青岛地区贝类产品中诺如病毒的感染和流行初探

从2006年1月至2007年1月,在青岛市内3区5个主要水产品批发市场连续采集贝类样品,其中太平洋牡蛎Crassostreagi gas 208个、毛蚶Scapharca subcrenata 169个、杂色蛤Venerupis variegata 169个,采用RT—PCR方法检测诺如病毒（Novoviruses,NV）的感染,旨在为贝类食品的安全监控提供基础数据资料。研究结果表明,太平洋牡蛎和毛蚶样品中NV检出率分别为10．1％和5．3％,而杂色蛤未检出,NV流行的季节主要是11月至次年3月,感染部位主要分布于贝类的消化道。     

水产品中诺如病毒富集方法的优化研究

针对检测过程中影响病毒富集的主要因素,按正交试验设计了9种不同的病毒富集方法,利用RT-PCR对富集方法进行检测和分析评价。结果表明,吸附缓冲液pH对NVs富集有显著影响（P〈0.05）,吸附剂、沉淀剂种类对富集作用无显著差异（P〉0.05）。在吸附缓冲液中性环境（pH7.5）下,以苏氨酸作为吸附剂吸附两次,用PEG6000与PEG8000混合沉淀两次为最优富集方法,病毒回收率为23%,检测灵敏度为150pgRNA。利用此法对青岛地区贝类样品进行了检测,阳性检出率为12.5%,表明优化的富集方法可以满足实际检测的要求。     

牡蛎中诺如病毒的感染及其防控研究进展

诺如病毒(Norovirus,NoV)是非细菌性急性胃肠炎的主要病原体.牡蛎可通过滤食作用富集海水和环境中污染的NoV,是NoV传播的重要载体.人们倾向于食用生的或轻微烹煮的牡蛎,导致NoV感染事件时有发生.与牡蛎相关的食源性疾病中,约50％由NoV引起.荧光定量PCR是检测NoV的主要方法,但其不能有效区分感染性与非...     

贝类中3种组织血型抗原ELISA检测方法的建立与分型

人类组织血型抗原(histo-blood group antigens,HBGAs)是诺如病毒(NoVs)的结合受体,本研究假设贝类中也存在类似的HBGAs并且特异性地富集NoVs,利用HBGAs单克隆抗体,建立贝类中3种HBGAs的ELISA检测方法,分析牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)、毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)等6种双壳贝类中HBGAs的类型。结果显示,在上述6种贝类中都检测出A型抗原,其中菲律宾蛤仔的检出率为11.6%(9/77),紫贻贝的检出率为28.1%(16/57),缢蛏样品为72.3%(47/65),栉孔扇贝为84.6%(58/69),其余贝类检出率为100%;只有牡蛎样品检出H抗原,检出率为30.7%(28/91);在缢蛏和毛蚶样品中检测出B型抗原,检出率分别为76.9%(50/65)和77.8(56/72)。结果表明贝类中存在不止1种类型的HBGAs。     

我国几种重要经济贝类中砷的含量及其形态特征转化规律

为了研究贝类中砷的含量及其形态特征,实验采用HPLC-ICP-MS联用技术结合体外全仿生消化模型分析了我国几种重要经济贝类中砷的形态特征及4种主要有毒砷形态的含量。结果显示,缢蛏中总砷含量最高,浓度为5.68 mg/kg,毛蚶4.83 mg/kg,栉孔扇贝、牡蛎和鲍鱼的含量为2.26～2.70 mg/kg,且三者之间无显著差异(P>0.05),菲律宾蛤仔和贻贝中总砷含量较低,分别为1.35和1.57 mg/kg。砷甜菜碱(AsB)是所有贝类水提液和胃肠全仿生消化液中砷的主要形态,尤其对于毛蚶,AsB是唯一的砷形态。栉孔扇贝、菲律宾蛤仔和缢蛏水提液中分别检测到0.025、0.008和0.300 mg/kg As3+,另外缢蛏水提液中还检测到0.115 mg/kgAs5+。除毛蚶和贻贝外,其余5种贝类的水提液中均检测到不同浓度的DMA,其中缢蛏中DMA浓度最高,为0.674 mg/kg。将贝类样品经过胃和肠消化液作用后,仅在缢蛏的肠消化液中检测出DMA,其余6种贝类中均未检出4种主要有毒砷形态。研究表明,贝类体内的砷形态及含量与在胃肠消化液作用后的砷形态及含量存在很大差异,尤其表现在4种主要有毒砷形态。     

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)提取物中43 kDa蛋白来源的MALDI-TOF分析

将纯化的WSSV粒子蛋白经SDS-PAGE分离后,对图谱中出现的43kDa蛋白进行质谱分析,发现该蛋白不是WSSV基因组编码,是来自其宿主的蛋白成分,与肌动蛋白有很高的同源性。提示该蛋白的有无及含量多少与纯化病毒粒子的状态有很大关系,可以作为纯化WSSV完整性的参考指标。     

长山列岛潮间带贝类群落结构季节变化

为了解贝类群落结构季节变化,对长山列岛潮间带贝类组成和多样性进行调查。本研究分别于2021年7月、2021年10月、2022年2月和2022年5月的大潮期间,对长山列岛5个代表性岛屿10个调查站点的潮间带贝类种类组成和多样性进行调查,并测量调查点间隙水水质参数。本次调查共采集到12种贝类,各季节贝类种类数量春季最多,秋季次之,冬季最少;贝类优势种为春季最多,秋季次之,夏冬季最少;各个潮区贝类物种多样性指数H′为中潮带(1.44)>低潮带(1.40)>高潮带(0.44),各季节平均贝类物种多样性整体上为春季(1.26)>冬季(1.21)>秋季(1.11)>夏季(0.95);各个潮区中贝类均匀度指数J′为中潮带(0.67)>低潮带(0.59)>高潮带(0.29),而各季节变化不明显;各个潮区中贝类丰富度指数d为中潮带(0.56)>低潮带(0.52)>高潮带(0.17),在季节上,贝类丰富度整体上春季(0.681)>秋季(0.573)>夏季(0.458)>冬季(0.418)。季节(温度)对潮间带贝类资源多样性和丰富度影响...     

Ultrafiltration to secure shellfish industrial activities: Culture of microalgae and oyster fertilization

Shellfish farming, a key sector of French aquaculture activity, allows the production of oyster spat in a controlled environment. Their production in commercial hatcheries requires control over the quality of the seawater used to sustain crossbreeding, breeding, and the production of fodder microalgae. Therefore, improving the filtration conditions of incoming water is crucial in ensuring the sustainability of production. An ultrafiltration pilot plant was therefore installed at Vendée Naissain. This ultrafiltration pilot plant allows filtration at 0.02 µm; it is used upstream of hatcheries to eliminate pathogens and parasites that can influence the development of cultivated species and downstream to remove oyster gametes in hatchery effluents. The objectives of this work were: (i) to use ultrafiltered seawater for the culture of the microalga Isochrysis lutea (T-Iso) to determine whether better growth than that observed with borehole water, historically used by the producer, can be achieved; and (ii) to determine whether the use of ultrafiltered water results in better fertilization rates of the cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas compared to filtered and UV-treated seawater. Ultrafiltered water has shown definite efficiency for culturing T-Iso with rapid growth and significant reduction in contamination compared to cultivation in well water. The contribution of ultrafiltered water in hatching is more nuanced; ultrafiltered water does not stabilize hatch rates, and its quality is highly dependent on the quality of the seawater used.     

河北省近岸贝类中麻痹性贝毒污染特征及风险评估

自2016年河北省发生贻贝中麻痹性贝毒(paralytic shellfish toxins, PSTs)超标且中毒事件以来,该区域主产贝类中PSTs安全风险受到研究者和管理部门的密切关注。以2022年3—6月在河北省近岸采集的6种主产贝类为研究对象,采用液相色谱质谱联用法(LC-MS/MS法)分析了PSTs的残留状况并进行急性暴露评估,以了解河北省近岸贝类中PSTs污染的变化情况及消费风险。整体来看,不同贝类样品中均有PSTs检出,且4月份贝类样品风险最高,但所有样品均未超过安全限量标准;该区域贝类中PSTs主要组分为GTX1&4和GTX2&3,且紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)中含量最高,其次为毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata);采用最高含量进行急性暴露评估发现,所有贝类样品均处于安全可接受状态。虽然河北近岸贝类中PSTs最高含量呈降低趋势,但仍存在一定残留及安全风险,后续需持续围绕该海域进行长期性调查研究,为我国贝类毒素监管和食用安全提供基础参考数据。     

南海北部沿岸贝类体内镉含量及健康风险评价

根据2007年和2009年对南海北部沿岸菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes Philippinarum)、翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)、近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)、太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、文蛤(Meretr.ix meretrix)5种贝类的监测资料,对贝类体内Cd的含量水平进行了分析讨论;采用点估计的方法,评估贝类Cd的暴露量,对其安全性进行评价.结果表明,调查海域近江牡蛎、太平洋牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、翡翠贻贝和文蛤样品中Cd的平均含量分别为:1.80、0.38、0.12、0.26和0.15 mg·kg-1,其变化范围分别为:0.92～2.39 mg·kg-1、0.31～0.46 mg.kg-1、0.10～0.13 mg·kg-1、0.21～0.30 mg·kg-1和0.08～0.22 mg·kg-1.与其他海域贝类调查的数据相比,此次调查贝类体内Cd含量处于正常的波动范围.风险评估结果显示,近江牡蛎的风险商HQ＞1,表明人体存在过量摄入Cd的风险;其他4种贝类的HQ＜1,处于安全范围内.评价结果还显示,儿童的Cd暴露量高于成年人.此次调查近江牡蛎样品中Cd/Zn的比值(0.005)低于0.015的临界值,从微量元素平衡的角度,近江牡蛎中Cd的健康风险低.     

Impact of shellfish farming eutrophication on benthic macrophyte communities in the Thau lagoon, France

In a large marine lagoon (Thau lagoon, southern France) with a shellfish farming dominant eutrophication, the macrophyte communities were sampled by six transects of three depths (1.5, 2.5 and 5 m) and their characteristics (species composition, diversity and biomass) were described in relation to environmental and sediment parameters. With increasing eutrophication (total inorganic nitrogen, 0.140-0.295 mg l-1; dissolved reactive phosphorus, 0.045-0.110 mg l-1; and N/P atomic ratio, 3-22), silt fraction and shell fragments in sediments increased (12-93 and 0-65% dry wt respectively). Different types of macrophytic communities could be defined in the shallow zone (1.5-2.5 m) corresponding to four main and successive stages of degradation. A pure eelgrass stand (Zostera marina and Z. noltii) and an eelgrass community colonized by macroalgae were observed in SW sites and could be distinguished by their sedimentary features. In sites (NE) more affected by eutrophication (fine-textured sediment), available incident light determined two main seaweed communities: an Ulva rigida community, outside the shellfish tables, and a Gracilaria bursa-pastoris community in the shellfish tables (lower incident light).     

广东近岸海域贝类寄生派琴虫流行病学调查研究

贝类一般在开放式海域养殖,这使得贝类病害防控工作很难开展,因此调查病原流行感染规律对贝类病原的发生、发展和防治尤为重要.文章采用常规PCR技术,调查了广东近岸6个养殖海域5种重要养殖贝类寄生派琴虫的感染情况,分析了贝类寄生派琴虫感染的时空变化情况.结果显示,共检测到2种派琴虫,其中北海派琴虫(Perkinus beih...     

大连地区几种食用贝类药物残留的检测

本文应用化学发光免疫法检测技术检测了大连地区几种食用贝类（海湾扇贝Argopectens irradias、文蛤Meretrix meretrix、青柳蛤Mactra chinenesis、菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum和魁蚶Anadara uropygimelana）体内呋喃唑酮酶、氯霉素酶、恩诺沙星和有机磷的残留。结果表明,所检测的贝类体内均有不同含量的上述几种药物残留,但其残留量均在食用卫生标准的控制下,符合食品卫生安全标准。     

大连地区几种食用贝类药物残留的检测

本文应用化学发光免疫法检测技术检测了大连地区几种食用贝类（海湾扇贝Argopectens irradias、文蛤Meretrix meretrix、青柳蛤Mactra chinenesis、菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum和魁蚶Anadara uropygimelana）体内呋喃唑酮酶、氯霉素酶...     

Mariculture of shellfish in controlled environments: A prognosis

This paper seeks to define biological specifications for the design of highly controlled cultural systems for oysters and hard clams. Much of the biological information necessary for design either is not available in the literature or is available only in an inferential manner. Particularly lacking are equations describing relationships between size of the animals and their various physiological processes. Equations that estimate some of these relationships are presented, and safe levels of several water quality variables are defined.     

Unveiling unselective fishing in China: A nationwide meta-analysis of multispecies fisheries

Understanding and managing fishery selectivity to target species and desirable size are instrumental to fisheries management. China, as the world's largest producer of marine capture fisheries, has been widely perceived to possess unselective domestic fisheries. To date, this perception remains largely anecdotal and conjectural, hindering the development of evidence-based and effective management solutions. Here, we conducted a literature review to examine the magnitude and scale of unselective fisheries in China. By collating and analysing 140 fishery-level and 807 species-level records from 66 peer-reviewed publications from 2010 to 2021, we found that primary target species were absent in 59% of fisheries, while unidentifiable low-value and juvenile mixed catch were universal. Key commercial taxa were subject to nationwide multi-gear and multispecies fisheries, each involving an average of 3.33 types of gear and accounting for less than 25% of catch individually. The ‘permissible gears’ defined by the national gear regulatory catalogue were selective over target species and caught negligible by-products, though they were used less frequently, representing only 24% of catch records. While unselective fishing can provide seafood supplies for China's large population and potentially facilitate balanced harvest, management actions are needed to control the fishing pressure on primary target species and by-product species. Amid the ongoing fisheries management reform in China, we proposed management recommendations tailored to China's needs and social contexts, including accounting for the trade-off between socio-economic and ecological goals, contemplating impacts of unselective fishing when implementing TAC programmes, and strengthening fisheries monitoring to inform management at multiple scales.