Development and characterization of wheat–Aegilopskotschyi1Uk(1A) substitution line with positive dough quality parameters

Exploring novel high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) from wild related species is a strategy to improve wheat processing quality.  The objective of the present investigation was to identify the chromosomes of the wheat-alien introgression line N124, derived from the hybridization between Triticum aestivum with Aegilops kotschyi, and characterize the effects on quality-related traits.  Fluorescence in situ hybridization karyotypes showed that N124 is a disomic 1U^k(1A) substitution line.  Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography verified N124 expressed two HMW-GSs of the Ae. kotschyi parent.  PacBio RNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the two HMW-GSs were U^kx and U^ky.  Compared to the wheat parent, the substitution line had no obvious agronomic defects except fewer grains per spike but improved several major quality parameters.  It can be served as a donor or bridge material for wheat quality improvement.     

Reduction of N2O emissions by DMPP depends on the interactions of nitrogen sources (digestate vs. urea) with soil properties

The inhibition of nitrification by mixing nitrification inhibitors (NI) with fertilizers is emerging as an effective method to reduce fertilizer-induced nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions.  The additive 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) apparently inhibits ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) more than ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), which dominate the nitrification in alkaline and acid soil, respectively.  However, the efficacy of DMPP in terms of nitrogen sources interacting with soil properties remains unclear.  We therefore conducted a microcosm experiment using three typical Chinese agricultural soils with contrasting pH values (fluvo-aquic soil, black soil and red soil), which were fertilized with either digestate or urea in conjunction with a range of DMPP concentrations.  In the alkaline fluvo-aquic soil, fertilization with either urea or digestate induced a peak in N₂O emission (60 μg N kg^–1 d^–1) coinciding with the rapid nitrification within 3 d following fertilization.  DMPP almost eliminated this peak in N₂O emission, reducing it by nearly 90%, despite the fact that the nitrification rate was only reduced by 50%.  In the acid black soil, only the digestate induced an N₂O emission that increased gradually, reaching its maximum (20 μg N kg^–1 d^–1) after 5–7 d.  The nitrification rate and N₂O emission were both marginally reduced by DMPP in the black soil, and the N₂O yield (N₂O-N per NO₂^–+NO₃^–-N produced) was exceptionally high at 3.5%, suggesting that the digestate induced heterotrophic denitrification.  In the acid red soil, the N₂O emission spiked in the digestate and urea treatments at 50 and 10 μg N kg^–1 d^–1, respectively, and DMPP reduced the rates substantially by nearly 70%.  Compared with 0.5% DMPP, the higher concentrations of DMPP (1.0 to 1.5%) did not exert a significantly (P<0.05) better inhibition effect on the N₂O emissions in these soils (either with digestate or urea).  This study highlights the importance of matching the nitrogen sources, soil properties and NIs to achieve a high efficiency of N₂O emission reduction.     

Diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton: Design,synthesis, and insecticidal activity

Diamide derivatives are biologically active molecules that have been widely applied in recent years in research on pesticides, especially insecticides.  Using a simple and environmentally friendly scheme, a series of new diamide derivatives containing a trifluoromethylpyridine skeleton was designed, synthesized, and confirmed by ¹H, ¹⁹F and ¹³C NMR, and HR-MS.  Their insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera were measured and the relationship between structure and activity was investigated.  Eight of the title compounds (D2, D5, D10, D21, D28, D29, D30 and D33) showed 100% activity against P. xylostella at 500 mg L^–1.  One compound, D33, still showed 100% activity against P. xylostella at 100 mg L^–1 and had the lowest LC₅₀ (lethal concentration 50%, 3.7 mg L^–1) among the synthesized compounds.  Molecular docking analysis revealed that D33 could be thoroughly embedded in the active pocket of the ryanodine receptor via hydrogen bonding in a manner similar to the commercial insecticide chlorantraniliprole.     

Hole fertilization in the root zone facilitates maize yield and nitrogen utilization by mitigating potential N loss and improving mineral N accumulation

Reducing environmental impacts and improving N utilization are critical to ensuring food security in China.  Although root-zone fertilization has been considered an effective strategy to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), the effect of controlled-release urea (CRU) applied in conjunction with normal urea in this mode is unclear.  Therefore, a 3-year field experiment was conducted using a no-N-added as a control and two fertilization modes (FF, furrow fertilization by manual trenching, i.e., farmer fertilizer practice; HF: root-zone hole fertilization by point broadcast manually) at 210 kg N ha^–1 (controlled-release:normal fertilizer=5:5), along with a 1-year in-situ microplot experiment.  Maize yield, NUE and N loss were investigated under different fertilization modes.  The results showed that compared with FF, HF improved the average yield and N recovery efficiency by 8.5 and 22.3% over three years, respectively.  HF had a greater potential for application than FF treatment, which led to increases in dry matter accumulation, total N uptake, SPAD value and LAI.  In addition, HF remarkably enhanced the accumulation of ¹⁵N derived from fertilizer by 17.2% compared with FF, which in turn reduced the potential loss of ¹⁵N by 43.8%.  HF increased the accumulation of N in the tillage layer of soils at harvest for potential use in the subsequent season relative to FF.  Hence, HF could match the N requirement of summer maize, sustain yield, improve NUE and reduce environmental N loss simultaneously.  Overall, root-zone hole fertilization with blended CRU and normal urea can represent an effective and promising practice to achieve environmental integrity and food security on the North China Plain, which deserves further application and investigation.     

秸秆分解对两种类型土壤无机氮和氧化亚氮排放的影响

[目的]明确作物秸秆分解对土壤无机氮和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响,为不同土壤类型采用合理的氮肥用量,促进秸秆分解、增加土壤可利用养分、减少N2O等温室气体排放提供理论依据.[方法]室内采用尼龙网袋法,设置秸秆类型(小麦和玉米)、土壤类型(潮土和砂姜黑土)和氮肥用量(N0:0,N1:180 kg N·hm-2,N2:3...     

Establishment of an efficient regeneration and genetic transformation system for Malus prunifolia Borkh. ‘Fupingqiuzi’

Malus prunifolia Borkh. ‘Fupingqiuzi’ has significant ecological and economic value and plays a key role in germplasm development and resistance research.  However, its long juvenile phase and high heterozygosity are barriers to the identification of ‘Fupingqiuzi’ progeny with excellent traits.  In-vitro regeneration techniques and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation systems can efficiently produce complete plants and thus enable studies of gene function.  However, optimal regeneration and genetic transformation systems for ‘Fupingqiuzi’ have not yet been developed.  Here, we evaluated the factors that affect the in-vitro regeneration and transformation of ‘Fupingqiuzi’.  The best results were obtained when transverse leaf sections were used as explants, and they were grown in dark culture for three weeks with their adaxial sides contacting the culture medium (MS basal salts, 30 g L⁻¹ sucrose, 8 g L⁻¹ agar, 5 mg L⁻¹  6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 2 mg L⁻¹ thidiazuron (TDZ), and 1 mg L⁻¹ 1-naphthlcetic acid (NAA), pH 5.8).  A genetic transformation system based on this regeneration system was optimized: after inoculation with A. tumefaciens solution for 8 min, 4 days of co-culture, and 3 days of delayed culture, the cultures were screened with cefotaxime (150 mg L⁻¹) and kanamycin (15 mg L⁻¹).  We thus established an efficient regeneration and genetic transformation system for ‘Fupingqiuzi’, enabling the rapid production of transgenic material.  These findings make a significant contribution to apple biology research     

Millet/peanut intercropping at a moderate N rate increases crop productivity and N use efficiency,as well as economic benefits,under rain-fed conditions

Cereal and legume intercropping has been widely adopted to increase crop productivity in sustainable farming systems worldwide.  Among different intercropping combinations, millet and peanut intercropping can be adapted to most water-limited areas.  However, there are few studies on the differences in yield characteristics and nitrogen use efficiency between millet/peanut intercropping and monocultures under different nitrogen (N) application rates.  The objective of this study was to determine the yield advantages and economic benefits, as well as the appropriate N application rate, of millet/peanut intercropping.  A two-year field experiment was conducted with three cropping patterns (monoculture millet, monoculture peanut and millet/peanut intercropping) and four N rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha⁻¹).  The results showed that the land equivalent ratio (LER) and net effect (NE) of the intercropping system reached their highest levels at the N input of 150 kg ha⁻¹ in 2018 and 2019 (1.04 for LER, 0.347 Mg ha⁻¹ for NE, averaged across two years).  Millet was the dominant crop in the intercropping system (aggressivity of millet and peanut (Amp)>0, competitive ratio of millet and peanut (CRmp)>1), and millet yields achieved their highest values at N inputs of 225 kg ha⁻¹ for monoculture and 150 kg ha⁻¹ for intercropping.  NUE reached its highest levels with N inputs of 150 kg ha⁻¹ for all planting patterns over the two years.  Intercropping combined with an N input of 150 kg ha⁻¹ achieved the highest net income of 2 791 USD ha⁻¹, with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.56, averaged over the two years.  From the perspective of economics and agricultural sustainable development, millet/peanut intercropping at 150 kg N ha⁻¹ seems to be a promising alternative to millet or peanut monoculture.     

Expression profiling of transgenes (Cry1Ac and Cry2A) in cotton genotypes under different genetic backgrounds

Transgenic cotton carrying the Cry1Ac gene has revolutionized insect pest control since its adoption, although the development of resistance in insect pests has reduced its efficacy.  After 10 years of cultivating Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton with a single Cry1Ac gene, growers are on the verge of adopting Bt cotton that carries the double gene (Cry1Ac+Cry2A) due to its better effectiveness against insect pests.  Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the role of each gene in the effectiveness of Bt cotton carrying the double gene.  The expression levels of the Cry1Ac and Cry2A genes were evaluated in the leaves of 10 genotypes (2 parents and 8 F₁ hybrids) at 30 days after sowing (DAS), while samples of leaves, bolls and flowers were taken from the upper and lower canopies at 70 and 110 DAS.  The F₁ hybrids were developed through reciprocal crosses between two Bt (CKC-1, CKC-2) and two non-Bt (MNH-786, FH-942) parents.  The differential expression of transgenes was evaluated through Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA).  The results showed that the MNH786×CKC-1 hybrid had the highest concentrations of Cry1Ac gene at 30 DAS (3.08 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (1.01 µg g^–1) in leaves.  In contrast, the CKC-2×MNH-786 hybrid showed the lowest concentrations of Cry1Ac gene at 30 DAS (2.30 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (0.86 µg g^–1).  The F₁ hybrid FH-942×CKC-2 showed the highest concentrations of Cry2A gene at 30 DAS (8.39 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (7.74 µg g^–1) in leaves, while the CKC-1×MNH-786 hybrid expressed the lowest concentrations of Cry2A gene at 30 DAS (7.10 µg g^–1) and 110 DAS (8.31 µg g^–1).  A comparison between the two stages of plant growth showed that leaves had the highest concentrations at 30 DAS, whereas the lowest concentrations were observed at 110 DAS for both genes in leaves.  When the expression pattern was compared between various plant parts in genotype CKC-2, it was found that leaves had higher concentrations of Cry1Ac (3.12 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (8.31 µg g^–1) at 70 DAS, followed by bolls (Cry1Ac (1.66 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (8.15 µg g^–1)) and flowers (Cry1Ac (1.07 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (7.99 µg g^–1)).  The genotype CKC-2 had higher concentrations of Cry1Ac (3.12 µg g^–1) and Cry2A (8.31 µg g^–1) in the upper canopy but less accumulation (2.66 µg g^–1 of Cry1Ac, 8.09 µg g^–1 of Cry2A) in the lower canopy at 70 DAS.  Similarly, at 110 DAS, the expression levels of Cry1Ac and Cry2A in upper and lower canopy leaves were 1.52 and 7.92 µg g^–1, and 0.99 and 7.54 µg g^–1, respectively.  Hence, the current study demonstrates that different genotypes showed variable expression for both of the Cry1Ac and Cry2A genes during plant growth due to different genetic backgrounds.  The Cry2A gene had three-fold higher expression than Cry1Ac with significant differences in expression in different plant parts.  The findings of this study will be helpful for breeding insect-resistant double-gene genotypes with better gene expression levels of Cry1Ac and Cry2A for sustainable cotton production worldwide.     

Biosynthesis of artemisinic acid in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its attractiveness to the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum

Artemisia annua is an important preferred host of the mirid bug Apolygus lucorum in autumn.  Volatiles emitted from A. annua attract A. lucorum.  Volatile artemisinic acid of A. annua is a precursor of artemisinin that has been widely investigated in the Chinese herbal medicine field.  However, little is known at this point about the biological roles of artemisinic acid in regulating the behavioral trends of A. lucorum.  In this study, we collected volatiles from A. annua at the seedling stage by using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME).  Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that approximately 11.03±6.00 and 238.25±121.67 ng h^–1 artemisinic acid were detected in volatile samples and milled samples, respectively.  Subsequently, a key gene for artemisinic acid synthesis, the cytochrome P450 gene cyp71av1, was expressed in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae to catalyze the production of artemisinic acid.  After the addition of exogenous artemisinic alcohol or artemisinic aldehyde, artemisinic acid was identified as the product of the expressed gene.  In electroantennogram (EAG) recordings, 3-day-old adult A. lucorum showed significant electrophysiological responses to artemisinic alcohol, artemisinic aldehyde and artemisinic acid.  Furthermore, 3-day-old female bugs were significantly attracted by artemisinic acid and artemisinic alcohol at a concentration of 10 mmol L^–1, whereas 3-day-old male bugs were attracted significantly by 10 mmol L^–1 artemisinic acid and artemisinic aldehyde.  We propose that artemisinic acid and its precursors could be used as potential attractant components for the design of novel integrated pest management strategies to control A. lucorum.     

Effects of LPA on the development of sheep in vitro fertilized embryos and attempt to establish sheep embryonic stem cells

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a small molecule glycerophospholipid, which regulates multiple downstream signalling pathways through G-protein-coupled receptors to achieve numerous functions on oocyte maturation and embryo development.  In this study, sheep in vitro fertilized embryos were applied to investigate the effects of LPA on early embryos development and embryonic stem cell establishment.  At first, the maturation medium containing estrus female sheep serum and synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) were optimized for sheep IVF, and then the effects of LPA were investigated.  From 0.1 to 10 μmol L^–1, LPA had no significant effect on the cleavage rate (P>0.05), but the maturation rate and blastocyst rate increased dependently with LPA concentration (P<0.05), and the blastocyst morphology was normal.  When the LPA concentration was 15 μmol L^–1, the maturation rate, cleavage rate and blastocyst rate decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the blastocyst exhibited abnormal morphology and could not develop into high-quality blastocyst.  Besides, the exogenous LPA increases the expression of LPAR2, LPAR4, TE-related gene CDX-2 and pluripotency-related gene OCT-4 in sheep early IVF embryos with the raise of LPA concentration from 0.1 to 10 μmol L^–1.  The expression of LPAR2, LPAR4, CDX-2 and OCT-4 from the LPA-0.1 μmol L^–1 to LPA-10 μmol L^–1 groups in early embryos were extremely significant (P<0.05), while the expression of these genes significantly decreased in 15 μmol L^–1 LPA-treated embryos compared with LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group (P<0.05).  The inner cell mass in 15 μmol L^–1 LPA-treated embryos was also disturbed, and the blastocysts formation was abnormal.  Secondly, the sheep IVF blastocysts were applied to establish embryonic stem cells.  The results showed that LPA made the blastocyst inoculated cells grow towards TSC-like cells.  They enhanced the fluorescence intensity and mRNA abundance of OCT-4 and CDX-2 as the concentration increased from 0 to 10 μmol L^–1, while 15 μmol L^–1 LPA decreased OCT-4 and CDX-2 expression in the derived cells.  The expression of CDX-2 and OCT-4 in the blastocyst inoculated cells of LPA-1 μmol L^–1 group and LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group extremely significantly increased (P<0.05), but there was significant decrease in LPA-15 μmol L^–1 group compared with LPA-10 μmol L^–1 group (P<0.05).  Meanwhile, the protein expression of LPAR2 and LPAR4 remarkably increased after treatment of LPA at 10 μmol L^–1 concentration.  This study references the IVF embryo production and embryonic stem cell research of domestic animals.      

杉木人工林土壤氮矿化对长期氮添加和季节的响应

  目的  探讨长期氮沉降和季节变化对杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata人工林无机氮及氮素转化速率的影响。  方法  以福建省三明市沙县官庄国有林场亚热带人工杉木林为研究对象,开展长期(10 a)氮添加梯度(对照:N₀;低氮:N₁;中氮:N₂;高氮:N₃)野外控制试验,通过野外原位培养方法测定氮添加对净氮矿化、硝化和淋溶的影响。  结果  ①氮添加显著提高了铵态氮(NH₄ +-N)、硝态氮(NO₃ ?-N) 和总无机氮质量分数,从大到小均依次为N₃、N₂、N₁、N₀,且铵态氮质量分数均高于硝态氮。②氮素转化速率随氮添加梯度而增大,高氮显著促进了氮素转化(P＜0.05)。③季节显著影响氮素转化(P＜0.05),净氮矿化速率、硝化速率与淋溶速率均表现为夏季高、冬季低的季节动态。  结论  氮添加显著增加了土壤无机氮与氮素转化速率,土壤pH、碳氮比(C/N)和土壤温度可能是研究区氮添加驱动氮素转化的主要因子。在杉木人工林的经营与管理中需要更多关注土壤养分和氮素转化速率对外源氮输入的响应。图2表3参40     

不同类型氮肥对东北春玉米土壤N2O和CO2昼夜排放的影响

【目的】探明不同类型氮肥对高纬度春玉米土壤N₂O和CO₂昼夜排放的影响,以期为高纬度地区农田氮肥高效利用管理和温室气体减排提供参考依据。【方法】通过田间微区施用缓释肥（SLN）、尿素添加硝化抑制剂+脲酶抑制剂（NIUI）和普通尿素（OU）试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,分别在苗前（S1）、苗期（S2）、拔节期（S3）、灌浆期（S4）、蜡熟期（S5）和休闲期（S6）6个时期取样测定,比较分析农田N₂O和CO₂的昼夜排放特性。【结果】施用不同类型氮肥,田间N₂O和CO₂昼夜排放均呈单峰变化趋势,S1—S6时期,土壤N₂O排放高峰出现在12：00—19：00,排放低谷出现在下半夜（0：00—6：00）,而S2—S5同一时期白天或夜晚各观测时段之间CO₂排放通量差异不显著。S1和S2时期,N₂O和CO₂白天排放量分别占全天总排放量的56.2%—82.3%和53.6%—66.5%,而S3—S6时期,白天排放比例分别为40.6%—59.6%和43.7%—55.4%。SLN处理减少了S1时期土壤N₂O的全天总排放量,而NIUI处理减少了S1、S2和S5时期土壤N₂O的全天总排放量,其主要减排时段为S1时期的4：00—16：00和S2时期的12：00—22：00,其中S2时期18：00—19：00减排量占所有减排时段总量的57.3%,S5时期昼夜各时段均表现为减排作用,且昼夜减排比例相当;SLN对土壤CO₂的主要减排时段为S1时期的全天和S3时期的15：00—4：00,其中S1时期12：00—23：00减排比例高达76.8%,S3时期夜晚减排比例占所有减排时段总量的68.1%;NIUI处理在玉米生长季5个测定日都表现出对CO₂的减排作用,但昼夜减排比例存在差异,白天平均减排46.9%,最高减排达73.2%。同时发现,N₂O和CO₂排放通量日均值与9：00—10：00观测值存在极显著正相关关系（r_N2O=0.938**,r_CO2=0.977**）,9：00—10：00可作为东北春玉米农田N₂O和CO₂昼夜排放研究的代表性取样时段。【结论】不同类型氮肥对土壤N₂O和CO₂昼夜排放通量的影响在不同时期表现各异。与常规施氮相比,缓释氮肥抑制了玉米苗前期土壤N₂O昼夜排放,减排时段主要在9：00—22：00,而在其他测定日均促进了土壤N₂O昼夜排放;尿素添加硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂抑制了玉米苗前白天、苗期夜晚以及收获期白天和夜晚的土壤N₂O排放,对拔节期至灌浆期土壤N₂O的昼夜排放均表现为促进作用。在苗前测定日全天和拔节期测定日的夜晚,缓释肥对土壤CO₂表现出减排作用;尿素添加硝化抑制剂和脲酶抑制剂降低了6个测定日土壤CO₂的排放。     

氮磷添加下施用保水剂对油茶林土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

  目的  化肥施用导致土壤氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放增加,加剧了全球气候变化。在干旱和降水分配不均地区,土壤含水量是影响土壤N₂O排放的关键因子,施用保水剂(如聚丙烯酰胺)可能影响土壤N₂O排放。本研究目的是探究氮(N)与磷(P)肥添加下施用聚丙烯酰胺对土壤N₂O排放的影响。  方法  以油茶Camellia oleifera林土壤为研究对象,设置不同处理,包括不同肥料添加[N、P、N+P、不施肥(ck)],不同聚丙烯酰胺用量(C₀:0 g·kg?1,C₁:1.0 g·kg?1,C₂:2.0 g·kg?1)以及两者交互处理,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定油茶苗生长期内土壤N₂O排放。  结果  ①施用聚丙烯酰胺显著提高了油茶林土壤含水量(P＜0.05),且土壤含水量随保水剂施用量的增加而增加。与C₀相比,C₁和C₂土壤的含水量分别增加47.1%和57.4%,但施用聚丙烯酰胺不会促进土壤N₂O排放(F=2.75,P＞0.05)。②施磷肥显著提高土壤N₂O累积排放量(P＜0.05),相较于ck增加13.3%。③与只添加聚丙烯酰胺的土壤相比,1.0 g·kg?1聚丙烯酰胺分别与N、P、N+P肥混施处理的土壤N₂O排放通量分别显著增加56.0%、61.7%、40.7% (P＜0.05);2.0 g·kg?1聚丙烯酰胺与P、N+P肥混施处理的土壤N₂O排放通量分别显著增加38.7%、58.1% (P＜0.05)。  结论  施用聚丙烯酰胺不仅能有效提高油茶土壤保水能力,而且还不会促进油茶土壤N₂O排放,有利于发展高效节水林业和缓解全球气候变化。图5表1参35     

Study on PCR rapid molecular detection technique of Meloidogyne vitis

Meloidogyne vitis is a new root-knot nematode parasitic on grape root in Yunnan Province, China.  In order to establish a rapid, reliable and specific molecular detection method for M. vitis, the species-specific primers were designed with rDNA-ITS (ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer) gene fragment as the target.  The reaction system was optimized and the reliability, specificity and sensitivity of primer were testified, therefore, a rapid PCR detection method for M. vitis was established.  The result showed that the optimal annealing temperature of the primers was 53°C, which was suitable for the detection of different life stages of M. vitis.  Specificity test showed that the specific fragment size of 174 bp was obtained from M. vitis, but other five non-target nematodes did not have any amplification bands, thus effectively distinguish M. vitis and the other five species, and could specifically detect the M. vitis from mixed populations.  Sensitivity test showed that this PCR technique could detect the DNA of a single second-stage juvenile (J₂) and 10^–4 female.  Futhermore, this PCR technique could be used to detect directly M. vitis from soil samples.  The rapid, sensitive and specific PCR molecular detection technique could be used for the direct identification of a single J₂ of M. vitis and the detection of M. vitis in mixed nematode populations and the detection of two J₂s or one male in 0.5 g soil samples, which will provide technical support for the investigation of the occurrence and damage of M. vitis and the formulation of efficient green control strategies.     

Plastic-film-side seeding,as an alternative to traditional film mulching,improves yield stability and income in maize production in semi-arid regions

Planting under plastic-film mulches is widely used in spring maize production in arid-cold regions for water conservation and warming the soil.To ameliorate the associated issues such as plastic-film residues and additional labor during the“seedling release” in spring maize production, we have developed a plastic-film-side seeding (PSS) technology with the supporting machinery.In the semi-arid regions of Northwest China, a 7-year trial demonstrated that PSS increased plant number per hectare by ...     

Growth and nitrogen productivity of drip-irrigated winter wheat under different nitrogen fertigation strategies in the North China Plain

Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main cause of N loss and poor use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP).  Drip fertigation is considered to be an effective method for improving N use efficiency and reducing losses, while the performance of drip fertigation in winter wheat is limited by poor N scheduling.  A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth, development and yield of drip-fertigated winter wheat under different split urea (46% N, 240 kg ha^–1) applications.  The six treatments consisted of five fertigation N application scheduling programs and one slow-release fertilizer (SRF) application.  The five N scheduling treatments were N0–100 (0% at sowing and 100% at jointing/booting), N25–75 (25% at sowing and 75% at jointing and booting), N50–50 (50% at sowing and 50% at jointing/booting), N75–25 (75% at sowing and 25 at jointing/booting), and N100–0 (100% at sowing and 0% at jointing/booting).  The SRF (43% N, 240 kg ha^–1) was only used as fertilizer at sowing.  Split N application significantly (P<0.05) affected wheat grain yield, yield components, aboveground biomass (ABM), water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).  The N50–50 and SRF treatments respectively had the highest yield (8.84 and 8.85 t ha^–1), ABM (20.67 and 20.83 t ha^–1), WUE (2.28 and 2.17 kg m^–3) and NPFP (36.82 and 36.88 kg kg^–1).  This work provided substantial evidence that urea-N applied in equal splits between basal and topdressing doses compete economically with the highly expensive SRF for fertilization of winter wheat crops.  Although the single-dose SRF could reduce labor costs involved with the traditional method of manual spreading, the drip fertigation system used in this study with the N50–50 treatment provides an option for farmers to maintain wheat production in the NCP.     

生物质炭基尿素和普通尿素对毛竹林土壤氧化亚氮通量的影响

【目的】探索生物质炭基尿素和普通尿素的施用对毛竹Phyllostachys edulis林土壤氧化亚氮(N₂O)通量与环境因子的影响效应与作用机制,为研发减缓土壤N₂O排放的施肥技术提供科学依据。【方法】2018年9月至2019年9月,在杭州市临安区青山镇亚热带典型毛竹林样地布置野外控制试验。试验设5个处理：对照(不施肥)、低水平尿素(100 kg·hm^-2)、高水平尿素(300 kg·hm^-2)、低水平炭基尿素(100 kg·hm^-2)和高水平炭基尿素(300 kg·hm^-2)。采用静态箱—气相色谱法测定毛竹林土壤N₂O排放速率,分析在上述施肥处理下土壤N₂O通量、温度、含水量、氮素形态及相关酶活性的动态变化规律。【结果】低水平尿素和高水平尿素处理使毛竹林土壤N₂O的年累积排放通量增加了17.3%和36.0%,而低水平炭基尿素和高水平炭基尿素处理分别使其降低了3.1%和16.9%。尿素和炭...     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生育期土壤N2O排放的影响

【目的】明确丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）影响玉米生育期土壤氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放的机制,为增加玉米产量、提高氮素利用效率、减少温室气体排放提供理论依据。【方法】采用分室（生长室和菌丝室）箱体装置,盆栽设置氮肥用量（N1：180 kg N·hm^-2;N2：360 kg N·hm^-2）和丛枝菌根真菌（M0：作物根和AMF均不能从生长室进入菌丝室;M1：只有丛枝菌根真菌能从生长室进入菌丝室;M2：作物根和丛枝菌根真菌均能从生长室进入菌丝室）双因素试验,测定玉米生长期间植株生物量、植株氮素积累量、N₂O排放量;采用Illumina平台Hiseq 2500 PE250高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌群落结构和多样性对丛枝菌根真菌的响应。【结果】氮肥用量和丛枝菌根真菌均显著影响玉米产量、植株生物量、植株氮素积累量和N₂O排放量。不同氮肥用量条件下接种丛枝菌根真菌均显著增加玉米籽粒产量、植株生物量和氮素积累量。与M0相比,N1条件下M1和M2处理产量均值分别增加38%和82%,地上部氮素积累量增加30%和52%,无机氮含量减少26%和65%;N2条件下M1和M2处理籽粒产量分别增加16%和48%;地上部氮素积累量增加9%和33%,无机氮含量减少34%和55%。与M0相比, N1条件下M1和M2处理N₂O累积排放量分别降低17%和40%,N₂O排放强度分别降低41%和67%;而N2条件下N₂O累积排放量降低26%和45%,排放强度分别降低28%和57%。NMDS 分析表明,施肥和丛枝菌根真菌均对细菌群落结构有较大影响。与N1均值相比,N2处理门水平变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）相对丰度分别降低6%和15%,而放线菌门（Actinobacteria）增加32%;属水平链霉菌（Streptomyces）增加27%,芽单胞菌属（Gemmatimonas）降低8%。与M0相比,N1条件下M1和M2处理的Streptomyces分别增加64%和205%,Gemmatimonas细菌丰度分别增加31%和53%;N2条件下M1和M2处理的Streptomyces分别增加10%和93%,M1处理的Gemmatimonas细菌丰度降低2%,M2处理Gemmatimonas细菌丰度增加56%。土壤中Streptomyces和Gemmatimonas与N₂O排放量呈显著负相关,而与玉米产量呈显著正相关。【结论】不同氮肥水平玉米接种丛枝菌根真菌均能显著降低土壤N₂O排放量,这种影响主要通过提高玉米氮素的吸收利用和改善土壤细菌群落组成实现的,其中主要增加了土壤链霉菌属和芽单胞菌属的相对丰度。     

Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus (P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood.  In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons (2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high (30.36 mg kg^–1) and low (9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize (Pwm) along with a reduced P fertilizer application only to wheat (Pw).  The microbial community structure along with soil P availability parameters and crop yield were determined.  The results showed that the Pw treatment reduces the annual P input by 33.3% without affecting the total yield for at least two consecutive years as compared with the Pwm treatment in the high Olsen-P soil.  Soil water-soluble P concentrations in the Pw treatment were similar to those in the Pwm treatment at the 12-leaf collar stage when maize requires the most P.  Furthermore, the soil P content significantly affected soil microbial communities, especially fungal communities.  Meanwhile, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of Pw were significantly higher (by 11.4 and 13.3%) than those of Pwm in soil with high Olsen-P.  The microfloral contribution to yield was greater than that of soil P content in soil with high Olsen-P.  Relative abundances of Bacillus and Rhizobium were enriched in the Pw treatment compared with the Pwm treatment.  Bacillus showed a significant positive correlation with acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, and Rhizobium displayed significant positive correlations with ACP and ALP in soil with high Olsen-P, which may enhance P availability.  Our findings suggested that the application of P fertilization only to wheat is practical in high P soils to ensure optimal production in the wheat and maize double cropping system and that the soil P availability and microbial community may collaborate to maintain optimal yield in a wheat–maize double cropping system.