红树梅花芽分化的初步研究

对红树莓的花芽发化进行了观察，结果如下：、．在哈尔滨地区红树莓当年枝条无花芽产生，最早花芽分化始于翌年５月上旬的结果母枝；２．红树莓属混合芽，每芽可产生１２－１３个花序，花序为有限型，顶花最先分化，各花自上而下顺序花生；３．花芽化化持续时间较长，因而造成开花、结果及采收参参不齐。栽培上应采取相应措施。     

树莓花芽分化的观察

１９９１－１９９２年，对树莓花芽分化时期的形态特征及发育进程进行了定期观察。结果表明，树莓花芽分化始期为８月末，９月中下旬进入高峰期，红６０－７０ｄ。形态特性是雏梢生长点向土隆起成半球状。１０月上旬至翌年４月中旬，随初生髓部的伸展，半球状生长点（顶花序原基）向前推进，随后形成腑花的基，即为花序原基分化期。随同冬芽萌发发展叶，依次进入花蕾、萼片、花瓣、雄、雌蕊原基的芽外分化阶段，各期约７－１５ｄ。至     

树莓花芽分化的研究

试验对树莓花芽分化时期的形态特征及发育进行了定期观察。结果表明:树莓花芽分化始期为8月初,8月下旬至9月进入高峰期。当年只分化到花序原基分化期便停止分化。翌年4月中下旬开始,花序原基向前推进,依次进入花朵、萼片、花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊原基的分化阶段同时进入芽外分化阶段。树莓生理分化期为8月上旬。树莓的芽由纯花芽和混合芽2种芽组成。     

树莓花芽分化的观察

1991～1992年,对树莓花芽分化时期的形态特征及发育进程进行了定期观察。结果表明,树莓花芽分化始期为8月末,9月中下旬进入高峰期,约60～70d。形态特征是雏梢生长点向上隆起成半球状。10月上旬至翌年4月中旬,随初生髓部的伸展,半球状生长点(顶花序原基)向前推进,随后形成腋花序原基,即为花序原基分化期。随同冬芽萌发展叶,依次进入花蕾、萼片、花瓣、雄、雌蕊原基的芽外分化阶段,各期约7～15d。至5月中旬出现花药和胚珠原始体。此期距结果新梢的花序显露还有2～3d。基生枝下部花芽分化始期比中上部迟一个月,分化数量也有较大下降。     

阳光玫瑰葡萄生长期花芽分化形态进程及相关生理分子水平变化研究

【目的】探讨阳光玫瑰葡萄生长期花芽分化进程及相关生理分子水平变化，为葡萄生产调控及花芽分化深入研究提供理论参考。【方法】以4年生阳光玫瑰葡萄为试材，通过徒手剥离冬芽鳞片在体式解剖镜下观察冬芽形态结构变化，测定花芽分化过程中第5节位叶片内碳水化合物、矿质元素含量及冬芽内9个成花关键基因的表达。【结果】南宁地区阳光玫瑰葡萄在新梢6片展叶期时开始花芽形态分化，在末花期进入花序原基分化期。叶片可溶性总糖、淀粉含量在花序原基分化期后显著升高。叶片P、K、Ca和Mg元素含量在花芽形态分化起始时下降，在花序原基分化后60 d时含量显著降低。冬芽中VvFT和VvSOC1基因在花芽分化起始时表达水平较高；VvLFY、VvAP1、VvFUL、VvAP2、VvAP3和VvAG基因均在花序原基分化期及花序原基分化期后80～100 d出现表达波峰，VvFLC基因在花序原基分化后60～100 d的表达水平较高。【结论】南宁地区阳光玫瑰葡萄花芽分化进程开始较早。生产上在果实膨大期和软化期前后应适当补充磷、钾、钙、镁肥，以促进果实发育、花序原基及其各级穗轴分化。VvFT和VvSOC1基因参与诱导始原基及花序原基分化，...     

金边瑞香花芽形态分化研究

 金边瑞香花芽由顶芽发育而成，花芽分化包括花序分化和小花分化两个过程，分为未分化、开始分化、花序原基分化、小花原基分化、花瓣分化、雄蕊分化和雌蕊分化7个时期，分化的顺序是向心的；分化的临界期为5月中旬，分化时期长达7个月，花芽分化既持续又表现出两个分化高峰，还受温度等因素的影响。     

澳洲红树莓丰产性状研究

通过对澳洲红树莓的产量及产量构成因素的对比及通径分析。表明，在栽植密度一定的情况下，盛果期单位面积产量的高低，主要取决于结果母枝的结果能力。而结果母枝的果枝花杂数、果枝花序数、果支数，结果母枝粗度对产量的贡献有较大差异，其中果树花朵数贡献最大，其次为果树花序数，果树数在一条件下可对产量有定增殖作用。并又就产量构成因素的有关问题进行了讨论。     

无刺树莓组培快繁技术研究

以无刺黑树莓和红树莓枝条顶芽茎尖为试材，进行组培快繁试验。结果表明，两种树莓的最佳启动培养基为MS＋6-BA0．2mg／L＋NAA0．3mg／L＋GA30．5mg／L，培养30天后均可形成3—5个丛状芽，长1～2cm，粗壮；最佳增殖培养基分别为MS＋6-BA1．0mg／L＋NAA0．3mg／L，增殖倍数分别为3．20和3．11，芽生长粗壮，分化清晰；最佳生根培养基为MS＋NAA2．0mg／L，培养30天后生根3—5条，根长4～6cm，生长粗壮整齐，移植于细砂加腐土基质中，成活率达93％以上。     

呼吸代谢变化对设施冬促早栽培葡萄冬芽花芽分化的影响

以4年生‘贝达’砧耐弱光的‘京蜜’与不耐弱光的‘夏黑’为试材,借助石蜡切片法绘制花芽分化进程图,观察其花芽分化进程,同时采取呼吸抑制剂法测定其呼吸代谢变化,研究设施葡萄冬芽花芽分化进程中呼吸代谢的变化规律。结果表明:始原始体出现盛期、花序主轴及各小穗原基形成盛期和花序二级轴发育盛期是设施葡萄冬芽呼吸代谢最旺盛的时期,此期消耗物质和能量最多。三羧酸循环(TCA)途径的高比率运行为设施葡萄花芽孕育提供了较多物质和能量,其中蛋白质脂肪-三羧酸循环(Protein and fat-TCA)途径运行比率的迅速上升促进了冬芽始原始体向花序主轴及各小穗原基形成的方向发育;随后糖酵解-三羧酸循环(EMP-TCA)途径运行活性的增强为冬芽由花序主轴及各小穗原基进一步向花序二级轴的发育提供了物质与能量保障;蛋白质脂肪-三羧酸循环途径运行活性的降低是设施‘夏黑’冬芽花芽分化差的重要原因。交替途径(抗氰呼吸)的活化与花序主轴及各小穗原基的形成和花序二级轴的分化及第二花序形成等密切相关。综上所述,三羧酸循环途径和交替途径的活化为设施葡萄的花芽孕育提供了物质和能量保障,其中蛋白质脂肪-三羧酸循环途径运行活性的降低是设施葡萄冬芽花芽分化差的重要原因。     

“红地球”葡萄冬季不同修剪方式对结果母枝萌芽特性的影响

以"红地球"葡萄为试材,对其结果母枝采用单芽、双芽、三芽、四芽和五芽的冬季修剪方式,考察了修剪方式对结果母枝不同节位冬芽萌芽率、果枝率、结果系数及花序着生位置的影响,旨在研究陕西渭北地区主栽鲜食"红地球"葡萄的冬季修剪反应,为冬季简化修剪提供理论依据。结果表明:"红地球"葡萄结果母枝上不同节位冬芽,尤其是低节位的冬芽成花能力均较强;不同修剪方式下,冬芽萌芽率、果枝率均随结果母枝上芽位的上移而降低,长梢修剪较短梢修剪结果母枝低节位冬芽的萌芽率降低,易导致结果部位上移和外移;结果母枝留芽量对新梢结果系数的影响不大,花序主要着生在新梢上的第3~5节位。试验表明,"红地球"葡萄冬季修剪适宜采用短梢修剪,增加短枝数量即可保证产量。     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。     

Proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin

AIM: To investigate and screen the sensitive proteins in the formation mechanism of pathological scars by comparing the results of differential proteomic analysis between pathological scars and normal skin.METHODS: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to detect the protein expression profiles in 8 keloid patients, 8 hypertrophic scar patients and 3 matched normal skin patients.The proteins that showed differential expression of over 4-fold change were cut and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry.RESULTS: A two-dimensional protein profiling comparison between pathological scars and normal skin was successfully established.On average, 2 978 spots in keloid, 2 975 spots in hypertrophic scar and 3 053 spots in normal skin were identified using gel analysis software.Compared with normal skin, there were totally 36 differentially-expressed proteins in keloid and hypertrophic scar identified from the spots of over 4-fold change, including 16 proteins in both keloid and hypertrophic scar (8 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated), 11 only in keloid (9 up-regulated and 2 down-regulated) and 9 only in hypertrophic scar (4 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated).CONCLUSION: Proteomic analysis can identify the proteins with variance of pathological scars versus normal skin, thus providing probable new clues to reveal the formation mechanism of pathological scars.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Coupling past management practice and historic landscape change on John F. Kennedy Space Center,Florida

Historic landcover dynamics in a scrubby flatwoods (Tel-4) and scrub landscape (Happy Creek) on John F. Kennedy Space Center were measured using aerial images from 1943, 1951, 1958, 1969, 1979, and 1989. Landcover categories were mapped, digitized, geometrically registered, and overlaid in ARC/INFO. Both study sites have been influenced by various land use histories, including periods of range management, fire suppression, and fire management. Several analyses were performed to help understand the effects of past land management on the amount and spatial distribution of landcover within the study sites. A chi-squared analysis showed a significant difference between the frequency of landcover occurrence and management period. Markov chain models were used to project observed changes over a 100-year period; these showed current management practices being effective at Tel-4 (restoring historic landscape structure) and much less effective at Happy Creek. Documenting impacts of past management regimes on landcover has provided important insight into current landscape composition and will provide the basis for improving land management on Kennedy Space Center and elsewhere.     

XBP-01 accelerated apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM: Previous studies performed with XBP-01 in vitro indicated that XBP-01 could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells from being transformed into foam cell and could eliminate the atherosclerotic plaque in C57BL/6J mouse. This experiment is to investigate its mechanism of eliminating plaques in vitro. METHODS: The cultured porcine artery smooth muscle cells incubated with XBP-01 of 0.1 mg/L for 24 h after preincubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein of 15 mg/L for 72 h in vitro. The samples were analyzed by fluorescence microscope, confocal microscope system and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Apoptosis was triggered by being incubated with oxidized low density lipoprotein and this process was accelerated additionally by being incubated with XBP-01. CONCLUSION: XBP-01 can be effective in eliminating atherosclerotic plaque by accelerating the process in which oxidized low density lipoprotein induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis.     

Metallothionein inhibits homocysteine-induced proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells

AIM:To investigate the effect of metallothionein(MT) on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by homocysteine and its mechanism. METHODS:VSMCs proliferation was measured by [³-H]-TdR incorporation, mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)activity were determined by immunoprecipitation method, the intracellular contents of MT and malondialdehyde (MDA)were assayed by -hemoglobin saturation method and TBA reaction, respectively, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was measured by NADH oxidation. RESULTS:Hcy(10^-6-10^-4 mmol/L) stimulated [³-H]-TdR incorporation by the VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with control, [³-H]-TdR incorporation in VSMCs treated with 0.1 mmol/L Hcy was increased by 4.2 fold (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, Hcy enhanced MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of VSMCs with MT alone did not change above parameters, compared with control. However, MT (10^-6-10^-4 mol/L)attenuated significantly Hcy-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs (P＜0.01)in a concentration-dependent manner. And MT inhibited obviously Hcy-induced activation of MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH release. Preincubation of VSMCs with 0.5 mmol/L ZnCl₂ for 6 h induced an increase cellular MT content by 5.7-fold (P＜0.01). The MT-overexpressed VSMCs resisted Hcy-stimulating action on MAPK activity, MDA formation and LDH leakage (P＜0.01). CONCLUSION:These results show that MT has an inhibitory effect on Hcy-induced VSMCs proliferation, and that MT could inhibit Hcy-stimulated MAPK activity and lipid peroxidation.     

The effect of exposure on landscape scale soil surface temperatures and species distribution models

Species distribution models (SDMs) often use elevation as a surrogate for temperature or utilise elevation sensitive interpolations from weather stations. These methods may be unsuitable at the landscape scale, especially where there are sparse weather stations, dramatic variations in exposure or low elevational ranges. The goal of this study was to determine whether radiation, moisture or a novel estimate of exposure could improve temperature estimates and SDMs for vegetation on the Illawarra Escarpment, near Sydney, Australia. Forty temperature sensors were placed on the soil surface of an approximately 12,000 ha study site between November 2004 and August 2006. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship with environmental factors. Elevation was correlated more with moderate temperatures (winter maximums, summer minimums, spring and autumn averages) than extreme temperatures (summer maximums, winter minimums). The correlation (r ²) between temperature and environmental factors was improved by up to 0.38 by incorporating exposure, moisture and radiation in the regressions. Summer maximums and winter minimums were predominately determined by exposure to the NW and coastal influences respectively, while exposure to the NE and SW was important during other seasons. These directions correspond with the winds that are most influential in the study area. The improved temperature estimates were used in Generalised Additive Models for 37 plant species. The deviance explained by most models was increased relative to elevation, especially for moist rainforest species. It was concluded that improving the accuracy of seasonal temperature estimates could improve our ability to explain the patchy distribution of many species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.