质资源分布及其具有的优异特点,剖析了西藏目前在牧草种质资源收集、保存和利用方面存在的问题,在此基础上提出了对西藏牧草种质资源收集、保存及利用的建议.     

基于MaxEnt模型的3种野生牧草西藏地区潜在适生区分析

西藏地区草地资源丰富，但利用水平尚待提高，加强野生牧草的适生性分析，对种质资源选育和草地生态畜牧业的发展具有重要意义。高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)、小花棘豆(Oxytropis glabra)和紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)是西藏地区广泛分布且品质优良的野生牧草，为探究三种野生牧草在西藏地区分布的主导环境气候因子，利用MaxEnt模型，分析适宜草种混播区域，以期为重要野生牧草资源在西藏地区高寒草地推广种植和人工草地混播提供科学依据。结果表明：高山嵩草最适生长区集中在西藏地区中部，影响其分布的关键环境因子是生长季月平均辐射；小花棘豆最适生区分布在日喀则市中部、山南市西北部和拉萨市，等温性是影响其分布的关键环境因子；紫花针茅在西藏地区分布广泛，影响其分布的关键环境因子是坡度。本研究明确了3种野生牧草混播种植的适生区域，为下一步推广人工草地种植提供理论依据。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein