蚊虫驱避剂及其剂型的研究

介绍天然驱避剂与合成驱避剂的研究进展,天然驱避剂主要源白植物的精油,具有毒副作用小、安全、环保等特点,对它的研究主要集中在高驱避活性成分的筛选上.化学合成驱避剂驱避效果较好,但毒副作用、环保性均较天然驱避荆差.对蚊虫驱避剂的剂型研究作了全面的介绍,新剂型对提高药效和人体安全都有很好的功效,缓释技术是目前较为先进的制剂技术.     

广西常用驱灭蚊虫植物

广西地处亚热带,气候炎热,雨量充沛,适于蚊虫的滋生繁衍,一年四季蚊虫不断.在广西民间,广大群众为了解除蚊子叮咬之苦,利用植物加以防治,方法简单、经济、易行、效果好.笔者对广西常用的驱灭蚊虫植物作了大量的调查、收集、鉴定及整理,现将广西民间广泛使用的驱灭蚊虫的植物及其简单用法介绍如下,为开发利用这类植物提供参考.     

木本植物农药

除虫菊是使用最早的植物杀虫农药。人们通过对除虫菊驱避、杀虫有效成分的分析,弄清了驰避杀虫成分除虫菊素的分子结构,从而人工合成了与除虫菊素分子结构相似的农药,统称“拟除虫菊素”。这是农药生产一次重大突破,促进了人工合成农药的发展。 人们在实践中发现,不仅除虫菊能治虫,许多木本植物的根、茎、叶、花、果实、皮也含有能够杀虫、治病、除草的物质。如苦楝、皂荚、枫杨、银杏、黄连木、核桃、乌桕、梓树、黄波罗、漆树、油茶、油桐、无患子、苦参、稠李、马醉木、杜鹃、鱼藤、毒藜等那是提制农药的树种。 木本植物的农药的物质成分。主要是生物碱、挥发油、树脂、有机酸、苦味素等。不同树种含有的种类、形式、数量不一样。这些物质成分及由它们构成的综合化合物对病虫害有不同的抑制、驱避、毒杀作用。银杏的外种皮和叶中含有毒性的银杏酸、银杏醇、银杏二酚等物质,可以杀死昆虫和抑制杂草;樟树、黄波罗等树种含有樟脑、樟油等芳香油物质,对昆虫有驱避、熏死作用;苦楝、黄连木、皂荚以及杜鹃科的植物含有苦木素、马醉木素,对昆虫起胃毒和触杀作     

岭南花椒果实精油成分的分析及对两种蚊虫的毒杀活性

采用GC-MS分析了岭南花椒Zanthoxylum austrosinense果实精油的化学成分,并采用浸液法和三角瓶法测试了该精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus幼虫、蛹及成蚊的毒杀活性。在岭南花椒果实精油中共鉴定出48种化合物,占该精油挥发性成分总量的97.39%;该精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊4龄幼虫的LC50值分别为163.42和65.08μg.mL-1;熏蒸剂量为109.4μg.cm-3时,岭南花椒果实精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊成蚊的KT50值分别为4.32和5.52 min;该精油对两种蚊虫成蚊的24 h毒杀LC50值分别为47.14和25.78μg.cm-3。试验数据表明,岭南花椒果实精油对蚊虫有显著的杀虫活性,具有开发成高效环保的灭蚊剂的潜力。     

一盆香草驱蚊虫

炎热夏季,蚊虫叮咬,让人烦不胜烦。为此,人们买来了品牌繁多的灭蚊药剂,喷洒、燃烧、熏蒸、扑打,蚊虫仍然是扑之不尽,挥之不去,对人身体造成损害的同时,还会破坏大气臭氧层。如果有一种天然的、绿色的、无害的,既驱蚊,又装饰家庭的物品,摆在房间里,发挥多种效能,那多好?!有了,科学家们利用细胞基因融合技术,用非洲的天竺葵与中国的香茅草,培养出蚊净香草,这种神奇的植物,其碧绿的叶片如同佛手般张开,绿叶叠生高仅几许。人略走近,一股清新的柠檬香气便扑鼻而来,这种香气中含有驱虫物质香茅醛,蚊虫闻之逃之夭夭,却对人畜无害。在自然里可驱避…     

天然植物驱蚊膏

天然植物驱坟膏，是以医药外用凡士林为保护隔离剂，数种纯天然植物油制成的一种均匀细腻、半固体的膏状物。它与现有驱蚊水、电源驱蚊器有所不同．该产品免燃烧、免喷射、免电源、经济方便、安全可靠。根据国家有关部门检测及有关专家鉴定，证实对人体和环境无害，是一种安全、卫生的驱蚊膏，是灭蚊器具的替代产品。 这种新型天然植物驱蚊膏，由芥茉油、柠檬油、大蒜油、松节油、红辣椒油、凡士林、樟脑粉、薄荷脑、乙醇混合配制而成。其重量配比为： 凡士林５８％～７６％，芥茉油４％～８％，樟脑粉４％～１２％，薄荷脑２％～３％．大蒜…     

21世纪的生物农药—植物源无公害农药

植物源无公害农药的含义，就是通过对植物中的活性物质进行筛选、结构鉴定、合理的结构改造，最终合成新型高效、低毒农药或直接分离提取能杀死病菌、害虫的植物无公害农药。它具有以下特点：（１）生物活性多样性。植物源农药不仅具有杀虫性，还兼有杀茵和刺激植物生长的作用。其作用方式兼有触杀、胃毒、熏蒸、忌避、拒食及生长发育抑制等多种活性，有些能抑制昆虫产卵，改变昆虫行为，甚至改变形态。（２）对环境安全、无残留物。植物源农药中含有的有效化学成分是自然界本身具有的结构，在自然界中能降解，不会浓缩富集、污染环境。（３…     

竹提取物对棉铃虫幼虫体内几种酶系活性的影响

植物源农药的研究与开发是当前农药学领域较为活跃的研究方向,一方面从植物中探寻新的活性先导化合物,通过类推合成进行新农药的开发;另一方面通过植物杀虫作用方式的研究,探寻新的杀虫作用靶标,通过生物合理设计开发新型环境友好农药(操海群等,2000).研究植物提取物及其有效成分对昆虫体内代谢酶系活性的影响,探讨其杀虫作用机理,对于合理利用与开发新型植物源农药具有重要意义.     

植物生物碱的杀虫作用及应用

植物生物碱是植物在与昆虫协同进化过程中形成的一大类具有防御功能的次生代谢物质,在害虫综合治理中具有非常重要的作用。本文对植物生物碱的杀虫作用方式、作用机理和作为杀虫剂、昆虫拒食剂、驱避剂、产卵忌避剂的应用以及作为先导化合物在新农药创制中的作用做了综述,并对植物生物碱的研究前景进行了展望,提出了今后研究和开发应用中注意的问题。     

杨干象对12种植物挥发物的电生理及行为反应

【目的】从12种植物挥发物中筛选出对杨干象成虫具有显著驱避、引诱作用的挥发性物质,并为生产制备驱避引诱剂提供依据,为有效控制杨干象种群奠定基础。【方法】利用EAG技术对12种植物挥发物质进行触角电生理反应,筛选出与对照差异显著的植物挥发物,再进行浓度梯度筛选。进而,进行Y型嗅觉仪和风洞生物测定。【结果】糠醛、苯甲酸、丁香酚、橙花醇、香茅醇、香柏油6种植物挥发物在1mol·L-1浓度下均能引起雌雄成虫较强的EAG反应(P0.05);行为反应测试表明:Y型嗅觉仪生测中1mol·L-1寄主植物挥发物糠醛对杨干象雌虫有明显引诱作用(P0.01),引诱率达71.59%;1mol·L-1非寄主植物挥发物橙花醇对杨干象雌虫具有较强的驱避作用(P0.01),驱避率高达81.5%。风洞生测中1mol·L-1寄主植物挥发物苯甲酸对杨干象雌虫具有明显驱避作用,驱避率达74.68%。1 mol·L-1非寄主植物挥发物香柏油对杨干象雄虫具有驱避作用(P0.01),驱避率达78.75%。【结论】在所选择的挥发物中,非寄主植物挥发物对杨干象成虫的行为影响略高于寄主植物;杨干象雌虫较雄虫对植物源挥发物更敏感;Y型嗅觉仪和风洞生测都获得了比较理想的试验结果。     

Repellent activity of selected essential oils against Aedes aegypti

Essential oils extracted from ten plant species were screened for repellency against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Three oils; Zanthoxylum piperitum, Anethum graveolens and Kaempferia galanga, exerted protection against A. aegypti, with median complete-protection times of 1, 0.5 and 0.25 h, respectively. The protection times were increased significantly by incorporating 10% vanillin. The highest potential was established from Z. piperitum oil +10% vanillin (2.5 h, range=1-2.5 h). Mixtures from pairs of the effective oils possessed slight repellency that ranged from 0-0.5 h. None of the oil combinations repelled A. aegypti for longer than their constituent oil alone. With vanillin added, however, each oil mixture provided improved protection, which was approximately equal to oil on its own. GC/MS analysis revealed that the main component of Z. piperitum fruit oil was limonene (37.99%), with minor amounts of sabinene (13.30%) and beta-myrcene (7.17%). Repellent testing of stored samples of Z. piperitum fruit oil against A. aegypti demonstrated that repellent activity of those kept at -20 degrees C or 4 degrees C was present for a period of at least 3 months. Therefore, the essential oil of Z. piperitum fruit may prove useful in the development of mosquito repellents as an effective personal protection measure against mosquito bites.     

牵牛子提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性

报道牵牛子提取物对朱砂叶螨的生物活性.牵牛子石油醚提取物质量浓度为2 mg·mL-1时,对朱砂叶螨的雌成螨和卵24 h后的校正死亡率分别达到93.7%和77.3%,LC50分别为0.697 9和1.303 7 mg·mL-1;对雌成螨24 h后的产卵抑制率和驱避率分别达到82.51%和94.54%.萃取物中石油醚相的活性明显高于甲醇相,质量浓度为2 mg·mL-1时,石油醚萃取物对朱砂叶螨的雌成螨和卵24 h后的校正死亡率分别达到96.2%和82.1%,LC50分别为0.504 2和1.101 6 mg·mL-1;对石油醚萃取物的柱层析分离最终得到流分12个,其中以第8流分杀螨效果最好,质量浓度为2 mg·mL-1时,24 h对雌成螨的校正死亡率达96.4%,LC50是0.447 7mg·mL-1.     

乙草胺、丁草胺及其复合污染对浮萍的毒性效应研究，

以浮萍（LemnaSPP）为研究对象,浮萍过氧化物酶的活性为探讨物,研究了除草剂乙草胺、丁草胺对浮萍生长的单一毒性和联合毒性效应。结果表明：低浓度的乙草胺能够促进浮萍POD的活性,高浓度的乙草胺则抑制浮萍POD的活性,当乙草胺浓度为7．65mg／L时,浮萍POD的活性最高,激活率可达6．29％,当其浓度达到25．5mg／L时,浮萍POD的活性最低,其浓度为229．50mg／L时,对浮萍POD的抑制率最大,可达25．28％;低浓度的丁草胺能够促进浮萍POD的活性,高浓度的丁草胺则抑制浮萍POD的活性,当丁草胺浓度为2．496mg／L时,浮萍POD的活性最高,激活率可达22．68％,当其浓度达到24．96mg／L时,浮萍POD的活性最低,当其浓度为37．44mg／L时,对浮萍POD的抑制率最大,可达22．68％;乙草胺-丁草胺复合污染对浮萍POD活性的影响表现出拮抗作用,且当乙草胺浓度为229．5mg／L,丁草胺浓度为49．92mg／L时,乙草胺一丁草胺对浮萍POD活性的抑制率最大可达32．54％,在一定范围内,当浓度继续增加,联合毒性作用表现出相对的增加趋势。     

Plant based products: Use and development as repellents against mosquitoes: A review

Global warming and deforestation have resulted in the relocation of many living creatures including insects during the recent years. This has affected the population balance of disease vectors including mosquitoes resulting in outbreaks. Traditionally, mankind has been using plants as means of protection from the mosquitoes which are considered to be environment friendly unlike the synthetic chemicals that cause major risk to human health and the ecosystem. Researchers explored mainly, essential oils and traditional plants using different testing methodologies to find out repellent molecules effective against mosquitoes which is the main focus of this review. Among the promising plant species, Eucalyptus spp., Ocimum spp. and Cymbopogon spp. are the most cited. Data of repellency produced from the bioassay systems is difficult to quantify because of different parameters, testing system and standards of material used against mosquitoes. Mainly, the human forearm based bioassays have been used with different sizes of treatment area in the laboratory and the results have not been tested in the field conditions for residual activity. In addition, effectiveness of essential oils and their protection time can be increased by using vanillin as synergist and formulation techniques like microencapsulation and nanoemulsion. There is a need to develop an alternate in vitro bioassay system that can address the problems of uniformity of the results.     

芳香植物保健功能在校园中的需求调查研究

芳香植物的挥发性物质对人体具有医疗保健功能.通过问卷调查,研究了高校师生在校园中不同区域对芳香植物保健功能的需求.结果显示:①希望教学区中的学习区主要满足振奋提神、消除疲劳、提高记忆力和注意力的功能,休闲区主要满足舒缓放松、消除疲劳、振奋提神的功能;②希望生活区中的运动区主要满足振奋提神的功能,休闲区主要满足消除疲劳、...     

Cleome hirta essential oil as livestock tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) repellent

The repellency of the essential oil of the shrub Cleome hirta and of three identified constituents (phytol, (+)-cedrol, n-octacosane) was evaluated against the livestock tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and the maize weevil, Sitophillus zeamais. In a tick climbing repellency bioassay, the oil exhibited repellency which, at the highest dose, was comparable to that of the commercial arthropod repellent N,N-diethyltoluamide (DEET). In a Y-tube olfactometer bioassay, the oil showed higher or comparable repellency against S. zeamais relative to DEET at all the doses tested. The potential of C. hirta in livestock tick and maize weevil control is discussed.     

Behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to four essential oils in Thailand

The behavioral effects of four essential oils extracted from orange peel (Citrus aurantium L.), cinnamon leaf (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl), citronella grass (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt), and clove flower [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry] were evaluated against two medically important species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, using an excito-repellency test system. Ae. aegypti was collected from a small village in Kanchanaburi Province and Culex quinquefasciatus was captured from an urban area of Bangkok. Mosquitoes from the F1–F3 generations were tested in the excito-repellency test chamber for contact excitation and non-contact spatial repellency. Results showed that both species demonstrated varying levels of behavioral escape responses to different essential oils, showing a clear dose response depending on percent w/v concentration used. Orange oil produced the least response in both mosquito species, while citronella and clove the greatest. In general, Cx. quinquefasciatus exhibited much stronger behavioral responses to all four essential oils than Ae. aegypti. From this study, we conclude that the essential oils from various botanical sources should continue to be screened for protective properties against mosquitoes and other biting arthropods.     

Fumigant and repellent activities of essential oil from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coriandrum sativum</Emphasis> (L.) (Apiaceae) against red flour beetle <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

The biological activity of essential oil extracted from coriander, Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) against eggs, larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. Bioassays conducted in air-tight glass chambers showed vapour toxicity and strong repellency on filter paper arena test towards all the stages used. Responses varied significantly (P < 0.001) within insect stages, dosages and exposures. At 12.0 μg/ml dosage, mortality of adults reached 95%, but for 12-, 14- and 16-days larvae, mortalities were 65, 74 and 82%, respectively. On the developmental inhibition, individuals fumigated at the larval stage confirmed that the percentage of larvae reaching to pupal stage and pupae to adult stage, decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing dosage concentration. The oil fumigation yielded 100% mortality for T. castaneum larvae, pupae and adults at 0.08 μg/ml dosage. The oil had fumigant activity against eggs and the toxicity progressively increased with increased exposure times and concentrations. One hundred per cent T. castaneum egg mortalities were obtained with oil fumigation at 20 μg/ml and 96 h exposure period. C. sativum oil also showed highly repellent activity to the adults of T. castaneum, with overall repellency was 90% and at a dosage of 12 μg/ml repellency was 100% in a filter-paper arena test.     

五味子属药用植物木脂素的研究现状与展望

木脂素是五味子属药用植物的主要生物活性成分,其成分、含量与植物器官、部位、产地、生长季节、提取工艺及测定方法等有很大关系,本文中就其研究现状及展望进行探讨,为五味子属药用植物的木脂素类化合物开发利用及质量标准的制定提供参考。