施磷增氧条件对水稻光合特性及镉吸收分配的影响

为探明水稻镉吸收及叶片光合特性对增氧条件下施磷量的响应特征,明确施磷量和根际增氧的作用效果,以杂交水稻C两优608为材料,考虑施磷水平和灌溉方式两个主要因素,设置4个施磷（P₂O₅）水平,即P₁（不施磷）、P₂（0.18 g·kg^-1）、P₃（0.36 g·kg^-1）、P₄（0.54 g·kg^-1）,2种灌溉方式,即NI （不增氧灌溉）、OI （增氧灌溉）,采用盆栽试验研究施磷与增氧对水稻各生育期叶片光合特性及成熟期镉吸收及迁移转运的影响规律,确定了水稻叶片光合特性与水稻镉吸收的对应关系,揭示了施磷与增氧降低水稻成熟期籽粒镉含量的机理。结果表明：与不施磷相比,无论增氧与否,施磷均可促进水稻成熟期根部、秸秆部镉的吸收与转运;增氧处理下水稻镉由秸秆部向籽粒的转运系数、籽粒镉累积分配比例均低于不增氧处理,秸秆部镉累积分配比例均高于不增氧处理;不外施磷肥情况下,增氧处理水稻成熟期籽粒镉含量最低（0.13 mg·kg^-1）,水稻各部位镉多集中于根部（33.95%）和秸秆部（46.18%）,只有19.87%集中于籽粒。抽穗期、灌浆期是影响水稻成熟期镉吸收的关键时期,增氧在提高灌浆期净光合能力的同时,还促进了镉由水稻根部向秸秆部转移,降低了镉从秸秆部向籽粒的转移,使水稻镉进行重新分配。研究表明,增氧可通过调整水稻内在敏感性,降低水稻成熟期籽粒镉含量及镉从秸秆部向籽粒的转移能力。     

不同种类小分子有机酸对砖红壤磷素形态转化的影响

【目的】明确有机酸的作用机制,为提高酸性红壤累积态磷素(P)可利用率提供科学依据。【方法】采用室内模拟试验研究了草酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸为代表的小分子有机酸对砖红壤磷素形态的影响。【结果】柠檬酸处理抑制了树脂交换P(P1)的解吸,而水(对照)、草酸和苹果酸处理促进了P1的解吸;在培养前期,3种有机酸抑制了NaHC_O3提取态无机P(P2)的活化,柠檬酸抑制作用最强,草酸抑制作用最弱;3种有机酸处理在整个培养时期均表现为活化NaHC_O3提取态有机P(P3)的作用,其中草酸活化能力最强;3种有机酸促进了NaOH提取态无机P(P4)的活化,其中草酸活化作用最强;3种有机酸抑制NaOH提取态有机P(P5)的活化;在整个培养时期,3种有机酸都表现为抑制稀盐酸提取态P(P6)、浓盐酸提取态无机P(P7)、浓盐酸提取态有机P(P8)和残留态P(P9)活化的作用。【结论】3种有机酸在不同培养时期对土壤磷形态的作用不同,草酸活化能力最强,其次是苹果酸,最后是柠檬酸。     

Regulation of bone phosphorus retention and bone development possibly by BMP and MAPK signaling pathways in broilers

The bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathways play an important role in regulation of bone formation and development,however,it remains unclear that the effect of dietary different levels of non-phytate phosphorus(NPP) on these signaling pathways and their correlations with bone phosphorus(P) retention and bone development in broilers.Therefore,this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary P supplementation on BMP and MAPK ...     

优化施磷对华南酸性红壤区甜玉米产量、磷肥利用效率和碳排放的影响

为优化华南酸性红壤区甜玉米减磷增效措施，分别在福建诏安和琅岐开展田间试验，研究不同施磷处理(对照，0 kg/hm²；农户常规，化学磷肥135 kg/hm²+有机肥 6 000 kg/hm²，撒施；恒量监控，化学磷肥35 kg/hm²，穴施；有机替代，化学磷肥17.5 kg/hm²+有机肥434 kg/hm²，穴施)对甜玉米产量、磷素累积量、磷肥利用效率和碳排放的影响。结果表明:1)恒量监控和有机替代处理的甜玉米产量、生物量和磷素累积量与农户常规处理之间无显著性差异。2)与农户常规处理相比，恒量监控和有机替代处理均可以提高甜玉米的磷肥偏生产力和磷肥回收利用率。3)恒量监控和有机替代处理的平均产投比分别较农户常规处理提高39.8%和36.5%，平均每kg产量的碳排放量较农户常规分别下降14.9%和13.2%。因此，恒量监控和有机替代处理可以满足甜玉米稳产需求，同时可以提高磷肥利用效率、增加收益和减少碳排放，是减磷增效的有效途径。     

磷高效转基因水稻对潮土无机磷形态的影响

为探究磷高效转基因水稻种植对潮土不同形态无机磷的影响,采用完全随机设计的方法分析了在施磷和不施磷条件下,磷高效转基因水稻OsPT4、磷高效突变体水稻 PHO_2及非转基因亲本日本晴(Nipponbare)在分蘖期、孕穗期、灌浆期、成熟期的种植土壤中无机磷组分特征差异。结果表明:在两种施肥处理下,同一生长期Os PT4和 PHO_2的土壤全磷含量与日本晴无显著差异,同一生长期的 PHO_2土壤有效磷含量、无机磷总量、Ca8-P、Al-P含量均显著低于日本晴,OsPT4的土壤Ca8-P、Al-P含量在灌浆期和成熟期均显著低于日本晴。不施磷条件下,Os PT4土壤Ca_2-P含量在灌浆期、成熟期显著低于日本晴,在施磷和不施磷条件下,同一生长期的Os PT4土壤Ca10-P含量与日本晴无显著差异。与对照相比,磷高效转基因水稻Os PT4强化了对Ca_2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P这4种植物有效性高的无机磷形态的吸收利用,但未对土壤全磷含量造成显著影响。由于仅分析了第一年的种植土壤,水稻磷高效基因的表达对土壤不同无机磷形态以及全磷含量产生的效应还有待于进一步调查研究。     

增碳控磷对设施土壤磷素有效性的影响

为解决设施菜田粪肥施用过量导致的土壤磷素累积和环境风险问题，本研究以设施菜田中的磷素管理措施为研究对象，基于寿光田间定位试验，设置了稻壳不还田施用磷肥(S₀P₅₂)、稻壳还田配施磷肥(S₂₀P₅₂)、稻壳不还田且不施用磷肥(S₀P₀)和稻壳还田不施用磷肥(S₂₀P₀)4个处理，利用薄膜扩散梯度技术(Diffusive gradients in thin films technique，DGT)和生物有效磷分组方法对土壤磷素进行表征，探究外加碳源的同时控制磷肥投入对设施番茄产量及土壤磷素盈余、土壤基本理化性质和磷素有效性的影响，并结合土壤化学性质和微生物量等探究影响磷素有效性的主要因素。结果表明不同施肥处理土壤磷素盈余为47.3~153.0 kg/hm²，且各处理间差异明显。具体表现如下:无论施磷或不施磷条件下，与不增碳处理比较，增碳处理均显著增加了土壤有机质含量，分别增加了1.49和1.66倍，并改变了微生物活性和磷酸酶活性；在施用磷肥基础上，增碳处理土壤TP、Olsen-P和DGT-P含量分别提升了2.15、1.66和2.79倍；在不施磷肥基础上，增碳处理对土壤MBC、MBP和DGT-P含量分别增加了1.46，4.99和2.75倍，并能够保证在维持磷素供应的同时降低CaCl₂-P水平，降低环境风险。因此，稻壳还田不施用磷肥措施能够保证番茄产量和生物有效磷水平，可作为集约化设施菜田土壤源头磷素管控的推荐施肥方案。     

西门塔尔杂交后备母牛粪磷排出量与日粮磷进食量的关系

运用消化试验研究肉牛粪磷排泄量与进食磷量之间的关系,选用体况良好、体重相近((369.5±37.8)kg)的杂交后备母牛(西门塔尔牛(♂)×中国黄牛(♀))24头,随机分为6组,分别定量(3.50 kg/d)饲喂6种不同磷水平(质量分数分别为0.38%、0.45%、0.50%、0.56%、0.61%和0.67%,DM基础)的精料,粗料(青贮)自由采食。总试验期为30 d,预饲期20 d,正试期10 d(其中采样期7 d)。饲料样及粪样均测定其中磷和DM含量,计算粪磷排泄量与日粮磷进食量的回归关系。结果表明:精料磷水平对后备母牛日粮干物质采食量无显著影响(P>0.05)。以g/d为单位,粪磷排泄量与日粮磷进食量的关系为y=1.004 3x-8.726 8(R2=0.829 8,P<0.05,n=24);以g/kg(DMI)为单位,粪磷排泄量与日粮磷进食量的关系为y=0.933 0x-1.169 9(R2=0.828 2,P<0.08,n=24)和y=0.631 7x+0.081 9(R2=0.571 1,P<0.05,n=20)。综合分析,后备母牛粪磷排泄量与日粮磷进食量高度正相关。     

施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和饱和度增加速率的影响

针对施用粪肥导致的我国集约化种养区域农田土壤磷素高量累积和高环境风险问题,利用长期定位试验定量分析了施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和磷饱和度(DPS,degree of P saturation)增加速率(每年1 kg P·hm~(-2)磷素盈余所导致的土壤磷素含量或DPS变化量)的影响。结果表明:连续22年过量磷素投入明显提高了土壤磷素含量和DPS,0~20 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余均存在明显的线性相关性。与单施化肥相比,施用粪肥对土壤全磷的累积速率影响不大,但是明显提高了土壤Olsen-P累积和DPS增加速率。施用粪肥下,每年1 kg P·hm~(-2)的磷盈余所导致的0~20 cm土层土壤Olsen-P、CaCl_2-P累积和DPS增加量分别为0.071 mg P·kg~(-1)(r=0.608,P=0.029)、0.003 mg P·kg~(-1)(r=0.528,P=0.066)和0.036%(r=0.863,P=0.002),分别为不施粪肥的3.3、6.0倍和1.2倍。土壤DPS变化与磷含量变化之间也存在明显的线性关系,0~20 cm土层土壤每年全磷、Olsen-P和CaCl_2-P含量增加1mg P·kg~(-1)所导致的土壤DPS增加值分别为0.13%、0.42%和7.78%。20~40 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余之间的线性相关性均较差,但与0~20 cm土层相比,施用粪肥和不施粪肥之间累积速率的差异性有增大的趋势,说明施用粪肥促进了磷素向下层土壤的移动。施用粪肥加速了土壤有效磷累积和DPS增加,进而提高了土壤中磷素损失风险,合理施用粪肥是控制集约化种养区域农田磷面源污染的关键。     

喷施不同纳米材料对水稻幼苗磷含量的影响

为探究喷施不同纳米材料对水稻幼苗生物量和磷含量的影响,将水稻幼苗培养在不同含磷浓度营养液中,对水稻幼苗叶片喷施不同浓度的不同纳米材料,即粒径40 nm的羟基磷灰石(nHA)、三氧化二铁(nFe2O3)、零价铁(nFe)、二氧化铈(nCeO2)和甲壳素[CH,(C8H13NO5)n]悬浊液,测定水稻地上部和根部含磷量。结果表明:在正常供磷条件下,喷施nHA、nFe2O3、nFe处理,浓度分别在200、100 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1时,地上部生物量达到最大,根部生物量则在150、100 mg·L^-1和100 mg·L^-1处理时达到最高;但大部分处理不会显著提高水稻幼苗磷含量。在供磷1/2条件下,各处理均可不同程度促进水稻幼苗对磷的吸收;喷施nHA、nFe2O3、nFe、nCeO2和CH处理,分别在50、100、100、100 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1的浓度处理时生物量达到最大;nHA、nFe2O3、nFe处理均可显著促进地上部磷含量,地上部磷含量分别在150、100 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1处理时达到最高。研究表明:在不同浓度磷供应条件下,喷施粒径40 nm的nHA、nFe2O3、nFe、nCeO2和CH均可不同程度促进水稻幼苗生长。不缺磷条件下,nHA、nFe处理促进生物量增加明显;缺磷条件下,nHA、nFe2O3、nFe促进磷吸收效果更明显。     

Yield performance and optimal nitrogen and phosphorus application rates in wheat and faba bean intercropping

Yield performance in cereal and legume intercropping is related to nutrient management, however, the yield response of companion crops to nitrogen (N) input is inconclusive and only limited efforts have focused on rationed phosphorous (P) fertilization. In this study, two multi-year field experiments were implemented from 2014–2019 under identical conditions. Two factors in a randomized complete block design were adopted in both experiments. In field experiment 1, the two factors included three planting patterns (mono-cropped wheat (MW), mono-cropped faba bean (MF), and wheat and faba bean intercropping (W//F)) and four N application rates (N0, 0 kg N ha^–1; N1, 90 and 45 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively; N2, 180 and 90 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively; and N3, 270 and 135 kg N ha^–1 for wheat and faba beans, respectively). In field experiment 2, the two factors included three P application rates (P0, 0 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1; P1, 45 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1; and P2, 90 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1) and the same three planting patterns (MW, MF, and W//F). The yield performances of inter- and mono-cropped wheat and faba beans under different N and P application rates were analyzed and the optimal N and P rates for intercropped wheat (IW) and MW were estimated. The results revealed that intercropping favored wheat yield and was adverse to faba bean yield. Wheat yield increased by 18–26%, but faba bean yield decreased by 5–21% in W//F compared to MW and MF, respectively. The stimulated IW yield drove the yield advantage in W//F with an average land equivalent ratio (LER) of 1.12. N and P fertilization benefited IW yield, but reduced intercropped faba bean (IF) yield. Nevertheless, the partial LER of wheat (pLER_wheat) decreased with increasing N application rates, and the partial LER of faba bean (pLER_{faba bean}) decreased with increasing P application rates. Thus, LER decreased as N input increased and tended to decline as P rates increased. IW maintained a similar yield as MW, even under reduced 40–50% N fertilizer and 30–40% P fertilizer conditions. The estimated optimum N application rates for IW and MW were 150 and 168 kg ha^–1, respectively, and 63 and 62 kg ha^–1 for P₂O₅, respectively. In conclusion, W//F exhibited yield advantages due to stimulated IW yield, but the intercropping yield benefit decreased as N and P inputs increased. Thus, it was concluded that modulated N and P rates could maximize the economic and ecological functions of intercropping. Based on the results, rates of 150 kg Nha^–1 and 60 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1 are recommended for IW production in southwestern China and places with similar conditions.     

Promotion and Inhibition of Ruminal Epithelium Growth by Butyric Acid and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) in Dairy Goats

Isolated ruminal epithelia from caudal blind sacs of dairy goats were incubated with butyrate and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) at different concentrations. Proportions of ruminal epithelium in different phases of the cell division cycle were determined by flow cytometric analysis. The proportion of epithelial cells in S phase and G₂-M phase (P_S&G2-M) increased significantly (P<0.01) whereas the proportion of epithelial cells in G₀-G₁ phase (P_G0-G1) decreased after incubation with IGF-1. P_S&G2-M decreased whereas P_G0-G1 increased markedly (P<0.01) after incubation with sodium butyrate. P_S&G2-M incubated with IGF-1 and butyrate sodium together increased more than that incubated with IGF-1 alone; P_G0-G1, however, decreased significantly (P<0.01). Our results indicate that IGF-1 enhances whereas sodium butyrate inhibits the proliferation of rumen epithelial cells. Furthermore, butyrate and IGF-1, together, have a synergic effect on the proliferation of rumen epithelium.     

磷肥用量对柴达木枸杞磷累积量及土壤有效磷含量的影响

为探究施磷量对枸杞产量、磷素吸收量及土壤磷盈亏状况等的影响,于2019-2020年在青海诺木洪农场进行田间试验,设置施磷(P2O5)0 kg/hm2(P0)、133 kg/hm2(P133)、267 kg/hm2(P267)、400 kg/hm2(P400)、534 kg/hm2(P534)和农民习惯施磷量667 kg...     

水生植物对生态沟渠底泥磷吸附特性的影响

以用于小流域源头区农业面源污染防控的3条生态沟渠为研究对象,采集入口处(S1)、中间段(S2)和出口处(S3)沟渠底泥,分析其属性和磷吸附特性。结果表明,沟渠底泥全磷含量在0.19~0.60 g·kg~(-1)范围内,且沿水流方向有增大趋势;草酸提取态磷(Pox)及有机质含量与全磷含量呈显著正相关(P0.01,R2=0.920和P0.05,R2=0.549,n=9);而底泥的p H值则随着水流方向有降低的趋势。Langmuir方程拟合吸附数据发现,底泥吸附/解吸平衡磷浓度(EPC0)、磷最大吸附量(Smax)和磷吸附键能参数(Kc)分别为0.08~0.38 mg·L~(-1)、555.6~909.1 mg·kg~(-1)和0.18~0.52 L·mg~(-1)。样点S2(挺水植物梭鱼草和沉水植物绿狐尾藻交接种植区)的Smax最大、EPC0最小,样点S3次之,而样点S1的Smax最小、EPC0最大。这说明水生植物的种植和合理配置,不仅能够影响底泥基本属性的变化,且能增强底泥对磷的吸附作用,有利于降低生态沟渠的磷输出风险。     

秸秆生物炭对砂姜黑土有机磷组分含量的影响

研究秸秆生物炭对砂姜黑土有机磷组分及分配的影响,对剖析土壤磷循环机制和农田磷管理有重要意义。依托砂姜黑土定位试验,分析不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（NPK）、化肥与6.0、12、36和48 t·hm^-2小麦秸秆生物炭一次性增施（BC₆、BC₁₂、BC₃₆和BC₄₈）6个处理对作物产量、土壤理化性质及有机磷组分的影响。结果表明,与NPK处理相比,增施秸秆生物炭均可保障小麦和玉米产量,并显著增加（P < 0.05）土壤有机碳、全氮和pH,提升土壤肥力和缓解土壤酸化;砂姜黑土有机磷以中等活性有机磷为主（37.4%～45.4%）,其分配比例因秸秆生物炭施用量的不同而呈现差异。BC₆、BC₁₂、BC₃₆和BC₄₈处理土壤活性有机磷含量分别为11.4、10.7、9.2和9.3 mg·kg^-1,分别较NPK处理下降8.8%、14.4%、26.4%和25.6%,差异显著（P＜0.05）,且土壤活性有机磷含量与生物炭施用量呈显著线性负相关（R² = 0.881 6,P＜0.05）。增施秸秆生物炭处理（BC₆、BC₁₂、BC₃₆和BC₄₈）土壤活性有机磷所占比例较NPK处理均显著降低（P＜0.05）,这说明增施秸秆生物炭除了可有效提升土壤肥力水平、缓解土壤酸化之外,还可有效降低土壤有机磷活性,增强有机磷稳定性,保障作物产量,其中以一次性增施36 t·hm^-2效果最好,宜在砂姜黑土区广泛应用。     

添加氧化镁和铵明矾对菜田高磷土壤活性磷的影响

为研究不同种类钝化剂对土壤磷素的固定效果,通过室内培养试验,向土壤中添加氧化镁、铵明矾及二者不同比例的混合物,研究其对土壤0.01 mol·L~(-1)CaCl_2浸提磷、0.5 mol·L~(-1)NaHCO_3浸提磷含量及磷素组分的影响。结果表明:与未钝化的对照处理相比,向土壤分别添加0.5%和2.0%(m/m)的氧化镁、铵明矾或其混合物培养45 d后,均显著降低了土壤CaCl_2浸提磷含量。添加氧化镁或铵明矾分别降低了87.8%(0.5%)、98.0%(2.0%)和44.4%(0.5%)、88.8%(2.0%)的CaCl_2浸提磷含量,而二者混合物的钝化效果明显弱于氧化镁。添加2.0%的氧化镁、铵明矾或其混合物对土壤NaHCO_3浸提磷含量降低明显,但氧化镁和铵明矾的混合物降低土壤NaHCO_3浸提磷的效果弱于铵明矾。对培养45 d后的土壤进行Hedley分组测定磷素组分发现,添加氧化镁或铵明矾显著降低了土壤H_2O浸提总磷和NaHCO_3浸提总磷含量,添加铵明矾显著增加了土壤中Na OH浸提总磷的含量。氧化镁、铵明矾和土壤活性磷不同的作用机理是导致氧化镁固定CaCl_2-P效果显著而铵明矾固定Olsen-P效果显著的主要原因。     

Effect of dietary calcium or phosphorus deficiency on bone development and related calcium or phosphorus metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) or phosphorus (P) deficiency on bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age based on our previous study, which indicated that dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development by regulating related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 504 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with 7 replicates in a completely randomized design, and fed the normal control and Ca- or P-deficient diets from 1 to 21 days of age. At 22 days of age, the broilers were further fed the normal control diet (0.90% Ca+0.35% non-phytate P (NPP)), the P-deficient diet (0.90% Ca+0.18% NPP), the Ca-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.35% NPP) or the Ca and P-deficient diet (0.30% Ca+0.18% NPP), respectively. The results showed that dietary Ca or P deficiency decreased (P<0.05) tibia bone mineral density (BMD), bone breaking strength (BBS), ash content, tibia ash Ca content and serum P content on days 28 and 42, but increased (P<0.05) tibia alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of broilers on day 42 compared with the control group. Furthermore, the broilers fed the P-deficient diet had the lowest (P<0.05) tibia BMD, BBS, ash content, serum P content and the highest (P<0.05) serum Ca content on day 28 compared with those fed the Ca-deficient or Ca and P-deficient diets. The results from the present study indicated that the bone development and related Ca or P metabolic utilization parameters of broilers were the most sensitive to dietary P deficiency, followed by dietary Ca deficiency or Ca and P-deficiency; dietary Ca or P deficiency impaired the bone development possibly by regulating serum Ca and P contents as well as tibia Ca content and ALP activity of broilers from 22 to 42 days of age.     

Kinetics of selenium absorption in ligated small intestinal loops of chicks

Selenium(Se) is an essential trace element that has a large number of biological functions for broilers. However, the absorption kinetics of Se from sodium selenite in the small intestine of broilers remains unclear. Therefore, two experiments were conducted with 28-d-old commercial male broilers to study the kinetics of Se absorption in ligated small intestinal segments. In experiment 1, the Se absorption in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal segments at different post-perfusion time points(0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min) were compared. In experiment 2, a kinetic study of Se absorption was conducted with the duodenal, jejunal, and ileal loops perfused with solutions containing 0, 0.0375, 0.075, 0.15, 0.30, or 0.60 μg mL–1 of Se as sodium selenite, and Se contents in perfusates were determined at 100 min after perfusion. The results from experiment 1 showed that the Se absorption increased in an asymptotic response(P0.0001) to post-perfusion time within 120 min in all the small intestinal segments, but increased linearly(P0.0001) at less than 100 min after perfusion in duodenal and ileal segments, while more than 96.0% of the maximum Se absorption occurred at 100 min after perfusion in each small intestinal segment. In experiment 2, there was no difference(P0.05) in the Se absorption rate among different ligated small intestinal segments perfused with solutions containing 0.0375–0.15 μg mL–1 of Se, however, the Se absorption rate was higher(P0.05) in the jejunum than that in the duodenum perfused with solutions containing 0.30–0.60 μg mL–1 of Se. The kinetic curves of Se absorption demonstrated that the Se absorption was a saturated carrier-mediated process in the duodenum, and the maximum absorption rate was 1 271 pg min–1 cm–1; whereas the Se absorptions were a non-saturated diffusion process in the jejunum and ileum, and the diffusive constants were 2 107 and 1 777 cm2 min–1, respectively. The results from the present study indicate that the jejunum is the main Se absorption site, and the Se absorption is a saturated carrier-mediated process in the duodenum, but a non-saturated diffusion process in the jejunum and ileum of broilers.     

低磷红壤的玉米磷肥农学效应与农学阈值

为促进红壤磷肥高效利用,实现磷肥减施增效,通过连续3 a田间定位试验,在低磷红壤和4个施磷（P₂O₅）水平（0、60、90、120 kg·hm^-2,分别记为P0、P60、P90、P120）下,研究施磷量对玉米产量、磷肥利用效率的影响,以及磷肥农学阈值对不同施磷水平的响应。结果表明：在低磷红壤上,施用磷肥显著增加了玉米产量,提高了玉米产量可持续指数,且玉米产量随施磷量增加而增加,在P120处理下产量最高,平均比P0处理显著增加210.48%,但与P90处理差异不显著。玉米当季磷肥偏生产力、磷肥表观利用率均呈现随磷肥施用量增加而减少的趋势,其中以P60处理效果最佳。施磷显著增加土壤有效磷含量,其中以P120处理有效磷含量最高,平均比P0处理显著增加313.44%。土壤磷平衡时的磷肥施用量为19.89~23.00 kg·hm^-2。低磷红壤玉米磷肥农学阈值为97.04 kg·hm^-2。研究表明,在西南低磷酸性红壤中,合理施用磷肥可提高玉米产量和玉米当季磷肥农学利用率,在本试验磷的基础养分条件下,按P90处理施磷,可实现玉米减肥增效、促进农业绿色发展的目标。     

Goblet cells in embryonic intestine: accelerated differentiation in culture

If duodenal tissue from 14-day chick embryos is cultured in chemically defined medium, more than twice as many goblet cells appear within 48 hours as in intact embryos during the same time. The increase in goblet cell number is further accelerated by 10(-9) molar thyroxine but is prevented by 10(-6) molar hydrocortisone. The results suggest that differentiation of intestinal epithelium is regulated in part by a circulating inhibitor.