新疆柽柳幽柽木虱的生物学特性

在新疆的柽柳属植物上发现3种木虱，对其中的柽柳幽柽木虱进行了研究。该种木虱在新疆阜康地区1年发生1代，以4龄若虫在柽柳多年生枝条上越冬。越冬若虫翌年4月中旬开始取食，并使枝条顶端形成虫瘿，若虫在虫瘿内发育到5龄，至6月开始羽化，成虫平均寿命7．3d。雌成虫将卵产在花苞内，若虫在花苞内取食形成虫瘿，4龄若虫10月中旬爬出虫瘿转移到多年生枝条上越冬。发现若虫寄生蜂1种。     

花椒波瘿蚊寄生蜂——广肩小蜂田间发生规律研究

广肩小蜂Eurytoma sp.是花椒波瘿蚊Asphondylia zanthoxyli bu & Zheng的重要寄生天敌.广肩小蜂1年发生3代,以蛹在花椒波瘿蚊为害形成的虫瘿内越冬.第2年花椒发芽后在4月中旬越冬代成虫羽化;第1代成虫6月上旬羽化;第2代成虫8月上旬羽化.成虫产卵于花椒波瘿蚊幼虫为害后形成的虫瘿内;孵化后外寄生于花椒波瘿蚊幼虫,将寄主幼虫吃光后化蛹.越冬代寄生率达48.39%,第2年花椒发芽前剪除虫瘿枝可有效保护广肩小蜂种群数量.     

埃及柽麦蛾--控制柽柳的有效天敌

对埃及柽麦蛾的年生活史、习性及其天敌进行了观察。该虫在新疆阜康县 1年 3代 ,以老熟幼虫在吐丝粘着枝条形成的丝巢中化蛹 ,秋末在地面枯枝落叶层中越冬。第 1代历期 3 0～ 45d ,第2代 2 5～ 3 0d ,第 3代为越冬代。野外采集幼虫和蛹在室内盆栽多枝柽柳上进行的接种试验表明 ,埃及柽麦蛾幼虫在盆栽多枝柽柳上可以完成生长发育 ,种群增长迅速 ,明显抑制柽柳的生长     

花椒瘿蚊的初步研究

花椒瘿蚊(Asphond ylia sp.)是1985年在陇南山区花椒上发现的一种重要害虫。据在文县黄家村观察,该虫1年发生1代,以幼龄幼虫在虫瘿内越冬,翌年5月下旬成虫羽化,6月上旬产卵。幼虫孵化后在直径0.5cm嫩枝的韧皮部和木质部取食为害,使     

黑纹粉蝶的生物学

黑纹粉蝶PierismeleteMenetries是江西山区十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫，目前只发现在萝卜、白菜和芥菜上为害，以幼虫取食叶片和荚果。该虫在江西一年发生2～4代，春季1代，以蛹越夏，秋季1～3代，以蛹越冬。由于越夏代成虫的羽化期和产卵期长，导致了世代重叠。雌虫寿命一般7～15d，每雌产卵量可达200粒；卵单产于叶片背面，卵期3～8d；幼虫期12～26d；非滞育的蛹期7～24d，越夏的蛹期104～178d，越冬的蛹期97～157d。     

柽柳条叶甲的生物学特性

2006-2008年通过固定样地调查和大量野外观察,进一步系统研究柽柳条叶甲Diorhabda elongata deserti-cola Chen生物学特性。结果表明:柽柳条叶甲仅危害柽柳属Tamarixspp.植物,在克拉玛依1年发生2～3代,世代重叠现象严重。第1代历期50～60d,第2代历期25～30d,第3代历期30d左右。以成虫和蛹越冬,越冬成虫多分布在柽柳枯枝落叶层或树隙中。越冬蛹分布在地下20～30cm的土层中,94.6%以上的蛹能成功越冬,91.1%的各代成虫聚集在50cm以上的高度取食;越冬代出蛰成虫、第1代和第2代成虫有迁移现象,第3代成虫不迁移,直接就地越冬。成虫迁移主要是为了自身补充营养和产卵,使后代有充足的食物来源,在食物充足的情况下,仅在1km2范围内迁移,从东北向西南方向迁移,迁移方向主要与风向有关,1次最大迁移直线距离为3km。柽柳条叶甲危害时虫口密度很大,柽柳鳞状叶表皮被吃光,枝条大量枯死,一般在2～3年内很难恢复,所以没有反向回迁现象。     

宁夏回族自治区中宁县枸杞红瘿蚊生物学特性及发生规律

为绿色安全防控枸杞红瘿蚊Jaapiella sp.,于2016—2018年自宁夏回族自治区中宁县新堡镇宋营村枸杞种植基地枸杞上采集枸杞红瘿蚊,对其各虫态的形态特征、生活习性和成虫寿命等生物学特性进行室内观察,并对其年生活史及年发生规律进行田间调查。结果表明:枸杞红瘿蚊成虫羽化高度集中,羽化后的雌成虫不需要补充营养,便可立即求偶、交尾和产卵,孵化后幼虫取食子房,致使花蕾畸形膨大形成虫瘿,幼虫老熟后脱离虫瘿并弹跳入土结茧化蛹。成虫寿命极短,已交尾的雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为41.8 h和38.3 h;未交尾的雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为28.5 h和16.6 h。枸杞红瘿蚊每年发生6代,以老熟幼虫在地表土层中越冬,每年4月中旬至9月下旬为其为害期,其中第1代、第2代和第6代幼虫为害严重。枸杞红瘿蚊成虫发生高峰期有2个,分别为4—6月和9月。从4月枸杞红瘿蚊越冬代成虫陆续羽化开始,其成虫数量不断增长,4月和5月成虫数量分别为121头和167头,6月达到第1个高峰,为282头,随着枸杞秋枝萌发,9月枸杞红瘿蚊成虫数量又明显增多,达到第2个高峰,为117头。2017年4—10月从田间共收集788头成虫,雌成虫数量为420头,略高于雄成虫数量,雌雄比介于1.11～1.19之间。     

二点委夜蛾越冬代生物学特性及其天敌种类的初步研究

二点委夜蛾已成为我国夏玉米苗期主要害虫之一,严重威胁玉米生产安全。目前对其越冬代生物学特性及其天敌研究少见文献报道。本文系统研究了二点委夜蛾越冬代幼虫虫龄结构及老熟幼虫生物学特性,对其寄生性昆虫天敌和病原微生物进行分离和鉴定。结果表明,4龄以上二点委夜蛾越冬代幼虫均可做茧休眠越冬,翌年大部分幼虫直接在茧中化蛹,部分幼虫爬出茧外继续取食后化蛹。越冬代老熟幼虫的体长、体重和头壳宽度变化较大,且三者间无显著相关性。越冬代蛹个体间大小差异较大。大多数雌蛾的体长比雄蛾略小,雌虫产卵期可持续5~11 d,卵量平均为277粒/雌,单粒散产,雌、雄蛾平均寿命较主害代长,分别为11.00 d和18.67 d。死亡虫体寄生物分离鉴定发现,5.22%被寄生蜂寄生,发现3种寄生蜂,1种重寄生蜂;从60.29%的死亡虫体中分离出4种真菌,分别为球孢白僵菌、绿僵菌、黄曲霉和青霉;从21.74%死亡虫体中分离出细菌,除黏质沙雷氏菌外,还有一种球菌和一种杆菌。     

荔枝叶瘿蚊的发生及综合防治措施

荔枝叶瘿蚊(Mayetiolasp.)是国内近几年发现的一种荔枝新梢害虫,在广州地区一年发生6代,以幼虫在被害叶片的虫瘿内越冬,每年2月中下旬,在虫瘿内发育至高龄的越冬幼虫离瘿坠入土中化蛹,3月中下旬羽化出土并交尾产卵,成虫产卵于嫩叶背面,孵化后幼虫侵入叶肉并发育形成疱状突起的虫瘿。被害叶片虫瘿累累,影响光合作用,最终引致叶片干枯,提早脱落,树势衰退。严重时新梢受害率达80%以上。果园荫蔽,通风透光性差的受害重。同一植株靠近地面或内膛荫枝的叶片受害率高;同一年份中,春梢比秋梢受害重,而夏梢、冬梢受害轻;偏施氮肥,荔枝叶片组织柔软,…     

桑椹瘿蚊生物学特性及其化学防控

为探索桑椹瘿蚊Cotarina sp.生物学特性,并进行有效地化学防控,通过调查桑椹瘿蚊的发生期,观察并记录其各部分形态特征,同时统计了乐果对桑椹瘿蚊的防治效果,并采用高效气相层析法测定了成熟桑椹中乐果的残留量。结果表明:桑椹瘿蚊为完全变态昆虫,经历卵、幼虫(休眠体)、蛹、成虫4个阶段,每年3月开始羽化为成虫,成虫不取食桑椹,可存活2~4 d,雌雄成虫傍晚交配,产卵于桑椹小果中,卵经6~7 d孵化为幼虫,幼虫从果柄中心取食桑椹,导致桑果局部畸形(干瘪)、早熟;幼虫经历3个龄期,老熟幼虫弹跳入土,形成休眠体进行越夏越冬,翌年2月化蛹。喷洒乐果乳剂1 000倍稀释液后,桑椹虫害率由83.3%降低到15.0%,被害桑椹虫口密度下降了89.3%;经高效气相色谱法分析,乐果残留量仅为0.75 mg/kg,低于国际标准,表明乐果对桑椹瘿蚊的防治效果较好。     

枸杞红瘿蚊和枸杞白瘿蚊所致虫瘿形态结构差异

枸杞红瘿蚊是宁夏枸杞上重要成灾害虫之一。枸杞白瘿蚊是继枸杞红瘿蚊后在宁夏枸杞上新发现的另一种瘿蚊科害虫。两种瘿蚊均以幼虫为害宁夏枸杞幼嫩花蕾使其不能正常发育,但形成的虫瘿结构差异明显。本文通过外部形态观察、石蜡切片等方法对两种虫瘿发育过程中的外部形态特征、内部组织结构进行了对比。结果表明,两种瘿蚊幼虫的取食不会引起花部结构的增加或缺失,但均影响花部结构发育,使其无法正常开花结果。枸杞红瘿蚊主要造成子房细胞数量增多形成虫瘿,枸杞白瘿蚊主要造成花冠细胞体积增大形成虫瘿。此外两种虫瘿在花柱、花丝、蜜腺、花药、花柄等处均存在一定差异。     

Cystiphora sonchi (Vallot, 1827) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), first record for Tunisia and Africa

During 2017 and 2018, from June to October, leaf galls were observed for the first time on Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae), sow thistle, in Akouda‐Sousse, Tunisia. Leaves with galls were collected and brought to the laboratory. After a few days, adults emerged from the leaf galls. Morphological identification showed the emerged gall midges to be Cystiphora sonchi (Vallot, 1827) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). This is the first record of this species in Tunisia and Africa.     

二点委夜蛾形态特征及生物学特性

二点委夜蛾是近年来我国夏玉米上发现的一种新害虫,目前在我国玉米产区有加重为害和成灾的趋势。为便于田间准确识别该虫、调查其发生为害规律以及掌握其主要生物学特性,在室内对二点委夜蛾不同发育阶段的形态特征和主要生物学特性进行了系统观测。结果表明,在温度为(26±1)℃、相对湿度70%左右、光周期L14 h∥D10 h、人工饲料饲养条件下,二点委夜蛾卵期平均为4.25 d;幼虫一般为5龄,幼虫期平均为18.28 d;蛹期平均为7.69 d,蛹重平均可达75.77 mg;成虫产卵前期平均为3.29 d,产卵可持续9.13d,平均每雌产卵量为305.3粒,最多产500粒,最少132粒。雌雄蛾平均寿命分别为14.75 d和18.88 d。整个世代发育历期约为33.35 d。     

Rearing the egyptian cotton leafworm,Spodoptera littoralis,on a practical calcium-alginate diet

Larvae ofSpodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were mass-reared on a calcium-alginate diet consisting of soybeans, alfalfa meal, milk powder, and yeast as the nutrients, with dry citric acid as the gel-setting acid. Larval and pupal survival was 73%; a mean of 2045 eggs per female was oviposited within 4 days. The advantage of using this new technique is discussed.     

本土寄生蜂对移殖天敌昆虫泽兰实蝇的寄生

泽兰实蝇（Procecidochares utilis Stone）是我国入侵杂草紫茎泽兰的专食性天敌昆虫。为摸清本土寄生蜂对泽兰实蝇的寄生情况，在云南昆明市选取林下和开阔地等两种生境，分别采用对角线五点取样法与邻接格子取样法，调查了紫茎泽兰的生长及感染虫瘿情况；通过饲养与解剖虫瘿，观察了寄生泽兰实蝇的本土寄生蜂种类及其寄生率。结果表明，共有6种寄生蜂从虫瘿中羽化，对虫瘿的寄生率达70％以上；其中大部分虫瘿被3种寄生蜂寄生。虽然在开阔地生境中紫茎泽兰株高和每株枝条数显著大于林下生境，植株和枝条感虫（瘿）率也显著高于林下，但寄生蜂对虫瘿的总寄生率、各种寄生蜂的寄生率在两种生境之间差异不显著。解剖表明，每虫瘿羽化出的寄生蜂数随虫瘿横径的增大而显著增多。     

Survey of indigenous parasitoids affecting the invasive chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region (North‐East Italy)

The Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae), is one of the most damaging insect pests on Castanea sativa Miller trees (Fagales, Fagaceae) worldwide. Dryocosmus kuriphilus galls were collected between late May and August 2014 from 11 sites in the Friuli Venezia Giulia region of North‐East Italy, differing in elevation and forest cover composition. The number of parasitoids that emerged was higher than the number of D. kuriphilus specimens that emerged for 5 out of 11 sites considered. The mean number of larval chambers per gall dissected was between 1.5 and 2.8 (for the 11 different sites). There were no fewer than 2–3 specimens of parasitoids emerging per 100 galls, in all sites. The parasitoids identified belonged to five different Chalcidoidea families (Torymidae, Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae and Eulophidae). Among them, Torymidae and Eupelmidae represented approximately 90% of the total hymenopteran parasitoids. The most represented species were Torymus flavipes (Walker), Megastigmus dorsalis (Fabricius) and Eupelmus urozonus Dalman, all indigenous parasitoids of species causing oak galls. All identified parasitoids were already known to be associated with D. kuriphilus in Italy. These data support the hypothesis of a high species richness of this parasitoid community.     

Waarnemingen betreffende Ditylenchus radicicola (Greeff, 1872) Filipjev, 1936

Summary On account of recent records ofDitylenchus radicicola (Greeff, 1872)Filipjev, 1936 in Dutch meadows, a study was made of its biology. Literature data were summarized.The eelworm attacks the roots of Gramineae and causes spiralshaped galls, which may contain up to 60 adults and some thousands of eggs and larvae each. Young larvae may actively hatch in water from whole, undecayed galls at temperatures around 17°C (Graph. 1). Root exudate of host plants did not stimulate the hatching process. The first larval stage is infective and may penetrate young root tips and also young galls (Fig. 1); it can withstand 2 month desiccation and also desinfection in a solution of an organic mercury compound. The host plant influences the number and size of the root galls (Graph. 2). Fig. 2 shows the anatomy of a young gall.The parasite is only found in grasses in this country and damage has not yet been found. Rye, wheat, barley and oats proved to be susceptible in inoculation trials; 17 plant species have been mentioned as natural hosts in different countries now and 3 are only found susceptible in inoculation trials.     

Haustoria of microcyclic rust fungi Uromyces ficariae and Puccinia tumida and other gall-forming species, U. dactylidis (macrocyclic) and P. smyrnii (demicyclic)

Cytological studies involving light and scanning electron microscopy examined the morphology of intracellular hyphae of various gall-forming species of rust fungi. Uromyces ficariae (microcyclic) and U. dactylidis (macrocyclic, heteroecious) both produced vermiform and largely indeterminate intracellular hyphae typical of M-haustoria, associated with telial and aecial galls, respectively, on their common host Ranunculus ficaria . Similar M-haustoria were observed in telial galls of Puccinia tumida (microcyclic) on Conopodium majus , in host tissue affected by nine other microcyclic species and in aecial galls of P. smyrnii (demicyclic, autoecious) on Smyrnium olusatrum . Telia of P. smyrnii , however, infecting photosynthetically active mesophyll without gall formation, produced typical D-haustoria with determinate growth, a narrow neck region and a bulbous clavate body. Gall formation was associated with hyphal infection of vascular tissue. The relationship between M-haustoria, vascular infection and gall formation is discussed in relation to the evolution of microcyclic rusts and Tranzschel's law.