可见植入荧光标记和编码金属标对达乌尔鳇标志效果的初步研究

2011年9月底至2012年5月,采用可见植入荧光标记(VIE)和编码金属标(CWT)标志全长为(28.06±1.79)cm的达乌尔鳇(Huso dauricus),检验了VIE和CWT的标志保持率及其对达乌尔鳇生长和存活的影响。结果显示,经过210 d实验,VIE标志达乌尔鳇吻部腹面,CWT标志达乌尔鳇背部前(第1～2块背骨板间下方肌肉)、中(第6～7块后背骨板间下方肌肉)、后(第11～12块背骨板间下方肌肉)的标志保持率分别为:95.83%、92.00%、92.59%、92.59%。实验中VIE出现破碎、脱落或迁移致使标志可识别性下降;CWT背部中这一标志部位操作最为简便。标志30 d,VIE标志组的保持率较CWT背部不同部位标志组及对照组低,且差异显著(P<0.05),此后31～210 d并无显著性差异。VIE和CWT背部不同部位标志对达乌尔鳇的生长无显著性差异。结果表明,VIE和CWT均可用于标志达乌尔鳇。进行短期大规模达乌尔鳇的标志放流可使用成本相对较低的VIE标志。     

Evaluation of a flat-plate PIT tag interrogation system at Bonneville Dam

In the spring of 1996 and 1997, a prototype 400 kHz flat-plate (pass-by) passive integrated transponder tag interrogation (PIT tag) system was installed at the terminus of the downstream migrant (DSM) channel of the Bonneville Dam First Powerhouse, located on the Columbia River. The system was designed to interrogate previously PIT tagged juvenile salmonids migrating down the Columbia River without interfering with the traditional subsampling of fish passing through the facility. In addition, the design enables fish of virtually any size, and debris, to pass over the system's antennas without the port restrictions imposed by traditional pass-through PIT tag interrogation systems. We describe the fish facility in addition to the flat-plate system and its operation. The system tag reading efficiency was evaluated during 1996 and 1997 using a direct method based on the release of known numbers of tagged test fish and an indirect statistical procedure based on tagged run-at-large fish. The results showed that PIT tag reading efficiency during both years using the direct method averaged 97%, while that using the statistical procedure averaged 99% for the dual multiplexed antenna array. During the 1996 and 1997 field seasons 4371 and 14 733 fish, respectively, were recorded. Daily system functionality was monitored using stick tests (i.e., the passing of PIT tagged sticks across the antenna array).     

鳜肌肉组织cDNA文库构建及其ESTs分析

以鳜(Siniperca chutasi)肌肉为实验材料,采用非均一化引物定向克隆技术构建了鳜肌肉组织cDNA文库,并进行大规模EST测序和序列分析。结果显示,cDNA文库的库容量为2.3×105,重组率达96.5%,平均插入片段长度为1.2 kb。随机挑选5456个克隆,成功测序5191个,其中高质量序列5063个,达97.5%。利用PHRAP程序聚类拼接后,得到1625条非冗余序列,包括443个重叠群(Contigs),1182个单拷贝(Singlets)。使用BLAST软件将这些序列同GenBank等数据库进行比对、注释,发现1625个非冗余序列与鳜肌肉结构和发生相关,而其中991条序列与NCBI数据库中的其它物种已知序列存在显著的相似性,剩余的634条非冗余序列(占所有非冗余序列的39%)为在鳜中新发现的未找到同源序列的序列。740个基因为能够注释到Gene ontology(Go)中的序列数目。     

Expressed sequence tag analysis of phyllosomas and hemocytes of Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus

Two complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were constructed from phyllosomas and hemocytes of adult Japanese spiny lobster Panulirus japonicus and a total of 2,673 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained. After assembly and clustering, 450 and 458 unique sequences were found from the phyllosoma and hemocyte cDNA libraries, respectively. Of these, 114 and 220 ESTs showed significant homologies with known genes in the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The remaining sequences were of unknown function. Immune-related genes found in this study include lectin, proteinase inhibitor, prophenoloxidase, heat-shock protein, antimicrobial peptide, and a few putative defense-related proteins.     

微型金属标标记鳜稚鱼

于2003年5月～2004年4月使用编码微型金属标(Coded wire tag,CWT)系统标志鳜[Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky)]稚鱼[全长(44.3±3.4)mm,(X)±SD],观测在不同位置标记的鳜的生长情况,检验了CWT标记不同部位对鳜稚鱼存活、生长的影响以及标记保存率.结果表明,微型金属标注入鳜稚鱼的背部、腹部及尾柄肌肉的标志方法是可行的.28 d的短期和305 d的长期实验后,CWT标志以上3个位置对鳜稚鱼的存活、生长无显著性影响,3个位置的标志保持率无显著差异.其中背部肌肉标志操作最为简便.CWT标志鳜稚鱼背部肌肉后,第一阶段1～28 d实验期间内,标志鳜的存活率为91.7%,标志保存率为97.9%;第二阶段29～333 d实验期间内标志鳜的存活率和标志保存率都为100%.这一结果表明,CWT标志鳜背部肌肉方法可用于鳜的标志放流回捕研究.     

Considerations on diving patterns of bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus based on archival tag data

Swimming depth and selected environmental factors were examined using 2764 days of archival tag data for 18 bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus (fork length at release 58.5 ± 7.2 cm) that were captured, tagged, and released into Japanese waters. Daytime swimming depth was deeper with increasing body length. The lowest temperature encountered was usually about 10 °C or slightly higher. A positive correlation between swimming depth and light intensity at the ocean surface was dominant for during both daytime and nighttime. Synchronicity of swimming depth with deep scattering layer (DSL) was observed, except around midday. Deep diving to depths exceeding 550 m was observed a mean of 0.30 dives/fish/day. Based on the classification and analyses of deep diving pattern and consideration of environmental data, deep diving was assumed to be undertaken for the purposes of foraging, predator avoidance, and exploration of bathymetry, as well as due to aberrant behavior. Occasionally, extremely deep diving events exceeding 1000 m (maximum 1616 m) were recorded. Bigeye tuna appear to have high visual acuity and tolerance of both low and wide temperature ranges, and low dissolved oxygen content. Thus, probably bigeye tuna swimming depth is primarily adjusted based on prey distribution.     

Use of tag data to compare growth rates of Atlantic coast striped bass stocks

Migratory stocks of Atlantic coast striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), range primarily from North Carolina (NC) northward to Canadian waters. Between 1986 and 2000, 267 045 wild striped bass were tagged and released from NC to Massachusetts as part of the Cooperative Striped Bass Tagging Program. Direct measurements of growth of individual fish can be obtained from tag data and are useful for understanding the dynamics of fish populations. Growth rates from regressions of length‐increment vs. time‐at‐liberty were estimated for striped bass tagged and released in three southern states [NC, Virginia (VA) and Maryland (MD)] and three northern states (New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island). Striped bass tagged in waters of northern states grew faster (significantly steeper regression slopes) than those tagged in southern areas. Migratory patterns, stock mixing, and unmeasured biotic and abiotic influences on growth precluded conclusions that observed growth patterns are stock‐specific. These results, however, indicate latitudinal differences in growth rates, and should be considered in future research and management of Atlantic coast striped bass.     

鲜活大菱鲆溯源标识固定工艺研究及参数优化

为获取鲜活大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)溯源标识固定工艺,分别采用细耳标扣、T型扣与套环扣进行鱼体固定试验,对比各组的钉扣固定速率与钉扣有效固定率,评价不同钉扣固定后鱼体状态指标,选出最合适的钉扣.在此基础上,对比鱼体不同部位鳍体的固定效果,并对钉扣固定位置范围参数进行优化试验.结果表明,采用T型扣...     

An electrophoretically-detectable genetic tag for hatchery-reared brown trout (Salmo trutta L.)

The feasibility of incorporating a unique genetic marker into a hatchery strain of brown trout is investigated. The allele Pgi-3(110) is shown to have a very limited distribution among native trout populations in Great Britain and Ireland yet is present, at low frequency, in all three hatchery stocks examined. The potential therefore exists to breed a strain of hatchery brown trout homozygous for the Pgi-3(110) allele. Individuals of such a strain could be unambiguously distinguished from virtually all native stocks. The usefulness of the genetic tag is enhanced by the strong expression of Pgi-3 in adipose fin, permitting simple biopsying. Data from population surveys and the monitoring of experimental progeny suggest selective equivalence among Pgi-3 genotypes.     

金属编码标签对许氏平鲉放流苗种的标记效果

利用金属编码标签(coded wire tag, CWT)对不同规格许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)放流苗种的不同部位(鳃部鄂弓提肌和背部肌肉)进行了标记实验,从标记苗种成活率、标签保持率、标记后苗种抗氧化酶活性及生长应激相关基因表达等方面评价了CWT的标记效果。结果显示,CWT标记30 d后,不同规格苗种成活率均为100%,小规格苗种鄂弓提肌标记组(SLM组)的实验鱼标签保持率为87%,大规格苗种鄂弓提肌标记组(LLM组)的实验鱼标签保持率为97%,苗种背部肌肉标记的标签保持率均为100%。CWT标记实验鱼特定生长率低于对照组。标记鱼暂养后,SLM组和大规格背部肌肉标记组(LDM)实验鱼肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于对照组,所有组实验鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于对照组。除SDM组外,其他实验组肝脏中IGF-1 mRNA表达水平显著高于对照组,LDM组肝脏HSP70 mRNA表达水平最低。从存活率与标签保持率的角度考虑,CWT适宜于许氏平鲉苗种的标记放流,但CWT标记的苗种生长慢于对照组,且在免疫相关酶活性和生长及应激基因方面存在显著的表达差异,表明CWT标记操作对许氏平鲉苗种造成了一定的生理胁迫。因此,利用CWT标记的许氏平鲉苗种应有一个相对较长的室内暂养或野性驯化时间,有利于提高标记放流苗种成活率和放流后生长及回捕。     

Vertical habitat utilization by large pelagic animals: a quantitative framework and numerical method for use with pop-up satellite tag data

A quantitative framework and numerical methodology were developed to characterize vertical habitat utilization by large pelagic animals and to estimate the probability of their capture by certain types of fishing gear. Described are the steps involved to build ‘vertical habitat envelopes’ from data recovered from an electronically tagged blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) as well as from a longline fishing gear experiment employing temperature–depth recording devices. The resulting vertical habitat envelopes, which integrate depth and temperature preferences of tagged fish, are conducive for comparative studies of animal behavior and for calculation (and visualization) of degrees of overlap – be it among individuals, species or fishing gear. Results of a computer simulation evaluation indicated our numerical procedure to be reliable for estimating vertical habitat use from data summaries. The approach appears to have utility for examining pelagic longline fishing impacts on both target and non‐target species and could point to ways of reducing bycatch via modification of fishing strategy or gear configuration.     

Vertical behavior of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean based on archival tag data

The behavior of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the northwestern Pacific Ocean was investigated using archival tag data for 28 fish [49–72 cm fork length (FL) at release, 3–503 days] released in Japanese waters around the Nansei Islands (24–29°N, 122–132°E) and east of central Honshu (Offshore central Honshu, 32–36°N, 142–148°E). Vertical behavior was classified into three types based on past studies: ‘characteristic’ (non‐associative), ‘associative’ (associated with floating objects) and ‘other’ (behavior not fitting into these two categories). The proportion of fish showing associative behavior decreased and that of characteristic behavior increased as fish grew, and this shift was pronounced at 60–70 cm FL. The fish usually stayed above the 20°C isotherm during the daytime and nighttime when showing associative behavior and below the 20°C isotherm during daytime for characteristic behavior. A higher proportion of characteristic behavior was seen between December and April around the Nansei Islands, and between September and December for offshore central Honshu. Seasonal changes in vertical position were also observed in conjunction with changes in water temperature. In this study, ‘other’ behavior was further classified into five types, of which ‘afternoon dive’ behavior, characterized by deep dives between around noon and evening, was the most frequent. The present study indicated that in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, the vertical behavior of bigeye tuna changes with size, as well as between seasons and regions.     

Discovery of host defence genes in the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis Jay by expressed sequence tag analysis of kidney tissue

The Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis is one of the most important aquaculture mollusca in Japan and China. In the present study, a high‐quality cDNA library of the Japanese scallop was constructed from the kidney tissue. A total of 2919 expressed sequence tags longer than 100 bp were generated from this library. A cluster of 1440 unique sequences, which consisted of 258 contigs and 1182 singletons, was revealed. Based on blast searches, 882 (61.3%) genes had significant (E‐value <1e–5) matches to known sequences in public databases. Among them, >70 genes were involved in stress response, immunity and apoptosis. These results expanded our knowledge of the genetics and physiology of the Japanese scallop, and provided a useful resource for gene discovery for further research of this species.     

Effect of visible implant elastomers on the growth,survival and tag retention in juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus) in laboratory conditions

This study identifies the possibility of using visible implant elastomers (VIE) to tag juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus). The mean body weight was 2.4 ± 0.4 g, and mean body length 5.5 ± 0.5 cm. Markers in three colours were used: blue, orange and green. Implant elastomers were injected in the rostrum and in the tail shaft. The experiment was conducted over a period of 10 weeks and included also a control group, that is, no tagging. No significant effect of tagging on the specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and condition factor of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon was observed. The fish in all groups increased their body weight more than 10 times, reaching body weight of 25–28 g. The final survival in all of the groups was approximately 40%. The final tag retention varied depending on the implant colour. The highest retention of 100% was obtained with orange VIE and was significantly different from blue and green. Tag retention was dependent on the place of marking (P > 0.05). A correlation was observed between the applied dye and the place of marking (P = 0.0166). The best results were obtained when marking with orange VIE in the rostrum as all markers were visible after 70 days even without the use of UV light. According to our research, marking with VIE does not negatively affect growth and survival of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon and can be recommended for fish with an initial body weight of approximately 2.5 g in the case of short‐term research.     

Laboratory experiment on survival,growth and tag retention following PIT injection into the body cavity of juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)

A laboratory study was conducted to assess the effect of PIT tagging on survival and growth of young-of-the-year brown trout (Salmo trutta) and evaluate PIT tag loss as a function of body size at tagging. Transponders (11.5 mm long and 2.1 mm in diameter) were injected into the peritoneal cavity of fish ranging from 41 to 70 mm fork length (FL) using hypodermic needles. A total of 145 tagged fish and 136 control fish of similar size were reared over 4 weeks. Logistic regressions show that survival rate reached 95% for fish ≥52 mm FL at tagging (with a tag retention rate >70%), and 99% for fish ≥57 mm FL (tag retention rate >80%). No significant effect of tagging on growth (fork length and weight) was detected at the end of the experiment. The specific growth rate varied markedly among PIT-tagged fish regardless of fork length, weight or tag-to-body-weight ratio at tagging. Results suggest that juvenile brown trout larger than 57 mm FL (tag-to-body weight ratio in water <3.4%) can be marked by injection of 11.5 mm PIT into the peritoneal cavity with negligible effects on survival and growth, but this leads to a relatively high tag rejection rate (up to 20%).