耕作措施对双季稻田土壤碳及有机碳储量的影响

针对不同耕作措施对双季稻田的固碳效应和固碳潜力问题,选择湖南省宁乡县的双季稻区试验点进行了有机碳、活性有机碳以及耕层有机碳储量的研究,以期为制定适合于稻田条件下的合理耕作方式提供理论依据。结果表明,耕作措施和秸秆还田对有机碳(SOC)和活性有机碳(AOC)含量均产生不同程度的影响。免耕处理下,有机碳和活性有机碳含量皆随土壤深度的增加而减少,土壤0～5cm的SOC和AOC的含量最高,且与其他层次达到显著性差异水平(P<0.05),具有明显的表层富集现象。与免耕相比,旋耕和翻耕则更利于5～10cm和10～20cm土层的有机碳和活性有机碳的积累。比较秸秆还田对SOC和AOC的影响表明,秸秆还田有效地提高了0～10cm有机碳含量,但对10～20cm并未产生显著影响,秸秆的输入并未增加土壤活性有机碳的含量。采用等质量方法计算了耕层土壤有机碳储量,结果显示旋耕秸秆还田使有机碳储量明显增加,而免耕只增加了土壤0～5cm和5～10cm土层有机碳储量,10～20cm有机碳储量有所降低,但耕作措施对有机碳储量的长效作用还有待于进一步研究。     

有机水稻病虫草害综合治理技术初探

概述了长江下游稻区单季粳稻主要病虫草害发生规律，按照有机水稻生产要求，分析了治理有机水稻病虫草害的多种有效的防治措施。结合长江下游稻区病虫草害发生以及本地有机水稻生产等情况，探讨并初步提出了有机水稻病虫草害综合防治技术。     

Soil carbon storage and stratification under different tillage/residue-management practices in double rice cropping system

The importance of soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration in agricultural soils as climate-change-mitigating strategy has become an area of focus by the scientific community in relation to soil management.This study was conducted to determine the temporal effect of different tillage systems and residue management on distribution, storage and stratification of SOC, and the yield of rice under double rice(Oryza sativa L.) cropping system in the southern China.A tillage experiment was conducted in the southern China during 2005–2011, including plow tillage with residue removed(PT0), plow tillage with residue retention(PT), rotary tillage with residue retention(RT), and no-till with residue retention on the surface(NT).The soil samples were obtained at the harvesting of late rice in October of 2005, 2007 and 2011.Multiple-year residue return application significantly increased rice yields for the two rice-cropping systems; yields of early and late rice were higher under RT than those under other tillage systems in both years in 2011.Compared with PT0, SOC stocks were increased in soil under NT at 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths by 33.8, 4.1, 6.6, and 53.3%, respectively, in 2011.SOC stocks under RT were higher than these under other tillage treatments at 0–30 cm depth.SOC stocks in soil under PT were higher than those under PT0 in the 0–5 and 20–30 cm soil layers.Therefore, crop residues played an important role in SOC management, and improvement of soil quality.In the 0–20 cm layer, the stratification ratio(SR) of SOC followed the order NTRTPTPT0; when the 0–30 cm layer was considered, NT also had the highest SR of SOC, but the SR of SOC under PT was higher than that under RT with a multiple-year tillage practice.Therefore, the notion that conservation tillage lead to higher SOC stocks and soil quality than plowed systems requires cautious scrutiny.Nevertheless, some benefits associated with RT system present a greater potential for its adoption in view of the multiple-year environmental sustainability under double rice cropping system in the southern China.     

轮耕对双季稻田耕层土壤有机碳储量的影响

【目的】针对南方稻田连续免耕存在的有机碳表层富集现象,进行土壤轮耕效应的初步研究。【方法】试验选择双季稻区连续免耕7年稻田,研究了轮耕对耕层土壤有机碳含量及其对等质量法计算的耕层土壤有机碳储量影响。【结果】长期免耕后,翻耕、旋耕降低了表层0—5cm土壤有机碳含量,提高了下层5—20cm土壤有机碳含量,进而降低了耕层土壤有机碳层化率;而翻耕、旋耕后免耕土壤有机碳含量相对于翻耕、旋耕分别呈相反的趋势。2006—2009年表层600Mg·hm-2土壤有机碳储量均以长期免耕最高。长期免耕后,翻耕、旋耕秸秆还田会提高下层土壤有机碳储量,进而在一定程度上影响耕层2550Mg·hm-2土壤有机碳的累积;而翻耕、旋耕后免耕耕层土壤有机碳储量较翻耕、旋耕有所降低。【结论】长期免耕后,连续免耕秸秆还田会增加表层600Mg·hm-2土壤有机碳储量;而翻耕、旋耕秸秆还田会提高下层土壤有机碳储量。     

寒地水稻田秋整地耕作方式探讨

2007～2008年试验结果表明：免耕、旋耕和耕翻3种秋整地方式产量差异不明显。免耕茎数比耕翻和旋耕平均少45.7株/m^2，穗粒数和结实率要明显比耕翻和旋耕处理高，平均高5.6粒和1.65%，这是免耕产量比常规耕作方式不减的主要原因。免耕可以降低生产成本，是值得推广的栽培方式。     

田边杂草中捕食性生物与稻田飞虱及其捕食性天敌的相关分析

1984～1985年在福建闽侯对田边杂草中捕食性生物与稻田飞虱及其捕食性天敌的相关性进行了初步的研究。得知山边、沟边、田埂等田边杂草中捕食性天敌的资源十分丰富,有蜘蛛类、步甲类、隐翅虫类、蚂蚁类等,这些类群中的多数种类与稻田捕食性天敌的种类相同,均能捕食飞虱。山边和沟边杂草中益害比为6.61～11.62∶1,田埂杂草中益害比为0.83∶1。蜘蛛是田边杂草中常见的捕食性生物,也是稻田捕食性天敌的优势类群,两者具有明显的相关,对稻田飞虱的自然控制作用显著。此外,田边杂草中的另一些捕食性生物,它们在控制水稻害虫总体上,也都起到不同程度的辅助作用。保护利用田边杂草中的害虫天敌资源,对于维护以水稻为中心的农田生态系统,保持自然平衡,具有重要意义。     

稻鸭共育对病虫草害及经济效益的影响（英文）

[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field.[Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds,sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism,conventional cultivation and control treatment,the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments.[Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.08 ind/m2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment;the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper,but just between 25%-60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis.The rates of diseased plant and diseased holl against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group.The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation,which was greatly higher than that of control group.The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment.[Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases,insect pests and weeds,as well as to economic benefits,providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.     

稻鸭共育对病虫草害及经济效益的影响

[目的]研究稻鸭共育对稻田病虫草害及经济效益的影响。[方法]调查稻鸭共育处理、常规栽培处理及对照处理的杂草、纹枯病及虫害发生情况,并比较分析3种处理下的产量及经济效益。[结果]共育处理杂草平均发生数较常规处理和对照分别减少2.33和52.08 ind/m2;共育处理对稻飞虱的控虫率平均为75%,但对稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟的控制率仅为25%~60%;共育处理水稻纹枯病病蔸率和病株率较高,病情指数较低;共育处理产量与常规处理一致,远高于CK;共育处理稻田的经济效益显著增加,但成本收益率较低。[结论]稻鸭共育利用鸭子在田间的捕食和活动,对水稻病虫草害和经济效益产生了积极影响。该研究可为稻鸭共育的推广提供依据。     

稻鸭共育对病虫草害及经济效益的影响

笔者对稻鸭共育处理在完全不使用农药和除草剂及连续定点3季情况下的田间病虫草害和经济效益情况进行研究。     

稻鸭共作系统的生态学效应研究进展

稻鸭共作技术作为一项环保型的生态农业技术,现已在中国多个省份和其他许多亚洲国家中得到应用和推广。稻鸭共作系统中具有很多的生态学效应。对该系统中鸭子活动对水稻植株产量性状、群体结构、稻田杂草、水稻病虫害与天敌、稻田土壤、稻田水体、稻米品质、稻田环境质量的影响效应等方面的研究进展进行了综述,并指出今后应加强对上述生态学效应的内在机理与生态学过程等方面的深入研究,以便更好地服务于实践。     

Climate change adaptation,greenhouse gas mitigation and economic profitability of conservation agriculture: Some examples from cereal systems of Indo-Gangetic Plains

Achieving sustainability of the cereal system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains(IGP)of India under progressive climate change and variability necessitates adoption of practices and technologies that increase food production,adaptation and mitigation in a sustainable way.This paper examines conservation agriculture(CA)from the perspective of:(i)increased yield and farm income,(ii)adaptation to heat and water stresses,and(iii)reduction in greenhouse gas(GHGs)emissions.The analyses and conclusions are based on the literature and evidences from a large number of on-station as well as farmers’field trials on CA in the cereal systems of IGP.Our analyses show that CA-based system substantially reduces the production cost(up to 23%)but produces equal or even higher than conventional system;thereby increasing economic profitability of production system.CA-based production systems also moderated the effect of high temperature(reduced canopy temperature by 1–4°C)and increased irrigation water productivity by 66–100%compared to traditional production systems thus well adapting to water and heat stress situations of IGP.Our continuous monitoring of soil flux of CO2,N2O and CH4 revealed that CA-based rice-wheat systems emit 10–15%less GHGs than conventional systems.This is the first time that CA and its components are synthesized and analyzed from food security-climate change nexus.From this holistic analysis,we suggest that wide-scale promotion of suitable CA practices by integrating into national agriculture development strategy is a way forward to address food security,climate change adaptation and mitigation challenges faced by present agriculture.     

南方红壤丘陵区水田绿色农业模式及配套技术

介绍了南方红壤丘陵区水田绿色农业模式及配套技术研究与示范的一些主要结果:按照6项构建原则,围绕农用化学品减量化、技术标准化、产品绿色化、生产持续化、环境友好化的"五化"总体目标,通过多种模式的耦合,构建出了南方红壤丘陵区水田"稻+鸭+草+灯+肥+洁"立体绿色农业模式,并提出了土壤质量提升、有害生物无害化控制、水稻健身栽培、农用化学品替代与高效精准施用、稻作副产品综合利用等5方面的配套技术,模式与技术示范已显示出良好的效果。     

有机水稻生产中病虫草害综合控制技术研究

选用水稻抗病品种、石灰水浸种、稻田养鸭、稻田养蟹等传统的农业防治手段,结合利用现代生物技术生产的BT和苦参碱等生物农药能有效地控制在有机水稻生产中病虫草的危害。     

耕作措施对长期免耕双季稻田土壤碳库的影响

针对南方稻田长期免耕存在的主要问题,本研究选择湖南省双季稻区连续7年免耕稻田,进行了不同耕作措施对土壤的总有机碳、活性有机碳的变化情况及其对土壤碳库影响的研究,以期为建立合理的轮耕周期提供理论依据。结果表明:0~20 cm平均总有机碳和活性有机碳含量均为旋耕>连续免耕>翻耕。与连续免耕相比,旋耕有利于提高土壤活性有机碳含量(比连续免耕提高了5.08%),翻耕则会促进土壤活性有机碳分解(比连续免耕降低了2.73%)。晚稻收获时0~20 cm平均碳库管理指数也表现为旋耕>连续免耕>翻耕,其中翻耕使碳库管理指数整体上显著降低(比连续免耕降低了21.7%);旋耕略有提高(比连续免耕提高了3.9%),但未达到显著水平(P<0.05)。总之,与连续免耕相比,翻耕可促进土壤活性有机碳分解,进而显著降低碳库管理指数;但旋耕差异不显著(P<0.05)。     

保护性耕作模式下早稻田甲烷排放特征

[目的]研究耕作对早稻田甲烷排放的影响,并分析影响稻田甲烷排放的环境因子,寻找合适的耕作模式以减少稻田甲烷排放.[方法]设免耕不施肥、免耕施肥、常规不施肥和常规施肥4个处理,分别在水稻分蘖期和水稻抽穗期采用静态箱法收集气态甲烷(CH4),同步观测地温、采气箱内温度、环境温度、地表温度、草面温度、相对湿度及风速,探究早稻田CH4排放的日排放规律,明确免耕和施肥及环境因素对稻田CH4排放的影响.[结果]早稻田CH4的排放与气温、地表温度、5 cm土温、草面温度、相对湿度、风速等密切相关,尤其在分蘖期,各处理均与上述环境因子显著相关(P<0.05).不同耕作与施肥模式下,CH4日平均通量不同,在水稻分蘖期具体表现为常规施肥>常规不施肥>免耕施肥>免耕不施肥,在水稻抽穗期表现为常规不施肥>免耕施肥>常规施肥>免耕不施肥.[结论]免耕与常规耕作相比,早稻田CH4的排放量相对降低;施肥导致分蘖期早稻田CH4排放通量增加,但在抽穗期导致早稻田CH4排放减少.免耕可以减轻早稻田CH4的排放,其推广能为稻田减排做贡献.     

1949年以来辽宁省水稻发展形势的分析

1949年以来,辽宁省水稻生产取得了突破性进展,总的趋势是面积显增加,单产成倍增长,总产量不断提高,农田水利工程建设,塑料薄膜及新农药的使用。肥料用量的增加等是水稻增产的基础,杂交粳稻辽优1号和株型理想的直立穗品种辽粳5号等的培育成功,是水稻产量提高的关键,旱育苗,稀播稀插,节水灌溉,平衡施肥,化学除草,综合防治病虫害等栽培措施的应用,是水稻增产的保证,同时,在籼粳稻杂交,水稻杂种优质利用,理想株型育种,高产优质育种和旱育苗,稀植栽培,节水灌溉,配方施肥,模式化栽培技术等理论研究方面也取得许多重要成果。     

轻型栽培稻田杂草发生及其危害性研究

１９９５￣１９９７年通过对４种轻型栽培方式（麦田套稻,水直播,早育抛栽,盘育抛栽）和水育秧人工移栽稻田杂草种群调查及杂草发生与危害差异性试验,结果表明：５种种植方式对稻田主要杂草发生频度的影响不明显,但是对稻田主要杂草优势度及杂草发生量有明显差异。麦田套稻,水直播、旱抛栽、塑盘抛栽、水育秧人工移栽稻田杂草危害分别使水稻产量下降７０．６％、６３．５％,４９．５％,１６．２％。     

The Potential Contribution of Subsurface Drip Irrigation to Water-Saving Agriculture in the Western USA

Water shortages within the western USA are resulting in the adoption of water-saving agricultural practices within this region. Among the many possible methods for saving water in agriculture, the adoption of subsurface drip irrigation （SDI） provides a potential solution to the problem of low water use efficiency. Other advantages of SDI include reduced NO3 leaching compared to surface irrigation, higher yields, a dry soil surface for improved weed control, better crop health, and harvest flexibility for many specialty crops. The use of SDI also allows the virtual elimination of crop water stress, the ability to apply water and nutrients to the most active part of the root zone, protection of drip lines from damage due to cultivation and tillage, and the ability to irrigate with wastewater while preventing human contact. Yet, SDI is used only on a minority of cropland in the arid western USA. Reasons for the limited adoption of SDI include the high initial capital investment required, the need for intensive management, and the urbanization that is rapidly consuming farmland in parts of the western USA. The contributions of SDI to increasing yield, quality, and water use efficiency have been demonstrated. The two major barriers to SDI sustainability in arid regions are economics （i.e., paying for the SDI system）, including the high cost of installation; and salt accumulation, which requires periodic leaching, specialized tillage methods, or transplanting of seedlings rather than direct-seeding. We will review advances in irrigation management with SDI.     

湿地稻-鸭复合系统中田间杂草的变化规律

为了克服水稻田大量施用化学农药除草的弊端,对中稻和晚稻的稻鸭共生田中杂草种群的消长动态进行系统研究．结果表明,稻田养鸭对杂草的控制效果为98．5％～99.3％,比施用化学除草剂的效果高6．9％～16．1％．放鸭田不仅消除了杂草危害,而且省工、省药、增产、增收,是一项一举多得的生物除草技术。     

耕作方式与灌水次数对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用及 籽粒产量的影响

【目的】 探讨耕作方式与灌水次数对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的影响,明确适宜砂姜黑土区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率同步提高的耕作与灌水处理组合模式。【方法】 于2015—2017年连续2个冬小麦生长季,在豫东南砂姜土区设置旋耕（RT）、深松（SS）2种耕作方式为主处理和拔节期+开花期灌2次水（W2）、拔节期灌1次水（W1）、全生育期不灌水（W0）3种灌水为副处理的二因素裂区试验,深入研究耕作方式与灌水次数的主效应及其互作效应对砂姜黑土冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的影响。【结果】 耕作与灌水对砂姜黑土麦田耗水特性、水分利用效率及籽粒产量均具有明显的调控效应。SS较RT处理可显著增加土壤贮水消耗,有利于提高自然降水和灌溉水的利用效率,与RT相比,两年度SS处理的土壤平均贮水消耗量、降水、灌水利用效率分别提高13.69%、7.03%、6.51%;增加灌溉虽可明显增加冬小麦田间耗水量,但过多灌溉致使水分利用效率降低,两年度W2较W1、W0的水分利用效率平均值分别下降18.85%、16.69%。SS处理的籽粒产量显著高于RT处理,且以深松+拔节期灌1水处理组合SSW1的产量最高。相同耕作方式下,随灌水次数的增加,千粒重呈降低趋势,成穗数呈增加趋势;两年度穗粒数变化总体随灌水次数的增加呈先升后降的变化规律。耕作方式主要通过调控千粒重影响产量,灌水次数则主要通过调控穗粒数和千粒重而影响产量,但灌水过多会抑制穗粒数和千粒重的提高。【结论】 综合考虑耕作方式与灌水次数对冬小麦水分利用和籽粒产量的调控效应,深松+拔节期灌1水处理组合SSW1可作为适宜豫东南砂姜黑土区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率同步提高的耕作与灌水处理组合模式。