苹果新根内源多胺周年形成动态研究

研究了苹果吸收根和延长根内多胺（精胺、亚精胺、腐胺）的周年形成动态。结果表明，两类新根中多胺总量１年内均有３次明显的形成高峰，分别出现在４月初、６月上和９月初；５－７月３种多胺变化最频繁；亚精胺和腐胺含量在两种根内均有４次高峰，吸收根内精胺含量有５个峰，延长根中有３个峰，两种新根内精胺含量最高，变化也最大。     

Effects of exercise training on myocardial polyamine metabolism in aged rats

AIM:To explore the effects of exercise training on myocardial polyamine metabolism in aged rats. METHODS:Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups:old+exercise group(Old+Ex), old group(Old) and young group(Young). High-performance liquid chromatography was used to test the content of myocardial polyamines(putrescine, spermidine and spermine). The activity of polyamine synthesis and catabolism rate-limiting enzyme ornithine decarboxylase(ODC) and spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase(SSAT) was analyzed by [¹⁴C] labeling. The level of malondialdehyde(MDA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in the myocardium were detected by colorimetric method. The levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cardiac functions were measured by echocardiography. The changes of myocardial ultrastructure were observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS:(1) Compared with Young group, ODC activity decreased, SSAT activity increased, and the levels of spermidine, spermine and total polyamine were significantly decreased in Old group. SOD activity also decreased significantly, the content of MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β also increased dramatically in Old group. In the old rats, both left ventricular end-systolic diameter(LVESD) and end-diastolic diameter(LVEDD) increased, while left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) and fractional shortening(LVFS) decreased.(2) Compared with Old group, ODC activity increased, SSAT activity decreased, the levels of spermidine and total polyamine significantly increased, SOD activity increased significantly, and the content of MDA, TNF-α and IL-1β decreased dramatically in Old+Ex group. The functions of left ventricle also improved significantly in Old+Ex group.(3) Ultrastructural observations indicated that the myofilament and mitochondrial cristae were irregular and mitochondrial matrix density decreased in old rat heart. The cardiac sarcomere structure was clear, the mitochondrial matrix was dense and the mitochondrial cristae arranged in order in Old+Ex group. CONCLUSION:Exercise training promotes polyamine synthesis metabolism and inhibits polyamine catabolism in the heart of aged rats, thus fighting against aging-induced myocardial polyamine decrease. Exercise training also improves the capacity of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant processes of aged heart. Maintaining the appropriate levels of myocardial polyamines may be a new mechanism to delay cardiac aging.     

Protective role of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)/polyamines system in the myocardium induced by ischemic preconditioning in rats

AIM: To explore the protective role of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC)/polyamines system in the myocardium induced by ischemic preconditioning in rats.METHODS: The experiment model of simulating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion was replicated by Langendorff perfused rat heart. The hearts were randomly divided into six groups: control group, ischemic-reperfusion group (IR), weak ischemic preconditioning group (IPCw), strong ischemic preconditioning groups (IPCs) and inhibitor groups (DF-EG-IPCw and DF-EG-IPCs). The expression of ODC was quantified by Western blotting analysis. The contents of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine) in cardiac tissue were detected with high performance liquid chromatography. The hemodynamics was obtained using the PowerLab 8/SP TM data acquisition system. The infarct size was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and the apoptosis cardiomyocytes were observed under optic microscope after TUNEL method treatment. RESULTS: In contrast with control group, in IR group the putrescine contents increased, the expression of ODC was down-regulated, the contents of spermine and the total polyamine pool decreased (P<0.05). At the same time, the cardiac function declined, with an increase in myocardium infarct size and the apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes (P<0.05). When compared with IR group in terms of LVDP, HR and CF, both IPCw and IPCs groups had significant improvements in cardiac functions (P<0.05). These two groups also had smaller myocardium infarct size (P<0.01) and apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes (P<0.01). When compared with IR group, the expression of ODC, the contents of spermine and the total polyamine pool increased in both IPCw (P<0.05) and IPCs groups (P<0.01), but the putrescine contents declined. In the respective inhibitor groups of the weak and ischemic preconditioning, the expression of ODC and the levels of putrescine, spermidine, spermine and the total polyamine pool decreased remarkably (DF-EG-IPCw vs IPCw, P<0.05; DF-EG-IPCs vs IPCs, P<0.01), while the myocardium infarct size and apoptosis rate of cardiomyocyte were relatively bigger in both inhibitor groups (P<0.05). Also, the heart function decreased significantly in terms of LVDP, HR and CF compared to their matched ischemic preconditioning group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning significantly up-regulates the ODC / polyamines system in Langendorff perfused rat hearts and provides protective effects on myocardium with ischemia/reperfusion injury. Inhibition of bio-synthesis of polyamine abolishes the cardiac function improvement and the decreases the infarct size and apoptosis rate induced by ischemic preconditioning. It reveals that the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) /polyamines system may be involved in the protection of myocardium induced by IPC in rats.     

Alterations in endogenous polyamines in bulbs of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) during dormancy

Changes in the levels of endogenous polyamines were determined in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) bulbs during their dormant periods. High free putrescine and low spermine and spermidine levels were associated during initial stages of dormancy. In contrast, high spermine and spermidine levels were related with dormancy release. The conjugated putrescine level increased during the period with an increase in conjugated spermine and spermidine levels. An inverse relationship between free and conjugated polyamines was noticed only for putrescine. The possible role of polyamines is discussed in relation to dormancy.     

低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系多胺代谢的变化

 利用外源Spd、PAO 抑制剂研究了黄瓜幼苗根系在低氧水培时的生长状况以及内源PAs、H₂O₂ 含量和PAO活性的动态变化。结果表明, 外源PAs对低氧胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系的生长有促进作用;低氧处理后3种PAs含量都明显上升, 外源Spd和PAO抑制剂增加了根系中的PAs含量, 降低了根系中H₂O₂ 含量, 减缓了低氧伤害; PAs为低氧胁迫的应激产物, PAO为适应酶类, 其活性随PAs含量的变化而发生变化。     

Effect of polyamines on intracellular calcium of the rat cardiomyocytes with anoxia and reoxygenation

AIM: To study the effect of extrogenous low concentration polyamine on cardiomyocyte calcium overload caused by anoxia and reoxygenation. METHODS: Enzymatically isolated rat ventricular myocytes were perfused with normal Tyrode solution for 8 min, then change to anoxia solution for 32 min, at last back to normal Tyrode solution perfusion for 8 min to establish the cardiomyocyte model of anoxia and reoxygenation. Spermine was added extracellularly to the bath before anoxia and spermine, spermidine or putrescine was added extracellularly after reoxygenation. Intracellular calcium fluorescence intensity (FI) was measured continuously by laser scan confocal microscope (LSCM). RESULTS: In the unstimulated state, exogenous spermine (1 mol/L) did not change resting ［Ca2+］i in the rat cardiomyocytes. Adding spermine before anoxia antagonized the ［Ca2+］i elevating caused by anoxia/reoxygenation. Adding spermine after reoxygenation also lowed the enhanced ［Ca2+］i caused by reoxygenation. Considering the potency of two conditions, the former was more efficacious than the later. Spermidine and putrescine also lowed the enhanced ［Ca2+］i caused by reoxygenation, but they were less efficacious than spermine. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that spermine given before anoxia or after reoxygenation, antagonized or lowed the cardiomyocytes calcium overload caused by anoxia/reoxygenation, but the later was weaker than the former. The order of potency of the polyamine lighten cardiomyocytes calcium overload caused by anoxia/reoxygenation was spermine>spermindine>putrescine.     

Effect of polyamine on cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol in rats

AIM: To investigate the effect of polyamine, ornithine decarboxylase（ODC）and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol (ISO) in rats. METHODS: Cardiac hypertrophy in rats was induced by subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol. High performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of polyamines. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the mRNA and protein expressions of ODC and SSAT during different time points. RESULTS: Compared with control group, heart weight index was increased markedly at ISO 7 d. The concentration of putrescine was increased at ISO 1 d (P<0.05) and increased significantly at 5d and 7 d (P<0.01). The concentration of spermidine was increased at 3 d and increased significantly at 7 d. The concentration of spermine was increased and total pool of polyamine was increased significantly. The expression of ODC and SSAT mRNA were upregulated at 1 d (P<0.05) and kept on high level (P<0.01). The expressions of ODC and SSAT protein were upregulated at 1 d and 5 d (P<0.05) and the changes were significant at 7 d (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that increased polyamine and the upregulated expression of ODC and SSAT in rat cardiac tissue may take part in the process of cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol.     

Polyamine analysis in salt stressed plants of olive (Olea europaea L.)

A rapid and sensitive method to analyse polyamines in olive (Olea europaea L.) tissues was developed, using thin-layer chromatography and densitometry. Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spn) were detected at very low tissue concentrations. The involvement of polyamines during salt stress was assessed by supplying one year old olive plants (cvs Leccino and Carolea) with different NaCl concentrations in sand culture. Control plants always contained more Put than Spd and Spn. Salt induced the accumulation of Spd and Spn. Furthermore a dramatic decrease in root Put content was observed in plants supplied with increasing NaCl concentrations (50-150 mM). These results differ from those of previous experiments on polyamine accumulation induced by other stresses, indicating a need to optimize sampling procedures.     

Investigating the most effective factors in the embryo rescue technique for use with ‘Flame Seedless’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera)

Embryo rescue is among the most important techniques used in seedless grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) breeding and is applied to the female parent. A variety of factors that affect embryo development and germination, as well as plantlet production, in the seedless grapevine cultivar ‘Flame Seedless’ were investigated. The results showed that using Nitsch and Nitsch (NN) medium rather than Emershad and Ramming (ER) medium for double-phase rather than solid phase media produced better developed embryos (DE; 47.49% compared to 24.85%, and 40.69% compared to 31.66%, respectively) and germinated embryos (GE; 28.46% compared to 19.16%, and 29.71% compared to 17.91%, respectively). Preceding embryo rescue, pre-treatment of grapevine clusters with 0.34 mM putrescine (Put) or 0.82 mM cycocel (CCC) increased the percentages of DE and GE. The results indicated that 1.0 mM spermine (Spm), 0.5 mM spermidine (Spd), or 1.0 mM Put in NN culture medium increased the percentages of DE and GE. Using Woody Plant Medium (WPM) as the secondary medium gave higher percentages of GE and developed plantlets (DP) than using Gamborg (B5) medium or Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium.     

高温胁迫下耐热性不同番茄多胺水平变化的差异

 研究了高温条件下番茄4个耐热和2个不耐热品种体内腐胺、精胺和亚精胺水平变化的差异。结果表明，在苗期和开花期，不耐热品种叶片和花器官中精胺和亚精胺含量在昼/夜温度33/25 ℃下显著高于对照(25/20 ℃)，38/28 ℃下显著低于对照；耐热品种都随温度升高而升高,38/28 ℃时最高。在25/20 ℃ 、33/25 ℃下，不耐热品种的精胺和亚精胺含量与耐热品种相当或者高于耐热品种，在38/28 ℃高温下耐热品种显著高于不耐热品种。所有参试番茄品种在不同温度处理中腐胺含量的变化没有明显的规律性。     

多胺及其合成抑制剂对梨花粉萌发及花粉管生长的影响

以丰水梨为材料,采集开花前1d或当天花蕾的花粉,进行离体培养。结果表明,精胺、亚精胺和腐胺在低浓度时均能促进离体花粉萌发和花粉管生长,但超过一定浓度时则对其起抑制作用。精胺、亚精胺和腐胺促进花粉萌发及花粉管生长的适宜浓度分别为0.005～0.025mmol/L、0.05～0.25mmol/L和0.05～0.25mmol/L。多胺的合成抑制剂甲基乙二醛-双-鸟苷基腙(MGBG)能抑制离体花粉萌发和花粉管生长。     

外源水杨酸对鸭梨叶片内源多胺含量的影响

以鸭梨为试材,研究了外源水杨酸对叶片内源多胺含量变化的影响.结果表明:不同浓度水杨酸处理对多胺含量变化的影响不同,低浓度的水杨酸处理在一定的时间内提高了叶片内源多胺的含量,而高浓度的水杨酸则抑制内源多胺的合成.在田间试验中,5月26日至7月26日腐胺和亚精胺含量显著提高,精胺含量无显著变化.     

水分亏缺逆境对温室黄瓜生长及有关物质代谢的影响

 不同土壤含水量对黄瓜生长影响很大: 土壤水分充足时, 植株生长健壮高大, 叶片舒展, 叶面积大。水分处理初期, 叶片脯氨酸、游离蛋白质含量随着土壤含水量的降低而增加, 水分处理时间延长则此趋势消失。叶片与根中亚精胺(Spd) 和腐胺(Put) 含量均随着土壤水分的减少而增加, 不同水分处理对黄瓜叶片与根中精胺(Spm) 含量的影响不大。叶片ABA 含量随着土壤含水量的减少而增加。     

外源多胺对薄皮甜瓜花芽分化及花发育的影响

为了明确外源多胺对薄皮甜瓜花芽分化和花发育的影响,以薄皮甜瓜永甜3号为试材,子叶刚出土时外源喷施腐胺（Put）和亚精胺（Spd）,采用石蜡切片法观察花芽分化和花发育情况,测定花芽和叶片中内源激素及多胺含量。结果表明：外源喷施Put和Spd均提高了甜瓜子蔓第1节位结实花率,促进了花芽分化,使结实花花期提前|喷施高浓度Put和低浓度Spd后,叶片中IAA含量升高、ZT含量降低、ABA含量提前达到峰值|花芽中Spd含量较早达到峰值,精胺（Spm）含量较低,变化不规律。花芽中3种内源多胺的含量远高于叶片中。外源喷施1×10-3 mol•L-1的Put和1×10-4 mol•L-1的Spd效果最好。     

石竹花芽发生与内源多胺含量的关系

以石竹叶片为外植体,诱导愈伤组织、营养芽、花芽的培养基分别为ＭＳ＋ＺＴ２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋２,４－Ｄ０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ;ＭＳ＋ＺＴ１ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＢＡ２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ;ＭＳ＋ＩＢＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ。在石竹离体叶花芽形成过程中,内源多胺含量呈不同的变化趋势,腐胺、亚精胺含量上升,而二丙胺、精胺含量下降,表明多胺与石竹离体叶花芽分化有明显的内在联系。     

鸭梨,茌梨果实采前乙烯生物合成特性研究

鸭梨、茌梨果实均从盛花后１４５天进入呼吸跃变，同时伴随着乙烯释放高峰的出现。鸭梨的乙烯合成酶（ＥＦＥ）活性和氨基环丙烷羧酸（ＡＣＣ）含量高于茌梨，乙烯释放量的峰值是茌梨的４倍，两品种果实的ＥＦＥ活性变化与果实的呼吸跃变和乙烯释放量的变化同步，ＡＣＣ含量自盛花后１３５天，一直呈止升趋势。两品种果实内含有亚精胺、腐胺和精胺三种内源多胺，亚精胺与梨果实乙烯生物合成有关。     

Ameliorative effect of polyamines on the high temperature inhibition of in vitro pollen germination in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Effect of polyamines on in vitro pollen germination at high temperatures in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was investigated. Pollen germination and tube growth were significantly inhibited at 33°C and 35°C compared to those at 25°C. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of spermidine or spermine in the germination medium. Spermidine at 0.5 mM was slightly more effective than spermine at 0.05 mM. Spermidine at 0.05 and 0.5 mM and spermine at 0.05 mM slightly increased pollen germination rates at 25°C. Spermidine at 5 mM and spermine at 0.5 M were inhibitory to pollen germination, regardless of incubation temperatures. Spermidine also promoted germination of pollen grains incubated at 38°C for 1 and 3 h and then at 25°C for the rest of the 20 h incubation period. The effect was higher at 0.5 mM than at 0.05 mM. Treatment of spermidine to intact flowers 1 day before anthesis was also effective in ameliorating the high temperature inhibition of in vitro pollen germination on the polyamine-free medium. Here, the optimum concentration was 5 mM. These results demonstrate that polyamines can counteract the inhibitory effects of high temperature on pollen germination. They also suggest that the endogenous level of polyamines in germinating pollen grains is an important factor for the pollen germinability at high temperature.     

Improved fruit retention,yield and fruit quality in mango with exogenous application of polyamines

Aqueous solutions (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mM) of PAs (putrescine, spermine, spermidine) containing a surfactant ‘Tween 20’ were sprayed onto panicles of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Kensington Pride) at final fruit set (FFS) stage (when all flowers abscised but remain attached to the panicle) during 1999–2001 to investigate their effects on fruit retention, yield, size, and fruit quality. The optimum time of PA application for improving final fruit retention and fruit yield was determined by spraying different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 mM) of spermine (SPM) containing a surfactant ‘Tween 20’ at four phenological stages including flower bud differentiation (FBD), 5–8 cm long grown panicles (GP), full bloom (FB) and at initial fruit set (IFS) stage (when 2/3rd of the flowers were abscised but attached to the panicle) during 2000. Exogenous application of PAs at FFS stage did not significantly increase fruit retention. However, compared to control (0.79 and 2.3% fruit retention), PAs treatments resulted in comparatively higher mean fruit retention (1.53 and 2.92%) during 1999–2000 and 2000–2001, respectively. Among three PAs tested, SPM was more effective in increasing mean final fruit retention. Fruit size was not significantly affected by any PA treatment. Among the four application times, SPM (0.01 mM) spray at FB stage resulted in significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater fruit retention (4.99%) compared with control (2.1%). However, fruit yield was comparatively higher with SPM (0.01 mM) application at IFS stage or 5–8 cm GP stage compared to the control. Overall FB application was found as the optimum time of application. Application of PAs at FFS stage retarded fruit skin colour development compared to the control. Sugars and total soluble solids (TSS) were generally reduced in PA-treated fruit. Fruit acidity was increased (16.7%) with SPM, whereas it was 11% with PUT treatment as compared to the control. Total carotenoids in pulp were generally improved (49%) with PA treatments, compared to the control. Ascorbic acid concentrations were significantly reduced with spermidine (SPD) (24%) and PUT (20%) treatments, whereas higher concentrations of SPM (1 mM) tended to increase it (12.7%) compared to the control. In conclusion, application of SPM (0.01 mM) at FB stage resulted in the highest fruit retention, whereas SPM (0.01) spray at GP or IFS stage resulted in higher fruit yield. PUT application at FFS stage significantly improved fruit quality by increasing total carotenoid, while reducing acid content of ripe fruit.     

秋季叶面喷施多胺和尿素对酿酒葡萄贮藏营养和抗冻性的影响

为提高酿酒葡萄休眠期贮藏营养水平和抗性,以6a生、长势一致的“赤霞珠”葡萄为试材,研究了秋季叶面喷施不同浓度的多胺、尿素对赤霞珠葡萄叶片光合作用、树体内碳水化合物含量、活性氧代谢、主芽及花序质量的影响.结果表明:在秋季叶面喷施4mM的精胺、1mM的亚精胺或3％的尿素,可显著的提高叶片气孔导度、叶绿素含量、叶片光合速率.这些处理可显著提高休眠期树体内碳水化合物含量和主芽质量,降低枝蔓相对电导率和丙二醛含量,提高SOD、CAT活性,提高了花序的质量.因此,在秋季,叶面喷施适当浓度的多胺或尿素可通过提高叶片光合速率来显著提高酿酒葡萄贮藏营养水平和抗冻性,提高主芽和花序质量,这也有助于酿酒葡萄品质或产量的提高.     

Effects of putrescine application on fruit set in ‘Housui’ Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)

In Japan, artificial pollination is practiced to improve fruit set as well as fruit size and to obtain perfect round shapes in ‘Housui’ (S₃S₅) Japanese pear and most commercial cultivars that present gametophytic self-incompatibility. The period of artificial pollination application is limited by environmental conditions and the availability of a labor force. The present study aimed to determine if pre-pollination applications of putrescine (1.0 and 0.01 mM) positively affect fruit set in ‘Housui’ after hand-pollination. During 2002 and 2003, fruit set in late pollinated flowers increased with pre-pollination putrescine applications and concentrations of 1.0 mM had a better effect than 0.01 mM. In vitro pollination tests revealed that higher pollen germination was present in the stigmas of flowers sprayed with 1.0 mM of putrescine compared to the controls. Putrescine application did not affect post-pollination ethylene production in the styles. Moreover, in the styles of non-treated flowers, an increment of putrescine content and ethylene production after pollination was found, suggesting post-pollination responses and confirming the lack of antagonism between polyamines and ethylene at least during this process.