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In the struggle for survival, scatter‐hoarding rodents are known to cache food and pilfer the caches of others. The extent to which rodents utilize auditory/visual cues from conspecifics to improve cache‐pilfering is unknown. Here, Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus) were allowed to search for caches of Corylus heterophylla seeds (man‐made caches and animal‐made caches) after experiencing cues from a conspecific's cache‐searching events. For each type of cache, 3 experimental scenarios were presented: (1) alone (control); (2) auditory/visual (hearing and seeing conspecific's cache‐searching events); and (3) auditory only (hearing conspecific's cache‐searching events only) with random orders. The subjects located man‐made caches faster, harvested more caches, and hoarded more seeds both in the auditory/visual and the auditory only treatments compared to the control, while scatter‐hoarding more seeds in the auditory/visual treatment but larder‐hoarding more seeds in the auditory only treatment. Compared to the control, the animals spent less time locating animal‐made caches, harvested more caches, ate fewer seeds, larder‐hoarded more seeds and hoarded more seeds in total both in the auditory/visual and the auditory only treatments, while eating more seeds and hoarded fewer seeds in total in the auditory only treatment than in the auditory/visual treatment. The results also show that females spent less time locating the animal‐made caches, but they scatter‐hoarded fewer seeds than males in the auditory/visual treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that visual and/or auditory cues of conspecifics improve cache‐pilfering and hoarding in rodents. 相似文献
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《African Zoology》2013,48(1):152-158
Competition for food resources amongst animal seed dispersers and pilferers has driven dispersers to increasingly innovative seed-caching methods.We determined cache sizes in the field as well as seed cache recovery ability of a scatter-hoarding mouse, Acomys subspinosus, and compared these results to its seed competitor, the seed predator Rhabdomys pumilio.We found that up to 76% of A. subspinosus caches in the field contained one seed and that A. subspinosus was able to find caches of all sizes equally well under wet and dry soil conditions. In contrast, R. pumilio was able to find caches of all sizes in wet soil conditions but recovery success of small caches (single-seed) was poor in dry soil conditions. This suggests that scatter-hoarding may have evolved in A. subspinosus as an anti-pilfering strategy. This strategy would likely work best in dry conditions, where cache pilferers have difficulty locating small caches. 相似文献
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Many plant–animal interactions can be challenging to directly observe, due to species being small, cryptic and/or nocturnal. Previous research on seed predation and dispersal by rodents in the Fynbos Biome of South Africa has relied on indirect evidence, as methods for directly monitoring rodent–seed interactions were not available. The aims of the study were to determine which resident small mammals scatter-hoard nuts and the geographic, seasonal and taxonomic extent of scatter-hoarding in the Fynbos Biome. We used camera traps focused on seed stations at eight sites in the Fynbos Biome to determine the responses of small mammals to tagged nut-like fruits (nuts) of seven endemic plant species belonging to the Proteaceae (n = 3), Rosaceae (n = 2), Restionaceae (n = 1) and Cupressaceae (n = 1), as well as commercial sunflower seeds. We found Acomys subspinosus and Gerbilliscus paeba scatter-hoarded nuts, which they typically carried and buried individually. Rhabdomys pumilio and Micaelamys namaquensis only consumed nuts. Leucadendron pubescens and L. loranthifolium are added to the list of known plant species that are scatter-hoarded by rodents. Nuts of Cliffortia cuneata and C. phillipsii, and the critically endangered Widdringtonia cedarbergensis, were consumed but not dispersed by small mammals, whereas nuts of Ceratocaryum argenteum were neither consumed nor scatter-hoarded by rodents (within its native range). Gerbilliscus paeba and A. subspinosus scatter-hoarded nuts aseasonally, outside of seed-fall periods. Scatter-hoarding was widespread throughout the Fynbos Biome, although it was highly localised across and within sampled sites. The absence of scatter-hoarding rodents at sites with rodent-dispersed plants remains an important aspect for future investigation. 相似文献
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《Human Dimensions of Wildlife》2012,17(1):15-29
Wildlife managers regularly incorporate human attitudes into decisions involving wildlife conservation. Knowing the spatial distribution of particular attitudes may further assist managers in determining distribution of support of or threats against wildlife species. Using results from a mail survey and SaTScan 4.0, we assessed the spatial distribution (clustering) of attitudes toward several management strategies for the recovery of black bear in and around Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas. Statistically significant clustering occurred for two attitudes: (a) non-support for a natural (non-human assisted) increase in the bear population near the Angelina National Forest and (b) strong disagreement toward total exclusion of bears from southeastern Texas within the relatively urban Orange County. In addition, respondents closer to the preserve, a potential black bear release site, were more likely to support exclusion of bears. Analysis such as this can greatly assist managers in planning public outreach and monitoring of wildlife populations. 相似文献
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Cowbirds are brood parasites. Females lay their eggs in the nests of other species, which then incubate the cowbird eggs and raise the young cowbirds. Finding and returning to heterospecific nests presents cowbirds with several cognitive challenges. In some species, such as brown‐headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), females but not males search for and remember the locations of potential host nests. We describe recent research on sex differences in cognition and the hippocampus associated with this sex difference in search for host nests. Female brown‐headed cowbirds perform better than males on some, but not all, tests of spatial memory and females show a pattern of adult hippocampal neurogenesis not found in males or in closely related non‐parasitic birds. Because of the apparent specialization of the hippocampus, brown‐headed cowbirds may be a good model in which to examine spatial information processing in the avian hippocampus and we also describe recent research on the spatial response properties of brown‐headed cowbird hippocampal neurons. 相似文献
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为了给猪提供一个安逸舒适的生活环境,首先需要了解猪是怎样与环境发生联系的。论文试从猪的视觉、听觉、嗅觉三个方面探讨猪与环境的“对话”途径,以期为实际养猪生产中给猪创造良好的生活环境提供理论依据。 相似文献
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桑蚕摘除部分感觉器对人工饲料摄食性的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
桑蚕摘除了触角,下颚须或下颚瘤状体后,对人工饲料的摄食性均显著提高,摄食性个体差异减小,对桑叶或人工饲料正趋性强的个体,其摄食性较高,人工饲料中不仅存在蚕的味觉有明显抑制作用的物质,也存在对嗅觉有忌避作用的成分,嗅觉在决定对人工饲料摄食性方面具有重要作用。 相似文献
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《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1996,16(6):254-261
Ten stallions were used in a modified split-plot design involving four treatments and two handling methods. Treatments were: a) vision and olfaction not blocked; b) vision blocked, olfaction not blocked; c) vision not blocked, olfaction blocked; and d) vision and olfaction blocked. The methods of handling were: a) stallions turned loose in teasing area, and b) stallions handled on a lead shank. Stallions teased four estrous mares, four diestrous mares and four geldings. Criteria for evaluation of stallion behavior was duration of investigation (sec), of area as well as various portions of the stimulus animal's anatomy, and other pre-copulatory sexual behaviors (Table 1) in duration and frequency. Except for area investigation and no investigation, there were more frequent or longer responses when vision was not blocked compared to blocked (P<0.05). Events associated with display of flehmen and mounting activity were lower (P<0.05) when vision was blocked. Handling a stallion on a lead shank, while teasing, resulted in 23 longer or more frequent pre-copulatory sexual behaviors than when the stallions were loose. There were more frequent or longer (P<0.05) behavioral responses when stallions were handled on a lead shank and olfaction was not blocked. Events such as duration and number of flehmen responses were lower (P<0.05), and time of no investigation was longer (P<0.001) when olfaction was blocked. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the time spent inyestigating estrous mares, diestrous mares or geldings, except for number of flehmen responses. Number of flehmen responses to estrous mares was higher (P<0.05) than to diestrous mares, while number of flehmen responses to diestrous mares was higher (P<0.001) than to geldings. Blocking olfaction did not decrease frequency or duration of sexual behaviors as much as blocking vision (P<0.05), resulted in decreased (P<0.05) flehmen responses. Blocking vision significantly decreased (P<0.05) teasing behaviors, duration of erection, flehmen, and number of mounts regardless of stimulus animal. Stallions utilized visual stimuli to a greater extent than olfactory stimuli. Handling stallions on a lead shank appeared to enhance expression of precopulatory behavior compared to when the stallions were loose. 相似文献
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Buddhamas Pralle KRIENGWATANA 《Integrative zoology》2019,14(2):158-171
Bird songs may advertise aspects of cognition because song learning and learning speed in cognitive tasks are both affected by early‐life environments. However, such relationships remain ambiguous in the literature. Here, I discuss 2 lines of research that may help to demystify links between song learning and cognition. First, learning strategies should be considered when assessing performance to ensure that individual differences in learning ability are not masked by individual differences in learning strategies. Second, song characteristics should be associated with social behavior because songs have a social purpose and, consequently, should be strongly related at functional and neural levels. Finally, if song learning and cognitive abilities are correlated because they develop concurrently and/or share or compete for the same resources, I discuss ways glucocorticoids may link early‐life stress, song learning and cognitive ability, focusing particularly on oxidative stress as a potential mechanism. 相似文献
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Mekala SUNDARAM Ashley E. HIGDON Karl V. WOOD Connie C. BONHAM Robert K. SWIHART 《Integrative zoology》2020,15(2):89-102
The mechanism underlying detection of seed dormancy by scatter‐hoarding rodents is unclear, although previous work suggests that the pericarp plays an important role in signaling dormancy status. Eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) consume early germinating seeds as they are more likely to perish immediately, whereas dormant seeds tend to be cached. To examine the mechanisms underlying dormancy detection, we characterized physical and chemical differences between germinating and dormant pericarps of northern red oak (Quercus rubra), American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and the BC3 hybrid of Chinese chestnut and American chestnut (Castanea mollissima × C. dentata) using scanning electron microscopy and gas chromatography‐ mass spectrometry. We found that, as seeds break dormancy, the wax layer on the pericarp degrades and is accompanied by the escape of lower molecular weight kernel compounds or lipid metabolism byproducts. Our field experiments showed that squirrels were 4–8 times more likely to consume seeds that were altered to remove pericarp wax coating or that were sprayed with seed chemicals. We argue that dormancy detection by scatter‐hoarding rodents is a complex process involving physical cues such as loss of pericarp wax and chemical cues such as emission of olfactory cues. 相似文献
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Stuart C Clark‐Price DVM MS Diplomate ACVIM Lysa P Posner DVM Diplomate ACVA 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2008,35(6):473-479
ObjectiveTo assess whether recovery from general anesthesia, in an illuminated or a darkened stall, has an effect on time to first movement, time to standing, and recovery score.Study designProspective randomized clinical study.AnimalsTwenty-nine healthy, 2- to 5-year-old horses undergoing surgical correction of dorsal displacement of the soft palate.MethodsEach horse was assigned randomly to recover in either an illuminated (n = 15) or a darkened stall (n = 14). For pre-anesthetic medication, all horses received intravenous (IV) xylazine (0.4 mg kg−1) and butorphanol (0.02 mg kg−1). Anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.1 mg kg−1) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg−1) IV and maintained on isoflurane in oxygen. Vital parameters, end-tidal CO2 and isoflurane were recorded at 5-minute intervals. At the conclusion of anesthesia, horses were placed in either an illuminated or a darkened stall and xylazine (0.2 mg kg−1) IV was administered at extubation. Video cameras were used to record the horses while they were allowed to recover undisturbed. Video recordings were later viewed and recoveries were evaluated on a 100-point scale by three graders.ResultsHorses in illuminated and darkened recovery stalls were evaluated on total anesthesia time, minimum alveolar concentration hours of isoflurane, time to first movement, time to standing, and total recovery score. There were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the measured parameters.ConclusionRecovering horses in a darkened versus an illuminated recovery stall may provide no benefit.Clinical relevanceDarkening the recovery stalls for horses recovering from general anesthesia may be unnecessary. 相似文献
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Xinsong GUO Shan LI Xuejie YU Tingting WU Penglai LIU Yufeng SHAO Anan LI 《Integrative zoology》2023,18(4):782-797
Precise and reliable presentation of odorants to animals is crucial for olfactory studies. Although odor stimulation systems in anesthetized or awake, head-fixed animals are well established, temporally precise odor presentation in awake, freely moving animals remains a challenge. Here, we describe a new odor stimulation system which presents odors directly to the nostrils of freely moving mice. The system comprises 3 modules: an odor-delivery module, an odor-generation module, and a control module. The new system is precise and temporally reliable, and odor stimulation can be triggered by specific sniffing phases or other events. Moreover, the system can be combined with neural recordings, such as electrophysiology, and olfactory behavioral tests to investigate how neurons in the brain represent odor information during individual olfactory behaviors. This innovative odor stimulation system may replace traditional stimulation systems: It will enable precise odor presentation in a wide range of olfactory studies in freely moving animals. 相似文献
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Spatial memory of cached food items plays an important role in cache recovery by scatter‐hoarding animals. However, whether scatter‐hoarding animals intentionally select cache sites with respect to visual landmarks in the environment and then rely on them to recover their cached seeds for later use has not been extensively explored. Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence on whether there are sex differences in visual landmark‐based food‐hoarding behaviors in small rodents even though male and female animals exhibit different spatial abilities. In the present study, we used a scatter‐hoarding animal, the Siberian chipmunk, Tamias sibiricus to explore these questions in semi‐natural enclosures. Our results showed that T. sibiricus preferred to establish caches in the shallow pits labeled with visual landmarks (branches of Pinus sylvestris, leaves of Athyrium brevifrons and PVC tubes). In addition, visual landmarks of P. sylvestris facilitated cache recovery by T. sibiricus. We also found significant sex differences in visual landmark‐based food‐hoarding strategies in Siberian chipmunks. Males, rather than females, chipmunks tended to establish their caches with respect to the visual landmarks. Our studies show that T. sibiricus rely on visual landmarks to establish and recover their caches, and that sex differences exist in visual landmark‐based food hoarding in Siberian chipmunks. 相似文献
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Over the past decades, empirical evidence has been accumulated indicating that olfactory information plays a fundamental role in bird life history. Nonetheless, many aspects of avian olfaction remain poorly understood. Our purpose was to broaden the knowledge about the importance of the sense of smell in some neglected bird groups: psittaciformes and ramphastids, and to compare how the response varied between the species. Because of the lack of information about the use of chemical cues for locating food in fruit-eating species, we also aimed to delve into this question. We conducted a 3-choice (water/vinegar/papaya and banana juice) scent test in 5 Costa Rican native species: scarlet macaw (Ara macao), red-lored amazon (Amazona autumnalis), yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auropalliata), keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus), and yellow-throated toucan (Ramphastos ambiguus). Results revealed that macaws and toucans allocated significantly more time to interacting with the fruit scent container, indicating that these species can perceive the volatile chemicals emitted by ripe fruits and that they can use this information to make foraging decisions. However, amazons did not dedicate more time to interact with the fruit treatment. Our research provides the first evidence of the ability to exploit chemical volatile cues in macaws and toucans. 相似文献
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Yu‐Tse Liu Fu‐Yuan Cheng Shiro Takeda Kung‐Ming Lai Liang‐Chuan Lin Ryoichi Sakata 《Animal Science Journal》2019,90(2):271-279
This study assessed whether administering porcine brain hydrolysate (PBH) ameliorates the impairment of spatial cognition learning ability in amyloid β (Aβ)‐infused rats. PBH was prepared using organic solvents (i.e., acetone and ethanol). Enzyme hydrolysates were derived from these PBH and the sequence of the Aβ peptide for infusion was selected. The results indicated the PBH, in particular EP (porcine brain extract with ethanol and protease N), demonstrated the potentials to reduce damage of neurodegenerative disorders in vitro and in vivo. The principal findings of this study indicate that PBH has prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory activity in vitro. Moreover, administering EP to Aβ(1–40)‐infused rats significantly improves their performance on reference, spatial performance, and working memory tests during water maze tasks; concurrent proportional decreases are also observed in malondialdehyde levels, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and Aβ accumulation levels in brain tissues. The PBH was suggested to ameliorate learning deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease by inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the brain of Aβ infused rat. 相似文献
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湿地存亡可以作为荒漠地区植被恢复可持续性的指示器,明晰其生态系统内部植物群落空间分布特征及其与土壤环境因子关系,可为制定与生境高度相适应的多样化植被恢复模式提供科学依据。本研究以宁夏哈巴湖湿地汇水范围为研究对象,在12 km × 12 km范围内,设置分辨率为1 km × 1 km的152个调查样点的植被和土壤数据,采用多元回归树和冗余分析,探讨不同植物群落类型的空间分布特征及其对土壤理化因子的响应规律。结果表明：1)研究区植物群落可划分为短花针茅(Stipa breviflora) + 牛枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)、冰草(Agropyron mongolicum) + 赖草(Leymus secalinus) + 草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides)、苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroide) + 猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、芨芨草(Splendid achnatherum) + 盐爪爪(Slenderbranch Kalidium) 4种植物群落类型。2)土壤粘粉粒含量、生境海拔高度、土壤pH和盐分含量是4种植物群落空间分布的主要控制因素。3)随着土壤粘粉粒或细沙粒含量降低所表征的土壤粗质化程度增加,植物群落由短花针茅 + 牛枝子转变为冰草 + 赖草 + 草木樨状黄芪;随着海拔降低和土壤全盐增加,植物群落由短花针茅 + 牛枝子转变为芨芨草 + 盐爪爪。综上可知,荒漠湿地由分水岭高梁地到低滩湿地的景观植被系统,首先是土壤质地决定的旱生地带性植物群落空间分异,其次是海拔和盐分驱动的地带性向隐域性植物群落的二次分异。 相似文献
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