小麦黄矮病(BYDV)抗病性材料的研究

 大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)可引起小麦黄矮病。自我国首次报道了BYDV的抗源材料中5和中4后,明确了治小麦黄矮病应用抗病品种的这一重要途径。作者对国内外8424份小麦品种资源材料进行系统鉴定,取得了新进展.     

河北省和北京地区小麦白粉病菌寄主范围

 近两年来,对采自河北省的3个市6个县和北京地区的67份小麦多年生近缘植物种子(包括4个属,14个种),繁种后,温室育苗至1-2叶期接种小麦白粉病菌,结果有4个属11个种的54份材料发病,占参试份数的80.6%,用其中4个属10个种的43个已发病材料的白粉病菌,回接小麦感病品种京双16号后,隔离培养,全部发病回接成功。     

关于小麦品种抗黄矮病毒的鉴定问题

小麦黄矮病(BYDV)是我国北方麦区主要的病毒病,特别在干旱、半干旱地区,是低产小麦稳产丰产的重大障碍之一。关于小麦黄矮病的综合防治,除研究采取有效的治蚜防病措施外,最根本的具有战略性的,就是选用抗、耐病丰产品种。1973年该病历史上第3次大面积流行后,就开展了小麦品种抗病性研究工作,根据对1983和1984年田间人工鉴定的2050份重要小麦品种资源,及以往室内外人工鉴定的557份材料的结果分析归纳,试论小麦抗黄矮病毒鉴定的以下有关问题:     

山西省小麦白粉病寄主范围研究

用小麦白粉病菌11个生理小种的混合菌种,对山西省小麦近缘植物的4个属、15个种的63份材料进行接种,除3份免疫外,其余均接种成功。用其中3个属,11个种的39份小麦近缘植物产生的小麦白粉病菌,对小麦回接亦全部成功。小麦白粉病菌生理小种对小麦近缘植物的寄生像在小麦上一样,有明显的寄生专化性。感病小麦近缘植物的94.7%对小麦白粉病菌的感病性,随生育期增长而急剧下降。文中也初步讨论了小麦白粉病中间寄主的作用。     

青海省小麦种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒的抗性鉴定

为明确青海省不同小麦种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)的抗性差异,于2014—2015年采用堆测法人工接种鉴定了178份种质资源的抗病性。结果显示,不同小麦种质资源对黄矮病的抗性存在较大差异,甘A100、川766、陕1059、兰麦-2的病情指数依次为14.83、23.60、23.99和24.66,表现出较好的抗病性;病情指数在50.00以上的高感品种有69份,包括尕老汉、白板麦、兴热密穗等,其中白板麦病情指数高达72.35,高于感病对照阿勃;其余种质资源病情指数在25.00~50.00之间,表现为感病;甘A101、甘A99、藏515、藏519、木汉麦、群科大白麦、拉胎板麦、小红麦-2和朗县折达25初期表现感病,后期恢复健康,有一定的耐病性;抗病性不同的种质资源感染BYDV后,对小麦产量的影响差异很大,抗病对照中4产量损失8.96%,耐病品种产量损失在13.64%~19.74%之间,高病品种尕老汉产量损失达41.91%,表明小麦种质资源中抗BYDV的品种极少。     

兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒的小麦种质田间鉴定筛选

为鉴定筛选兼抗麦长管蚜和大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus, BYDV)的小麦种质,采用自然感蚜/感病系数法,对36个外引和远缘杂交选育的小麦种质材料进行了2年的田间鉴定,并分析了感虫性与感病性的相关关系。结果表明,2年中均兼抗麦长管蚜和BYDV的种质仅有KOKIPPCAS、KOK、Amigo-3和PI137739共4个材料,占总鉴定材料的11.11%;对二者均敏感的有98-10-35q-9、186Tm39、Tam200e12-14a、Tam200(27)7、小偃22、西农1376和小偃6号共7个材料,占19.44%。其它材料仅抗虫或仅抗病,或仅在一年中表现抗病或抗虫,如材料98-10-30和98-10-35a8抗麦长管蚜,但对BYDV敏感;材料Tam200(13)G和PIG23(2)C感蚜,但对BYDV有抑制作用。BYDV发生普遍率(发病株率)和严重度(病情指数)与有蚜株率显著相关,严重度还与感蚜指数显著相关,但感病植株的病级均值与有蚜株率无显著相关性。表明自然界长期的进化和选择使许多抗病虫基因得以保存下来,但较多抗性基因只在抗病或抗虫的某一方面表现有效,需给予更多关注。     

小麦叶片营养物质与抗麦长管蚜的相关性分析

为了阐明小麦叶片营养物质与小麦抗蚜性之间的关系,观察了麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae(F.)在不同小麦品种上的选择趋性,测定其相对日均体重增长率,并采用Branford法和高效液相色谱技术分别测定了不同品种小麦叶片总蛋白、韧皮部中游离氨基酸以及可溶性糖的含量。结果表明,麦长管蚜显著趋向于铭贤169、西农889与西农1376;在铭贤169、西农889和西农1376上的成蚜相对日均体重增长率显著大于中四-有芒、小偃22;西农889叶片的总蛋白含量最高,为2 822.04μg/mL,小偃22叶片韧皮部的可溶性糖含量最高,铭贤169和西农889叶片韧皮部的游离氨基酸总含量相对较高,分别为1 424.3、1 301.1 nmol·L~(-1)·g~(-1)DW;各游离氨基酸在相对抗蚜品种中四-有芒和小偃22中的绝对含量与其抗蚜性无相关性。研究表明,中四-有芒、小偃22对麦长管蚜具有较强的抗性,植物营养在小麦抗蚜性中起到一定作用。     

中国小麦条锈病菌鉴别寄主中4抗病基因遗传组成分析

中4是中国小麦条锈菌生理小种的重要鉴别寄主之一。采用常规杂交遗传分析法和花粉母细胞染色体镜检,明确中4抗条锈病基因遗传组成,并探讨利用中国春ph1b突变体分析小麦近缘属(种)抗条锈病基因。将中4分别与中国春ph1b突变体和感病品种铭贤169杂交,对亲本及其杂交后代进行苗期抗条锈性鉴定和遗传分析,发现中4对条锈菌小种CY31和CY32的抗病性由1对显性基因控制;通过等位性分析和抗谱比较,发现中4对小种CY32的抗病基因与T. spelta album、Moro及K733中的抗条锈病基因不同,对中国春ph1b突变体×中4组合的F2代植株染色体数目及其核型变化的研究表明,F2代单株的抗条锈性与来自中间偃麦草X组染色体增加有关,并导致F2单株染色体数目发生变化,且X组染色体在F2代群体对小种CY31表现为抗病和感病植株中随机分布。     

小麦黄矮病红穗症状的研究

小麦黄矮病(BYDV)的症状特征是,早期及传病中心的病株叶片褪绿黄化,植株亦多矮化;后期及流行阶段的病株,则一般仅褪绿黄化。1980年该病大流行时明显发生“红穗”现象。杨陵历年小麦品种抗黄矮病性鉴定试验地,1983至1986的4年均于5月下旬小麦黄熟前,大量急剧发生“红穗”现     

小麦品种抗耐黄矮病性鉴定初步研究

1983—1987年田间人工鉴定4211份主要小麦品种资源材料,对黄矮病的反应虽有不同程度差异,但无免疫品种。症状表现最为抗病并且较为稳定的是远缘杂交小麦品种中4、中5、多年生1号及普通小麦品种复壮30号。小麦品种抗耐黄矮病性与其症状表现不一定一致,需结合被害损失综合鉴定。     

晋南冬麦区大麦黄矮病毒流行株系监测及防治策略探讨

连续5年(1996～2000年)采集晋南冬麦区小麦黄矮病标样,采用生物学和血清学(酶联免疫吸附法)相结合的诊断方法对该地区的大麦黄矮病毒流行株系进行了鉴别。结果表明,该小麦黄矮病流行区近五年以GAV株系为主流株系,兼有少量GPV、PAV和混合株系存在。同时对小麦抗黄矮病新品种“临抗1号”进行了GPV和GAV两种株系的抗性测定,明确了该品种兼抗GPV和GAV两种株系。根据小麦黄矮病发生现状,提出了一套以选育推广抗耐病品种为主,以药剂防治为辅的综合防治措施。以期为当地小麦生产服务。     

抗黄矮病小麦新品系的分子标记检测研究

本研究对以小麦-中间偃麦草异附加系L1和小麦-中间偃麦草部分双二倍体‘无芒中4’为抗源选育出的抗黄矮病小麦新品系进行分子检测和抗病性鉴定.通过应用RAPD、SSR、SCAR 3种分子标记OPF15、Xgwm37、SC-W37进行分子检测,并采用人工接种和大田自然感病的方式进行抗黄矮病鉴定,筛选到了‘93646’、‘2003-2’等高抗黄矮病的小麦新品系.分子检测抗黄矮病基因与田间抗病鉴定结果基本一致,应用的3种PCR标记都可以检测出抗病材料,但SCAR标记SC-W37特异性强、稳定性好,可在小麦抗黄矮病育种早代选择过程中发挥重要作用.     

Analysis of Accumulation Patterns of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV</Emphasis> (BYDV-PAV) in Two Resistant Wheat Lines

Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is one of the main viral diseases of small-grain cereals. This disease, reported on numerous plant species of the Poaceae family, is caused by a complex of eight viral species including the species Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), frequently found in western Europe. Resistance sources against BYDV-PAV are scarce and only identified in perennial Triticineae. Some BYDV-resistant wheat lines have been obtained by introgressing these resistances into bread wheat germplasms. Genetic and biological characterization of the resulting lines has been undertaken. However, little information on the resistant behaviour of these lines during the early stages of the infection process is available. To evaluate the resistance of two genetically distinct resistant lines (Zhong ZH and TC14), 1740 young plantlets, belonging to susceptible reference hosts (barley cv. Express and wheat cv. Sunstar), Zhong ZH or TC14 wheat lines, were inoculated in controlled conditions with French BYDV-PAV isolates. The infection process was monitored during the first 21 days after inoculation (DAI) using a semi-quantitative ELISA. A standardized protocol including five successive samplings of leaves from all inoculated plants and the collection of plant roots at the end of the monitored period was carried out. This protocol enabled an assessment of the infection percentage and the evolution of the viral load in plants from the 7th DAI to the 21st DAI. Statistical analyses of the BYDV infection kinetics using raw ELISA data, a model of the time-dependent variation of the percentage of infected plants and the area under concentration progress curves (AUCPC) demonstrated that Zhong ZH and TC14 lines (1) reduce the development rate of the BYD disease during the first days of infection, (2) decrease the infection efficiency of BYDV-PAV isolates, in the leaves, from 98.7% for susceptible plant genotypes to 81.9% and 71.7% for Zhong ZH and TC14, respectively, (3) reduce the virus load in the leaves of infected plants and (4) are not spared from BYDV infection, as 95.1% of Zhong ZH and 90.2% of TC14 inoculated plants accumulated viral particles in roots and/or in leaves at 21 DAI. These results confirm the BYDV-partial resistant behaviour of both Zhong ZH and TC14 lines. The development rate of the disease was the single parameter that allowed the distinction between the two resistant sources present in the tested lines.     

Coat protein-mediated resistance to isolates of barley yellow dwarf in oats and barley

Tissue cultures of GAF30/Park oats were biolistically co-transformed with constructs containing the coat protein (CP) genes of the P-PAV, MAV-PS1 or NY-RPV isolates of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), together with a construct containing the bar gene for herbicide resistance and the uidA reporter gene. Transformed, herbicide-resistant tissue cultures were screened by PCR for the presence of the CP genes. Fertile regenerated plants were recovered from some CP-transformed tissue cultures. T₁ progeny of these plants were screened for resistance to the BYDV isolate corresponding to the introduced gene by inoculation with viruliferous aphids followed by ELISA tests. Variation in ELISA values for GAF30/Park control plants made interpretation of the data difficult, but oat plants resistant to each of the three isolates of BYDV (ELISA values less than 0.3; virus titers equivalent to less than 25% of infected controls) were identified in T₁ generations. Further testing of MAV-PS1 CP-transformed lines to the T₂ generation, NY-RPV CP-transformed lines to the T₃ generation and P-PAV CP-transformed lines to the T₄ generation identified further resistant plants. Similarly, immature embryos and calli of the barley cultivar Golden Promise were biolistically bombarded with constructs containing the CP gene of the P-PAV isolate of BYDV and the bar and uidA reporter genes, lines of self-fertile P-PAV CP-transformed barley plants were developed, and T₁plants were screened for resistance to P-PAV. Eight plants from six lines showed moderate to high levels of resistance to P-PAV that correlated with the presence of the CP gene. Plants giving low ELISA values were also found in other lines, even though the CP gene was not detected in these plants. Some T₂ plants derived from resistant parents that contained the CP gene were themselves highly resistant.     

Occurrence of barley yellow dwarf virus in cereals and grasses of the low-rainfall wheatbelt of South Australia

South Australia is in the dry temperate zone where most cereal crops are grown in an area of low rainfall, with a crop-free season from December to April. The incidence of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) was assessed by ELISA from 1989 to 1991 in wheat crops and irrigated pastures of South Australia. The incidence of BYDV was low in most wheat crops of the low-rainfall area in 1989 and 1990 (less than 1% of plants infected), but moderate levels of infection (1–10%) were observed in some early-sown crops. BYDV infection was more widespread in the high-rainfall area (south east of South Australia). A high incidence of BYDV was observed in the irrigated pastures of the three areas surveyed (4–86%). Of the five previously described strains, the Rhopalosiphum padi/Sitobion avenae strain (PAV) was the most common in wheat samples (> 90%). PAV and the R. padi-specific strain (RPV) were found in pasture grasses, alone or in mixed infection. Virus incidence was greater in Festuca spp. (56%) and Lolium perenne (30%) than in other species (2-–9%).     

Barley yellow dwarf virus in ryegrass and its detection by ELISA

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) effectively detected PAV- and MAV-like strains of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in ryegrass. MAV-like BYDV was found in a large proportion of ryegrass plants with foliar symptoms. There was a poor association between foliar symptoms and PAV-like virus, which occurred with similar frequency in plants with and without symptoms. By August 1982, plots of perennial, Italian and hybrid ryegrass sown at Auchincruive in 1980 were extensively infected with PAV- and MAV-like strains of BYDV. Tests on samples from 1981- and 1982-sown plots in August 1983 also indicated early invasion by BYDV. Infection levels of 7–80% were found in 13 commercial crops of perennial ryegrass surveyed near Auchincruive in May 1983. PAV-like BYDV occurred with greater frequency than did MAV-like strains of the virus.     

麦类品种与种质资源对大麦黄矮病毒GAV的田间抗性鉴定

为明确不同小麦品种对大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf viruses, BYDV)GAV的抗性差异,采用堆测法田间人工接种鉴定了215份小麦品种及种质资源的抗病性.结果表明,不同材料对黄矮病的抗病性存在较大差异,00中13、中4、西农979、临优21号、878和H9020-17-25-6-4的病情指数分别为18.9、9.6、16.3、21.1、21.1和22.6,表现出较好的抗病性;荔高6号、偃展4110、新麦13、豫麦49、徐麦856、金穗1号、中国春和7182的病情指数分别为68.9、55.2、58.5、54.0、56.2、51.5、55.8和53.0,均高于50.0,表现为高感;其余材料病情指数在25.0~50.0之间,表现为感病.此外,红须麦、豫麦34、小冰麦和晋麦47初期表现感病,后期恢复健康,有一定的耐病性.抗病性不同的小麦品种感染GAV后,对小麦产量的影响差异很大,抗病品种如中5产量损失为5.6%,中4产量损失7.6%,耐病品种小冰麦、晋麦47和红须麦的产量损失依次为19.9%、15.2%和18.3%,而感病品种荔高6号产量损失达到47.5%.