藏猪生殖器官生长发育研究

选择舍饲条件下日龄、体重相近的藏公猪、母猪进行生殖器官生长发育测定。结果表明：藏公猪尿道球腺、精囊腺的发育早于其它生殖器官,而成熟要晚于其它生殖器官;藏公猪适宜配种时间为5-6月龄,藏母猪适宜配种时间为6月龄。     

合作猪内脏器官生长发育研究

选择日龄和体重相近的合作猪42头(公、母各半),分别在40、60、90、120、150日龄和180日龄时各屠宰6头,分离心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、小肠和大肠并称重,分析内脏器官的生长发育规律。结果表明:40～210日龄合作猪心、肺、胃和大肠的脏器指数分别为0.50%、1.24%、1.02%和3.23%,均高于其他品种。合作猪体重与内脏器官的生长非常接近Huxley的相对生长公式Y=aXb,早熟顺序为小肠>肝>肾>肺>脾>胃>心>大肠,小肠、肝、肺、脾、肾表现为负异速生长,属早熟器官。胃、心和大肠表现为正异速生长,属于晚熟器官。相比而言,合作猪心脏成熟较晚,小肠成熟较早,心肺指数和胃肠指数高,这是合作猪适应高原低氧环境和放牧的生理基础。210日龄合作猪主要内脏器官还不适合猪人异种器官移植。     

高原藏猪在亚热带环境生长发育和繁殖特性的比较研究

通过常规方法,对引入到广州地区的藏猪G1代进行了生长发育和繁殖指标的测定,包括G1代藏猪不同月龄的体重、体尺(体高、体长、胸围)值.测定母猪每胎产仔猪数、初生头重、离乳数和离乳率等.结果表明:藏猪繁殖力的各项指标高于原产地放牧藏猪猪群,而低于舍饲的藏猪猪群;雌雄藏猪体重相比较,除了1月龄有极显著性差异(P<0.01)和2月龄有显著差异(P<0.05)外,其余月龄雌雄之间均无差异;体尺值随月龄增长逐渐增加,不同性别之间,除6月龄体高雄性高于雌性外(P<0.05),其余月龄不同性别藏猪均无差异(P>0.05).说明经过2年的风土驯化,藏猪基本适应了亚热带气候环境,能够正常生长繁殖,并且保持了生长缓慢、小体型的特点,非常适合用于动物实验研究.     

Z系北京鸭内脏器官生长发育规律研究

生产性能测定是北京鸭选种育种工作的基本环节,掌握性状的变化规律有助于育种工作者做出正确的育种规划,优化育种方案。本研究以配套系中的父系(Z系)为研究对象,系统分析了北京鸭10种内脏器官的生长发育规律,并探讨了其合适的生长模型。分析结果表明,相对于北京鸭整体而言,气管是晚熟器官,而其他器官属于早熟器官,其中肠道和胰脏发育最早。曲线拟合结果表明,Logistic曲线能够较好地描述公鸭内脏器官的发育,其拟合优度均大于其他曲线模型。对于母鸭而言,除胆囊和食道外,Logistic曲线的拟合优度最大,而Brody和Gompertz模型分别对母鸭胆囊和食道拟合优度最大。本研究结果对于优化北京鸭饲养管理方案,指导北京鸭育种提供了重要参考资料。     

樱桃谷鸭部分内脏器官早期生长发育规律研究

运用Gompertz模型对1～7周龄樱桃谷鸭的内脏器官进行了分析和曲线拟合研究。结果表明：肝脏、小肠和肌腺胃的生长速度从第4周开始由慢变快。肝脏到第6周达到生长高峰，肌腺胃在第5周达到高峰，之后趋于稳定。Gompertz模型能比较好地拟合樱桃谷鸭的内脏器官发育，拟合度R^2均达到0．9以上。因此，通过模型的建立可以较好地预测樱桃谷鸭内脏器官的生长发育规律。     

泰和鸡早期(0～12周龄)内脏器官生长发育规律的研究

选用0日龄泰和鸡3 10只(其中10只于0日龄屠宰)随机分成6组,每组5 0只(公母各半) ,喂以同一日粮饲养至12周龄。每隔2周对泰和鸡进行称重,每组随机抽取公母鸡各1只(共1 2只)进行屠宰解剖,测定各内脏器官的重量。结果表明,内脏器官的发育峰期在8周龄以前,但各内脏器官的生长发育速度不一致。心脏、肝脏、肺、腺胃、胰腺、小肠的发育早于其他内脏器官的发育,全消化道、小肠、肌胃、胰腺、肝脏的发育早于体重的发育     

艾维茵(Avine)父母代母鸡内脏器官生长发育规律研究

试验分别于第 5 ,7,9,11,13,15 ,17,19,2 1,2 3,2 5 ,2 8周龄 ,对 72只艾维茵父母代母鸡 14个内脏器官等重量指标进行了解剖观测 ,用以研究其生长发育规律。结果表明 :卵巢、心脏、肺脏、脏、脾脏、肾脏、气管、消化道、嗉囊、肌胃等生长发育均符合Logistic模型。肝脏、腺胃在试验期内符合线性模型。腔上囊的发育以 2 3周龄为界 ,用两条直线描述 ;艾维茵父母代母鸡在 2 5周龄前各器官的生长发育是不平衡的。首先发育的是消化器官和心、肝、肺等供能器官 ,其次是活重、肾脏等需能器官 ,最后才是生殖器官。 2 6～ 2 8周龄发育基本达到平衡     

藏猪肌纤维生长发育规律初探

藏猪是我国西南边远山区保留下来的小型放牧珍稀猪种,经长期近亲交配、数百年自然选择和人工选择而形成.但因个体矮小、生长缓慢等自身缺陷,对其研究很少,仅见一些分子方面的零星报道.     

藏猪屠宰性能和肉质测定与分析

屠宰测定了生活在西藏高海拔环境中的藏猪产肉性能和肉质指标。结果表明:藏猪公、母猪屠宰率分别为59.82%和60.66%,瘦肉率分别为60.28%和57.12%,腿臀率分别为28.28%和30.71%,肉色评分分别为4.45和4.30,滴水损失分别为1.42%和1.37%,头、心、肺、肝等器官占身体比重较大,表明藏猪产肉性能和猪肉品质良好。     

藏猪在广东的生产性能及适应性研究

从西藏引入到广东省的藏猪,根据三年饲养管理、观察记录的结果发现,后备母猪初情期为120天龄,初次配种时间为123天龄,初产母猪平均总产仔数为4头/胎,产活仔数4头/胎;经产平均总产仔数为8.3头/胎,产活仔数8.2头/胎;初生仔猪体重为0.45 kg/头,30日龄断奶仔猪体重为2.5 kg/头,60日龄体重为7.4 kg/头;阉割后的肥育猪8月龄上市体重为33.5 kg.各项指标均比原产地有所提高,适应性明显增强.     

藏猪EGLN1基因exon 4及部分内含子变异研究

青藏高原的高寒低氧极端环境影响动物的正常生存和物种繁衍,藏猪在长期的适应性驯化中对低氧环境有着更强的适应能力。本研究对高海拔猪种藏猪(甘孜藏猪、迪庆藏猪、西藏藏猪和合作藏猪)和八眉猪以及低海拔猪种烟台黑猪、长白猪和大白猪EGLN1基因exon 4及部分内含子的核苷酸序列进行测定和分析。结果表明:在EGLN1基因exon 4序列的266bp处发生了C→T的颠换,藏猪和八眉猪在该位点均为C,而烟台黑猪和引入的选育猪种长白猪、大白猪在该位点出现了C/T杂合现象;基于变异位点的等位基因C和T共界定了3种基因型(CC、CT、TT),C和CC分别是高海拔地方猪种藏猪和八眉猪的唯一等位基因和基因型;而在低海拔选育猪种中,CC基因型频率仅为0.20,其他2种基因型均为0.40,T为优势等位基因,频率达到0.60,而等位基因C的频率仅为0.40。本研究认为,高海拔猪种(2 300 m以上)藏猪和八眉猪与低海拔猪种烟台黑猪、长白猪和大白猪在EGLN1基因上存在特征性遗传变异,根据等位基因(C和T)及基因型(CC、CT、TT)在海拔上的特征差异,推测可能与不同地理区域条件下的长期适应性驯化有关。     

大麦和米糠中抗营养因子对家禽食糜性状的影响

降低成本,提高动物对现有饲料及资源的利用,是提高畜牧业经济效益的关键环节之一。近年来,在生产实践中广泛使用酶制剂以改善家禽对饲料的利用率,减少抗营养因子的负面效应等方面取得了明显的效益,现结合在鹅上的研究结果,对酶制剂与家禽的食糜性状的影响作一综述。谷物中的可溶性非淀粉多糖(Non-starchpolysaccharide,NSP)具有抗营养作用,它们在大麦中主要以β-葡聚糖为主,而米糠中的NSP则含有较多的阿拉伯木聚糖(莱恩斯,1995)。一方面,它们溶解于水后使溶液的粘度增加(Bhatty等,1991),采食后可提高了肠道食糜的粘度,从而影响家禽对营…     

精料补饲水平对藏羊屠宰性能和器官发育的影响

选用40只初始体重为(30.21 ±1.42)kg的9月龄欧拉型藏羊(Oura-type Tibetan sheep,OTTS)(高原型)羯羊,随机分为4组,每组10只,在放牧的基础上每只羊每天分别补饲0、0.1、0.2和0.3kg精料,预试期15d,正试期195 d,旨在研究精料补饲水平对藏羊屠宰性能和器官发育的影响.结果表明:补饲精料显著提高了OTTS的屠宰性能(P＜0.05);提高了其头、皮+毛、心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、大肠占体质量的百分比(P＞0.05),降低了胃、小肠、胃肠道及其内容物占体质量的百分比(P＞ 0.05);提高了胃内容物占总胃肠道内容物的百分比及大肠内容物占整个肠道内容物的百分比(P ＞0.05);降低了肠道占体长的倍数;提高了胃的容积(P＞0.05).初步说明,冷季补饲精料可提高OTTS屠宰性能,刺激器官发育,改变胃肠道内容物的分布.本研究为高海拔地区发展藏羊产业、改善藏羊器官发育和调控其胃肠道内容物分布提供理论依据.     

精料补饲水平对藏羊屠宰性能和器官发育的影响

选用40只初始体重为(30.21 ±1.42)kg的9月龄欧拉型藏羊(Oura-type Tibetan sheep,OTTS)(高原型)羯羊,随机分为4组,每组10只,在放牧的基础上每只羊每天分别补饲0、0.1、0.2和0.3kg精料,预试期15d,正试期195 d,旨在研究精料补饲水平对藏羊屠宰性能和器官发育的影响...     

泰地罗新注射液在藏香猪体内的药物动力学研究

为研究泰地罗新在藏香猪体内的药物动力学特征,了解其在藏香猪体内的吸收、分布、转化及排泄规律,为泰地罗新注射液的临床合理用药提供参考。本试验选取8头藏香猪,泰地罗新单剂量注射给药,不同时间点采集藏香猪血液,利用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果表明：泰地罗新注射给药(4 mg/kg.bw)后,泰地罗新在藏香猪体内的药-时曲线符合有吸收三室开放模型,其主要药动学参数为：Tmax为0.457±0.143h,Cmax为0.759±0.192 μg/mL,t1/2为120.518±10.181h,AUC为22.224±2.641μg.h/mL。表明泰地罗新注射给药后,在藏香猪体内吸收迅速,消除较为缓慢。     

代乳料原料组成对早期断奶羔羊生长及脏器发育的影响

为了探讨代乳料原料的不同组合效应对早期断奶羔羊的饲喂效果,选取25只甘肃高山细毛羔羊,分为5组,每组5只,对照组羔羊由母羊自由哺乳和放牧;试验组羔羊30日龄断奶,饲喂4种代乳料:A组主原料未膨化,B组主原料膨化,C组主原料膨化+血浆蛋白粉,D组在C组基础上增加乳清粉。试验期为30~90日龄。结果表明:50、70日龄时,对照组羔羊体质量最大,试验组羔羊受断奶应激的影响,相应指标较小。90日龄时,D组体质量显著高于B、C组(P0.05),超过了对照组。30~90日龄阶段,D组日增体质量最大,且显著高于B、C组(P0.05)。对照组脾脏质量显著高于4个试验组(P0.05),且脾脏指数最高。说明在代乳料中添加血浆蛋白粉及增加乳清粉,有利于羔羊健康发育,使代乳料的饲喂效果最佳。     

Effect of arginine and threonine administered in ovo on digestive organ developments and subsequent growth performance of broiler chickens

This trial was conducted to investigate the effect of arginine (Arg), threonine (Thr) and Arg + Thr administered in ovo on growth performance, digestive organs and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. On day 14 of incubation, 400 fertile eggs were randomly allotted to five experimental treatments through injection in the amniotic fluid including: (i) control (none injected), (ii) sham (0.5 ml of 0.5% saline), (iii) Arg (35 mg/egg), (iv) Thr (25 mg/egg) and (v) Arg + Thr (35 + 25 mg/egg). After hatching, chicks were given a commercial corn–soya bean diet up to 42 days of age. Daily feed intake (FI) and body weight (BW) of chicks were measured during different periods of the trial. Digestive organs were measured for their relative weight and intestinal length on days 11 and 42 of age. Intestinal morphometric traits were evaluated on day 11 of the experiment. Supplementing amino acids affected the performance of broiler chicks as Thr significantly increased FI and BW across starter, grower and finisher periods compared with sham and control (p < 0.05). Furthermore, Arg + Thr injection increased jejunal weight compared with control on day 42 (p < 0.05). Moreover, Arg inclusion led to the greatest villus height and crypt depth among treatments in duodenum (p > 0.05); however, amino acid supplemented groups had lower villus height than control in jejunum (p < 0.05). Negative correlations found between digestive organs related to day 11 of age containing pancreas (r = ?0.484; p = 0.030), duodenal (r = ?0.577; p = 0.007) as well as ileal lengths (r = ?0.471; p = 0.035) and FI of entire period. Otherwise, positive relationships were observed between duodenum (r = 0.580; p = 0.007) and ileum (r = 0.582; p = 0.007) weights on day 42 and FI of chickens across the entire phase. In conclusion, Arg and particularly Thr injection into amnion can improve FI and post‐hatch growth performance of chickens which may be mediated by the development of digestive organs.     

藏猪体重非线性生长曲线分析

藏猪是我国青藏高原特有的高原型地方猪种,本研究用logistic、Gompertz和Richrds模型拟合了藏猪体重生长曲线,并以成华猪为对照分析了藏猪的生长规律.结果表明logistic、Gompertz和Richards模型均适宜拟合藏猪和成华猪的生长曲线,其中Richards模型最好,Gompertz模型优于logistic模型.Richrds模型拟合的藏猪极限体重为71.91kg,生长拐点为9.45月龄,最大生长速度为180.0g;说明藏猪存在体重小、生长速度慢、生长拐点迟等特点.     

藏猪体重非线性生长曲线分析

藏猪是我国青藏高原特有的高原型地方猪种,本研究用logistic、Gompertz和Richards模型拟合了藏猪体重生长曲线,并以成华猪为对照分析了藏猪的生长规律。结果表明logistic、Gompertz和Richards模型均适宜拟合藏猪和成华猪的生长曲线,其中Richards模型最好,Gompertz模型优于logistic模型。Richards模型拟合的藏猪极限体重为71.91kg,生长拐点为9.45月龄,最大生长速度为180.0g;说明藏猪存在体重小、生长速度慢、生长拐点迟等特点。     

Posthatch growth of the digestive system in wild and domesticated ducks

1. Our study was designed to test the hypothesis that domestication and artificial selection have influenced the posthatch growth and functioning of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of ducks. The mass and length of the GI tract organs, the growth of intestinal villi, the intestinal surface area and the activities of brush border digestive enzymes were measured in a commercial strain of Pekin duck and its wild ancestor, the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), at regular intervals between hatch and 16 weeks of age. 2. The growth of the digestive organs, with respect to body mass, was described using allometry. Allometric mass exponents were then used to calculate body 'mass-corrected', or 'relative' organ masses, relative surface areas and relative enzyme activities. There were appreciable differences between data presented on a mass-specific (g/kg) and a mass-corrected (g/kg(b)) basis, which highlighted the importance of correcting for the complete effects of body mass when comparing the growth and function of the digestive system between strains. 3. While the process of domestication has induced major changes in the absolute characteristics of the GI tract, it has failed to have the same effect on the relative characteristics. During the first 2 weeks posthatch, the relative masses of the majority of digestive organs, and the GI tract as a whole, were the same in both strains. During weeks 3 to 5, domesticated ducks maintained higher absolute growth rates of the body and the GI tract, with the support of relatively smaller digestive organs. The relative masses of the small intestine and the GI tract as a whole were 45 and 66% higher respectively in mallards than in Pekin ducks during this period. 4. Domesticated ducks had elevated digestive enzyme activity and a greater absorptive surface area than mallards throughout development, both in absolute and relative terms. This appears to compensate for the failure of the relative masses of digestive organs in domesticated ducks to accompany the increased body mass and growth rate. 5. At 5 weeks posthatch, the absolute mass of the small intestine in domesticated ducks declined by 38%. There is no obvious explanation for this decline because the masses of other digestive organs, daily feed intake and body mass continued to rise.