Microsatellites reveal strong genetic structure in the common cutworm,Spodoptera litura

The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a voracious agricultural pest. To increase understanding of the migration patterns and genetic diversity of different geographic populations of this species, we analyzed genetic variation in nine microsatellite loci among 576 individuals collected from 17 locations in China and one in Myanmar during 2011–2012. We successfully identified 162 alleles, with an average of 18 alleles per locus and a range of 5 to 34. The mean observed heterozygosity of the 18 populations ranged from 0.18 to 0.98, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.19 to 0.89. For the nine microsatellite markers studied, polymorphism information content ranged from 0.18 to 0.88(mean=0.64). We found low genetic differentiation among the 18 populations(mean F-statistics(F_(ST))=0.05) and high genetic diversity among individuals. Principle coordinates analysis indicated no significant correlation between geographic and genetic distance(r=0.04). The value of N_m(N_m4) estimated using coalescent-based methods suggests strong gene flow with migration. The nine microsatellite markers identified in this study will be beneficial for further investigation of migration patterns and genetic diversity in S. litura.     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的南海北部金钱鱼种群遗传结构分析

【目的】分析南海北部金钱鱼（Scatophagus argus）遗传多样性,明确其群体演化历史和分布动态,为金钱鱼养殖育种及其种质资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据。【方法】以采自福建东山（DS）、广东阳江（YJ）、海南海口（HK）、广西北海涠洲岛（BH）、广西钦州（QZ）、广西防城港（FC）及越南清化（TH）等南海北部的7个金钱鱼地理群体为研究对象,基于线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因（Cyt b）序列分析,利用DnaSP 5.10统计南海北部金钱鱼群体的单倍型、单倍型多样性指数（H_d）和遗传多样性指数（π）,通过邻接法（NJ）构建单倍型的系统发育进化树,以Network 4.6中的中介连接网络法构建单倍型网络图,并综合Tajima’s D检验、Fu’s Fs检验及核苷酸错配分布等方法分析金钱鱼群体的历史动态。【结果】7个金钱鱼地理群体的291条Cyt b基因序列定义为33个单倍型（Hap1~Hap33）,其中单倍型Hap1、Hap2和Hap7是南海北部金钱鱼在长期进化过程中形成的稳定优势基因型。7个金钱鱼地理群体的H_d为0.54103~0.77436,π为0.00112~0.00171,群体内遗传距离为0.00113~0.00171,遗传分化系数（F_st）为-0.01734~0.00364,基因流（Nm）为137.03888~inf。不同地理群体的单倍型均无规律地散布在单倍型系统发育进化树上,不存在与地理群体明显对应的系统分支,也未表现出明显的地理聚群分布特征。金钱鱼群体内个体间的遗传变异为100.74%,说明遗传变异全部来源于群体内个体间,即南海北部金钱鱼群体既无群体分化,也无以琼州海峡分隔的组群分化。Tajima’s D检验和Fu’s Fs检验结果均为显著负值,且核苷酸错配分布呈单峰分布,推测南海北部金钱鱼群体发生过群体扩张,且扩张事件约发生在3.4万年前,属于更新世晚期。【结论】南海北部7个金钱鱼地理群体的遗传多样性符合高单倍型多样性低核苷酸多样性类型,群体间遗传距离较小,亲缘关系较近,遗传分化不明显,且群体间存在频繁的基因交流,具有高度的遗传同质性,符合南海北部金钱鱼是一个随机交配种群的假设。     

入侵我国中南三省(区)草地贪夜蛾的单倍体型和群体遗传结构分析

【目的】揭示入侵我国中南三省(区)的草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda种群间可能存在的遗传变异,探讨其入侵来源、入侵路线和扩散方式,为制定有效控制和阻击草地贪夜蛾的方案提供理论依据和遗传信息。【方法】利用分子标记技术从线粒体DNA和核DNA角度研究草地贪夜蛾种群的遗传多样性和种群结构。对采集自我国广东、广西和湖南3个省(区)的草地贪夜蛾,利用COI和Tpi基因片段进行了单倍体型分析,利用9个微卫星标记分析种群间的遗传结构和遗传多样性。【结果】供试样品中,除了湖南张家界群体有2个样品为COI玉米型单倍体型、1个样品为杂合型,其他群体的个体均为COI水稻型单倍体型。基于SSR标记的群体遗传分析结果表明,被检测的群体遗传多样性较巴西等国家的美洲群体低,各群体遗传分化不明显。广东东莞群体与湖南张家界群体的遗传距离最近,与广西南宁群体的遗传距离较远。【结论】遗传距离与实际距离之间不一定呈正相关,通过遗传结构的分析有助于推测草地贪夜蛾扩散过程中,天气背景场、地理隔离和人为传播各自所起的作用。入侵湖南省张家界的草地贪夜蛾出现了低频率COI玉米型和高频率的CO I水稻型单倍体型,说明虫源的非单一性;草地贪夜蛾在入侵地定殖时间较短,目前未形成明显的遗传分化。     

根据EH277045衍生序列变异分析中国互花米草种群的遗传结构

[目的]在核DNA水平根据DNA序列变异分析我国沿海8个互花米草种群的遗传结构。[方法]根据互花米草EST序列EH277045的序列信息设计引物,在8个种群共75份样本中扩增该衍生序列,采取直接测序的方法,比较序列差异,计算多种遗传参数,分析中国互花米草种群的遗传多样性与变异。[结果]共得到28个多态位点将75份样本分为25种单倍型,核苷酸多样性为0.011,单倍型多样性为0.794;种群间基因分化系数GST为0.163、遗传分化指数FST为0.222;AMOVA分析揭示79%的遗传差异来源于种群内,21%的遗传差异来源于种群间。[结论]我国互花米草种群遗传多样性水平高,种群间遗传分化较低,遗传多样性主要存在于种群内。     

Population Genetic Analysis of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in Qinghai Province,China

To gain more precise information about molecular genetic variation for wild populations of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici from Qinghai Province, China, 38 single-colony isolates were purified from samples collected from Haidong District, Xining City and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in 2010. The virulence of 21 isolates among them was tested at seedling stage on 34 wheat cultivars (lines) carrying known powdery mildew (Pm) resistant genes. The results showed that V1a, V3a, V3c, V3e, V5a, V6, V7, V8 and V19 had high virulence frequencies (>75%), indicating a wide distribution; and V1c, V5b, V12, V13, V16, V21, VXBD, V2+6, V2+Mld and V4+8, with less distribution, appeared to be lower in frequencies (0-20%). The Nei's gene diversity (H), Shannon's information index (I) and the percentage of polymorphic loci (P) were 0.23, 0.35 and 67.65%, respectively, which revealed a virulent diversity. The results from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 38 isolates showed that three housekeeping genes were found to contain a total of 9 SNP sites. 10 haplotypes (H1-H10) were inferred from the concatenated sequences, with 1 haplotype (H1) comprising of over 55% of Qinghai population. Phylogenic analysis did not show obvious geographical subdivision between the isolates. A multilocus haplotype network presented a radial structure, with H1 in the central as an inferred ancestor. Using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), we found 1.63% of the total variation was among populations and 98.37% within populations, with a low fixations index (F_ST=0.01634, P<0.05). This revealed a relatively high genetic diversity but a low genetic divergence in Qinghai population. Moreover, the molecular data on gene flow (Nm=6.32) confirmed the migration of pathogen populations among areas in Qinghai Province.     

基于28S rDNA D2区序列的陕南凹缘菱纹叶蝉分子系统学与遗传多样性研究

为探讨陕南桑园凹缘菱纹叶蝉(Hishimonus sellatus Uhler)系统关系与遗传多样性,对陕南7个主要蚕桑产区共132头凹缘菱纹叶蝉的 28S rDNA基因D2区序列进行核苷酸多样性和遗传差异分析,同时研究单倍型之间的分子系统关系和网络进化图。结果表明,总群体共存在多态性位点63个,单倍型8个,优势单倍型H_1占单倍型总数的74.2%,遗传分化程度较低。分子方差分析显示:种群内变异占总组分的98.94%,差异不显著,且其基因流系数Nst和种群地理距离之间不存在相关性(R~2=0.019 7),说明各个地理种群之间存在渐渗杂交。     

中国近海小黄鱼遗传变异的细胞色素b序列分析

分析了中国近海丹东、营口、舟山、温州和福州32尾小黄鱼线粒体Cytb基因的862bp序列,共检测到31个变异位点,13个简约信息位点,26个单倍型;单倍型多样性为0.984±0.013,核苷酸多样性为0.00395。高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性,Tajima’s中性检验为负值且显著,核苷酸不配对分析呈单峰曲线,在简约性网络图中单倍型呈星状分布,表明小黄鱼经历过种群扩张,扩张年代约为0.14MY前。群体间较低的Fst值和较高的Nm值,在NJ系统树和简约性网络图中不同地理来源的单倍型交错分布,分子方差分析都表明群体间未出现明显的遗传分化,与传统的地理群体划分并不一致。推测小黄鱼产浮性卵、生活史中出现大规模的洄游以及扩张后的群体尚未在迁移与漂变间达到平衡可能是未检测到显著地理和谱系结构的主要原因。     

Dispersal routes of Cercospora zeina causing maize gray leaf spot in China

The gray leaf spot caused by Cercospora zeina has become a serious disease in maize in China. The isolates of C. zeina from Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Chongqing, Gansu, and Shaanxi were collected. From those, 127 samples were used for genetic diversity analysis based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and 108 samples were used for multi-gene sequence analysis based on five gene fragments. The results indicated that populations of C. zeina were differentiated with a relatively high genetic level and were classified into two major groups and seven subgroups. The intra-population genetic differentiation of C. zeina is the leading cause of population variation in China, and inter-population genetic similarity is closely related to the colonization time and spread direction. The multi-gene sequence analysis of C. zeina isolates demonstrated that there were nine haplotypes. Genetic diversity and multi-gene sequence revealed that Yunnan population of C. zeina, the earliest colonizing in China, had the highest genetic and haplotype diversity and had experienced an expansion event. With the influence of the southwest monsoon in the Indian Ocean, C. zeina from Yunnan gradually moved to Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Gansu, and Chongqing. Meanwhile, C. zeina was transferred directly from the Yunnan into the Hubei Province via seed and then came into Shaanxi, Henan, and Chongqing along with the wind from Hubei.     

Genetic diversity analysis of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) distributed in China based on allozyme markers approach

Using starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the genetic diversity of 19 populations of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) distributed in China has been evaluated based on seven allozyme systems. Among the 14 enzyme loci studied, 12 of them showed polymorphic, giving a total of 40 alleles. The average allelic number (A) and the average effective allelic number (Ae) were 3.004 and 2.178, whereas the average of expected heterozygosity (He) and the observed heterozygosity (Ho) were 0.525 and 0.440, respectively. The total genetic differentiation (H _T ) in the 19 populations tested was 0.536, including 0.515 within population (H _S ) and 0.021 among populations (D _ST ). The mean coefficient of genetic differentiation (G _ST ) was 0.038, indicating that 3.8% of genetic differentiation was resulted from the populations, and the rest from those within the population. The genetic distance among the 19 populations was small, ranging from 0.015 to 0.065. Cluster analysis based on AVERAGE showed that populations with closer geographical distribution had higher genetic similarity than that in populations with far away distribution. There was no evident geographic differentiation pattern in Chinese black locust populations at a biochemical level.     

贵州省烟蚜遗传多样性分析

【目的】分析贵州省各生态区烟蚜（Myzus persicae）种群间是否存在遗传差异及其差异程度,探明贵州烟蚜种群异质性及种群分化情况,揭示变异发生规律及其机理,为指导虫情监测以及综合治理提供理论依据。【方法】用SSR分子标记技术对贵州省25个主要烟区的烟蚜种群进行遗传多样性分析。【结果】25个地理种群中大部分的种群呈中度分化,个别种群呈高度分化;种群遗传分化及与地理距离、海拔之间的关系分析表明,种群间的遗传距离与地理距离无显著相关性,遗传一致度与海拔差距无相关性。烟蚜种群的系统发育分析表明,25个地理种群大致分为3部分。【结论】种群的遗传分化不符合地理隔离模式,贵州省烟蚜各种群的种群分化复杂,其原因可能与贵州省特殊的地形和气候有关。     

生境片段化对千岛湖岛屿上黄足厚结猛蚁遗传多样性的影响

利用相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)分子标记法,对千岛湖片段化生境中14个岛屿上的黄足厚结猛蚁(Pachycondyla luteipes)种群遗传结构和多样性进行研究。利用5对SRAP引物对42份材料的基因组进行扩增,共得到大小在50-800 bp之间的71个可重复位点,其中63个为多态性位点,多态性比率达88.73%。AMOVA分析结果显示,65.03%的遗传变异存在于种群间,34.97%的遗传变异来自种群内(P < 0.001)。利用PopGene Version 1.32软件对SRAP多态性数据进行分析,不同岛屿种群的多态位点比例和Nei''s基因多样性指数变化范围分别介于35.21%-91.55%和0.2662-0.4905之间,平均值分别为58.25%和0.3729,其中多态位点比率最高的岛屿为面积最大的JSE岛。多态位点比例和Nei''s基因多样性指数与岛屿面积、海拔均无显著相关性,但与隔离度呈显著正相关关系。种群间遗传分化指数介于0.0777-0.9328之间,平均值为0.4419,基因流值介于0.0360-5.9350之间,平均值为1.0451,种群间遗传分化程度较高,基因流较低。利用UPGMA聚类分析法对14岛屿上的42个个体进行遗传聚类分析,表明地理距离较近的个体和岛屿具有优先聚在一起的趋势。Mantel 检验表明黄足厚结猛蚁各种群间地理距离与遗传距离间存在显著相关性(r=0.7757,P < 0.01)。以上结果表明地理隔离是影响千岛湖黄足厚结猛蚁种群遗传结构和多样性的主要因素。     

中国近海真鲷遗传变异的线粒体控制区序列分析

测定了辽宁东港、广东大亚湾和广西东兴3个海域各15尾真鲷的线粒体控制区5′端660bp的核苷酸序列,发现91个可变位点,64个简约信息位点。在45尾样品中共检测到43个单倍型,3个群体的平均单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性分别为(0.99～1)和(0.02522～0.02579),表现出较高的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性。在真鲷个体NJ树上出现3个谱系,各谱系中不同地理来源的个体比例相当,不呈现明显的地理聚群,推测各谱系大约形成于晚更新世的末期。Tajima’sD呈负值但不显著(P0.08),表明真鲷历史上没有发生快速扩张,种群大小稳定。群体间遗传分化指数Fst都为负值(-0.0001～-0.0188)但不显著(P0.1);AMOVA分析显示遗传变异主要集中在群体内的个体间(100.49%),而群体间的遗传变异很小(-0.49%);表明我国近海真鲷群体有可能是同一种群。     

根据EH277045衍生序列变异分析中国互花米草种群的遗传结构

[目的]在核DNA水平根据DNA序列变异分析我国沿海8个互花米草种群的遗传结构。[方法]根据互花米草EST序列EH277045的序列信息设计引物,在8个种群共75份样本中扩增该序列,采取直接测序的方法,比较序列差异,计算多种遗传参数,分析中国互花米草种群的遗传多棹性与变异。[结果]共得到28个多态位点,将75份样本分为25种单倍型,核苷酸多样性为0．01l,单倍型多样性为0．794;种群间基因分化系数Gst,为0．163,遗传分化指数Fst,为0．222;AMOVA分析揭示79％的遗传差异来源于种群内,21％的遗传差异来源于种群间。[结论]我国互花米草种群遗传多样性水平高,种群间遗传分化较低,遗传多样性主要存在于种群内。     

Population genetic structure of Chinese Puccinia triticina races based on multi-locus sequences

Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust, is one of the most devastating rust fungi attacking wheat worldwide. Seventy-six isolates of the wheat leaf rust pathogen from Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu and Henan provinces, China, were tested on wheat leaf rust differentials and the population structure was analyzed using four presumably neutral partial sequence markers such as elongation factor-1α(EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH), β-tubulin(TUB) and the second largest RNA polymerase subunit(RPB2). The phenotypic diversity of Yunnan and Sichuan populations was higher than that of Gansu and Henan populations. The four populations were separated into two clusters based on the pathogenic data. A total of 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and 32 haplotypes were identified among the four sequences. The 32 haplotypes were divided into two clusters in a neighbor-joining tree. Bayesian analyses also identified two clusters. Pairwise FST between populations in different regions were significantly different(P0.05). Analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA) indicated that 68% of the total genetic variation was within populations.     

Genetic Structure and Eco-Geographical Differentiation of Cultivated Keng Rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica) in China Revealed by Microsatellites

China is one of the largest centers of genetic diversity of Oryza sativa L. and is the original centers of Oryza sativa L. subspecies japonica. Using a genetically representative core collection of 1 442 rice landraces of japonica in China, the genetic structure, differentiation, and geographic diversity were analyzed. The model-based structure analysis on varieties within three ecotypes revealed 16 eco-geographical types, which are partially accorded with some of the ecological zones in China. The differentiation of eco-geographical types contributed to the local ecological adaption and physical isolation, and maybe could be used to develop the heterotic groups of japonica. To facilitate the identification of different ecotypes and eco-geographical types, we provided the SSR character alleles of each ecotype or geographical eco-group and a rapid discriminated method based on these character alleles. Lastly, investigation on genetic diversity, genetic differentiation indicated that southwest region of China, including south of Yunnan Province, northwest of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and southwest of Guizhou Province, possessed the highest genetic diversity and all the necessary conditions as a center of genetic diversity and should be the center of genetic diversity of rice landraces of japonica in China.     

基于线粒体控制区序列变异分析宁夏六盘山地区甘肃鼢鼠遗传多样性

宁夏六盘山地区是甘肃鼢鼠的典型分布区,本研究旨在探讨宁夏境内六盘山地区甘肃鼢鼠遗传多样性及其遗传分化。通过测定甘肃鼢鼠线粒体DNA控制区全序列,分析了六盘山地区6个不同地理种群甘肃鼢鼠遗传多样性与遗传结构。获得了长度为894~897 bp的D-loop序列,定义了20种单倍型,共检出72个变异位点,整体的平均单倍型多样性高（Hd=0.988±0.016）、核苷酸多样性高（Pi=0.022 94±0.001 47）。6个地理种群之间地理距离与遗传距离呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。歧点分布和中性检验均说明宁夏甘肃鼢鼠种群数量保持稳定。基于最大似然法（ML）和贝叶斯法（MB）构建的分子系统进化树表明,6个地理种群,得到3个稳定的分支。泾源、固原和隆德种群聚为一支,海原和西吉种群聚为一支,彭阳种群形成独立的进化分支。结果表明,宁夏六盘山地区甘肃鼢鼠各地理种群间因地理隔离及气候、地形的差异产生了较明显的分化,呈现出了较明显的地理分布格局。     

Physiology and defense responses of wheat to the infestation of different cereal aphids

Cereal aphids are major insect pests of wheat, which cause significant damages to wheat production. Previous studies mainly focused on the resistance of different wheat varieties to one specific aphid species. However, reports on the physiology and defense responses of wheat to different cereal aphids are basically lacking. In this work, we studied the feeding behavior of three cereal aphids: the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae(Fabricius), the greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum(Rondani), and the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus) on winter wheat, and the physiology and defense responses of wheat to the infestation of these cereal aphids with focus on how these cereal aphids utilize divergent strategies to optimize their nutrition requirement from wheat leaves. Our results indicated that S. graminum and R. padi were better adapted to penetrating phloem tissue and to collect more nutrition than S. avenae. The harm on wheat physiology committed by S. graminum and R. padi was severer than that by S. avenae, through reducing chlorophyll concentration and interfering metabolism genes. Furthermore, cereal aphids manipulated the plant nutrition metabolism by increasing the relative concentration of major amino acids and percentage of essential amino acids. In addition, different cereal aphids triggered specific defense response in wheat. All of these results suggested that different cereal aphids utilize divergent strategies to change the physiological and defense responses of their host plants in order to optimize their nutrition absorption and requirement. These findings not only extend our current knowledge on the insect–plant interactions but also provide useful clues to develop novel biotechnological strategies for enhancing the resistance and tolerance of crop plants against phloem-feeding insects.     

福建省烟粉虱自然种群遗传多样性的RAPD和ISSR分析

采用RAPD和ISSR 2种分子标记分别对福建省7个地区8个烟粉虱自然种群的80份样品进行遗传多样性分析.筛选出4条RAPD引物和4条ISSR引物,从80份样品的DNA中分别扩增2 240和1 776条带,其中多态性条带分别为2 000和1 728条,说明福建地区烟粉虱自然种群遗传多样性较为丰富;聚类分析表明,福建地区8个自然烟粉虱种群可分为2大类群,采自龙海变叶木种群单独聚为1类,说明与其他种群存在较远亲缘关系,推测为不同生物型;遗传距离分析说明福建不同种群在遗传相似性上与地理分布有一定的相关性.     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列分析的泉水鱼遗传多样性研究

测定了长江水系贵定和乐山2个群体30尾泉水鱼细胞色素b基因1 026 bp序列,发现13个变异位点,检测出7种单倍型,Hd和Pi分别为0.772和0.0041,其中贵定和乐山群体的Hd分别为0.695和0.362,Pi分别为0.0030和0.0004,呈现出单倍型多样性较低和核苷酸多样性极低的特点;两个群体间的Fst和Nm值分别为0.7417和0.17,AMOVA分析显示遗传变异主要集中在群体间(74.17%),表明群体间出现高度的遗传分化;在邻接树上出现两个按地理来源聚群谱系,呈现出明显的地理结构;估算群体间分歧时间大约在16万年前,为更新世时期。中性检测表明两个群体在过去没有发生种群的快速扩张。建议将贵定和乐山群体作为不同的管理保护单位加以保护。     

黄淮杜泊羊线粒体DNA遗传多态性研究

线粒体DNA遗传变异丰富,是研究群体遗传多样性的重要手段。通过对黄淮杜泊羊、杜泊羊、鲁西黑头羊和小尾寒羊的线粒体D-loop遗传变异进行检测,分析4个品种的遗传多样性和品种间的遗传分化,构建系统发育树,并计算4个品种的遗传关系和遗传距离。结果表明,黄淮杜泊羊群体遗传多样性丰富（单倍型多样度h=0.984 21,核苷酸多样度P_i=0.015 50）,遗传稳定;系统发育树黄淮杜泊羊的黑头群体和白头群体聚为一类,与鲁西黑头羊、杜泊羊和小尾寒羊明显区分;黄淮杜泊羊与杜泊羊遗传距离最近（0.055）、与小尾寒羊遗传距离最远（0.070）,且黄淮杜泊羊与鲁西黑头羊、杜泊羊和小尾寒羊品种间遗传分化程度大。说明黄淮杜泊羊的遗传多样性丰富、遗传分化程度高,在遗传上明显区别于鲁西黑头羊、杜泊羊和小尾寒羊,黄淮杜泊羊黑头和白头群体的遗传一致,且群体遗传稳定,试验结果与育种设计方案相吻合,说明黄淮杜泊羊具备了新品种的遗传条件。