两种森林集水区径流量及其径流过程初步分析

研究桉树林和马尾松林集水区的径流量及其径流过程,为科学评估森林的水源涵养功能提供参考依据。于2013年8月—2014年7月运用小流域径流监测方法和自动采集数据,对桉树林和马尾松林集水区的径流量进行定位观测,并分析强降雨和连续降雨对径流过程的影响。结果表明:桉树林集水区的年径流深和径流系数分别为107.7 mm和8.2%,马尾松林的依次为319.4 mm和24.2%。在前期没有径流情况下,一次强降雨过程（降水量147.5 mm）,两种森林集水区的径流历时、径流最大值滞后于降雨峰值的时间和总径流深都存在明显差异,桉树林的分别为13.8 h,0.2 h和35.6 mm,马尾松林的依次为35.5 h,0.7 h和28.5 mm。一次连续7 d的降雨过程（降水量125.0 mm）,桉树林集水区只产生4 d径流,总径流深仅3.8 mm;马尾松林集水区则连续产生13 d径流,总径流深达10.1 mm。综上所述,马尾松林的水源涵养功能明显优于桉树林。     

基于径流侵蚀功率的长江典型流域能沙关系模型及改进

基于径流侵蚀功率概念建立流域能沙关系模型,可为长江流域泥沙变化精准模拟与水土保持规划提供技术支撑。该研究以长江典型流域及其典型小流域为研究对象,通过收集1965—2018年金沙江流域、嘉陵江流域和湘江流域3个典型流域逐日水沙数据以及万安和李子口2个典型小流域2014—2020年场次降水径流泥沙数据,采用径流侵蚀功率、径流量和降雨侵蚀力对比分析不同时空尺度水沙(径流量和输沙量)、雨沙(降雨侵蚀力和输沙量)和能沙(径流侵蚀功率和输沙量)关系的优劣性,解析能沙关系优越性,并识别能沙关系非一致性变化,从而改进能沙关系模型提高流域输沙量模拟精度。结果表明：1)长江流域3个典型流域及2个典型小流域,在绝大部分情况下能沙关系的表现总是优于水沙关系和雨沙关系,在场次、月和年尺度修正的决定系数最大值分别可达到0.94、0.87和0.54。2)对于不同时间尺度,其流量序列中任意2个流量乘积与输沙量的相关性较高时,第一个流量Q₁分位点总是接近1且第二个流量Q₂分位点在0.5附近或者高于0.5。基于径流侵蚀功率可以较为准确地计算不同时空尺度流域输沙量,具有明显适用性...     

典型黑土区不同尺度观测场地融雪径流

通过对典型黑土区坡面、微型小流域和小流域3个尺度观测场地连续4 a的融雪监测,比较分析了融雪径流发生特征及其所占的比例。结果表明,该区融雪发生和持续时间取决于日最高气温和冬季总降雪量。降雪径流系数远大于降雨径流系数,部分年融雪径流量多于降雨径流量,坡面尺度的径流系数高于小流域尺度的径流系数。小流域的融雪径流最能代表汇入河流中的雪水量。降雪径流系数年际波动大,范围为3%~83.6%,融雪径流量占全年降水径流量的59.3%,在径流观测中不容忽视。     

黄河中游典型流域近60年水沙变化趋势及影响因素

为分析黄河水沙成因并预测未来水沙情势,选取黄河中游多沙粗沙区昕水河和朱家川2条流域为研究对象,依据水文站及雨量站1956—2018年降雨和径流泥沙实测数据,采用Mann-Kendall趋势及突变检验、累积距平法和Morlet连续小波分析等方法探讨流域水沙变化趋势,并利用双累积曲线法对水沙变化进行归因分析,量化气候变化及人类活动对水沙变化的相对贡献。结果表明:1956—2018年,昕水河和朱家川小流域年均径流量分别为11.9×10⁷,1.7×10⁷ m³,年均输沙量分别为12.3×10⁶,9.8×10⁶ t,径流和输沙量均呈显著减少趋势;2条流域的径流量突变年分别为1980年和1984年,输沙量突变年分别为1980年和1972年;选取的2条流域水沙变化存在明显周期性,径流变化的第1主周期分别为45年和16年,输沙量变化的第1主周期分别为9年和15年;降雨对昕水河和朱家川小流域径流量减少的贡献率分别为19%,8%,对输沙量减少的贡献率分别为25%,35%,远不及人类活动的贡献率,人类活动是径流和输沙量锐减的主导因素。研究结果可为黄河水沙治理提供科学性建议。     

四川省紫色土地区小流域次降雨泥沙输移比探讨

选取四川省南部县鹤鸣观小流域与李子口小流域为研究区,在分布式侵蚀产沙模型侵蚀量计算值的基础上,探讨了小流域次降雨泥沙输移比.结果表明,在这两个流域,影响次降雨泥沙输移比的主要因素不同.在鹤鸣观小流域降雨量与径流深是影响泥沙输移比的主要因素,而在李子口流域,其主要因素为径流深与降雨强度.主要原因是鹤鸣观小流域的面积远小于李子口流域的面积,并且次降雨泥沙输移比随着流域面积增加而输移比逐渐减小.通过分析鹤鸣观小流域与李子口小流域次降雨泥沙输移比与降雨量、前期含水量、径流系数的关系得到了两个流域次降雨泥沙输移比公式.     

Modelling the Hydro‐Sedimentary Dynamics of a Mediterranean Semiarid Ungauged Watershed Beyond the Instrumental Period

The development of reliable tools to quantify long‐term sediment budgets is critical to establish adequate environmental and management policies in semiarid Mediterranean regions. In this study, we apply a multidisciplinary methodology to estimate water and sediment yields in ungauged Mediterranean watersheds over a period of scarce instrumental data (i.e. second half of 19^th and first half of 20^th centuries). Runoff and precipitation reconstructions have been obtained using an integrative approach involving synoptic reanalysis models, regional climatic datasets, historical archives and palaeoflood proxies from natural archives. The resulting hydrological reconstruction has been implemented on a hydro‐sedimentary distributed model (i.e. TETIS) to understand the hydro‐sedimentary dynamics in the studied watershed. We highlight that, in our study area, regional‐data (instrumental, historical and sedimentary) based models show higher accuracy in the sediment yield and runoff reconstruction than synoptic reanalysis climate models. The modelled sedimentary dynamics for the studied period respond to a complex interplay between human activities and climate variability. During the 19^th century deforestation and grazing activities combined with higher frequency on extreme runoff events resulted in higher runoff and sediment yield in the period 1863–1900. Over the 20^th century, reduced precipitation and land abandonment led to a decrease in erosion rates and sediment yield although increased in 1945–1960 coinciding with a period of higher frequency of heavy rainfalls. This hydrological response to climate and human activities in the study watershed improves our understanding of plausible future trends of environmental degradation in small Mediterranean watersheds under different land use and climate change scenarios. This article includes supporting information which features an explanation of GILMCLIM downscaling model, The precipitation series resulting from the reanalysis data (Figure S1), an analysis of the different precipitation series used (Table S1) and an extensive explanation of how the relation between Puentes and Valdeinfierno reservoirs was considered. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Surface runoff and soil erosion estimation using the SWAT model in the Keleta Watershed,Ethiopia

This study evaluates surface runoff generation and soil erosion rates for a small watershed (the Keleta Watershed) in the Awash River basin of Ethiopia by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Calibration and validation of the model was performed on monthly basis, and it could simulate surface runoff and soil erosion to a good level of accuracy. The simulated surface runoff closely matched with observed data (derived by hydrograph separation). Surface runoff generation was generally high in parts of the watershed characterized by heavy clay soils with low infiltration capacity, agricultural land use and slope gradients of over 25 per cent. The estimated soil loss rates were also realistic compared to what can be observed in the field and results from previous studies. The long‐term average soil loss was estimated at 4·3 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹; most of the area of the watershed (∼80 per cent) was predicted to suffer from a low or moderate erosion risk (<8 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹), and only in ∼1·2 per cent of the watershed was soil erosion estimated to exceed 12 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Expectedly, estimated soil loss was significantly correlated with measured rainfall and simulated surface runoff. Based on the estimated soil loss rates, the watershed was divided into four priority categories for conservation intervention. The study demonstrates that the SWAT model provides a useful tool for soil erosion assessment from watersheds and facilitates planning for a sustainable land management in Ethiopia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of a unit hydrograph based on subwatershed division and comparison with Nash's instantaneous unit hydrograph

The Unit Hydrograph (UH) technique is widely used for runoff estimation, especially for determining peak discharges. In this paper, a geomorphologically based UH has been applied. Its most remarkable characteristic is that it includes the watershed structure in its formulation. This is defined from the drainage network, each subwatershed being considered as a linear reservoir. In this method, the fact of considering this reservoir sequence according to the drainage network leads to the formulation of the model only depending on a single parameter. The Geomorphological Unit Hydrograph of Reservoirs (GUHR), proposed in this paper, is compared with Nash's Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (Nash's IUH), by applying the two methods to the Aixola watershed. This 4.7-km² watershed is located in Gipuzkoa (Northern Spain). It is characteristic of the headwaters watersheds of the area. Most of them are forested and have steep slopes. Annual rainfall is over 1500 mm and many intense rainfall events are observed, among which 18 were selected for this study. Both UH techniques were applied to the rainstorms. The resulting hydrographs were plotted against registered data and the best fits were determined. According to these results, the GUHR model behaved similarly to Nash's IUH. However, the GUHR method seemed able to reproduce a wider range of rainstorms than Nash's IUH. While analyzing the UHs calculated, seasonal behavior was observed in runoff generation, and different average UHs were proposed for two different periods. This variability was also observed in values adopted by the GUHR model parameter, providing some information about the watershed time response. The dynamic character of the only uncertain parameter, and the model formulation, in which the watershed morphology is reflected, together with the model's simplicity, leads us to consider GUHR as being a promising UH model.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区吕二沟流域水沙关系变化分析

流域水沙关系的研究可为流域水土流失模型构建和水土保持效益评价提供科学依据。根据黄土丘陵沟壑区第三副区的吕二沟流域在1982--2010年间的74场次洪水事件水文泥沙数据,对降雨、径流和输沙的关系进行分析,并用Mann—Kendall法检验流域次洪水事件径流系数和平均含沙量的变化趋势和显著性。结果显示,降雨量和降雨历时是流域径流和输沙的主要影响因素,前期降雨量中前7天降雨量与径流系数的相关性最显著。吕二沟流域具有较好的水沙关系。通过Mann．Kendall法检验得到1985年8月24日发生的洪水事件是流域径流系数时间序列的突变点,突变点之后径流系数呈显著减小趋势,植被覆盖面积的增加是流域降雨一径流关系发生变化的主要原因。流域次洪水事件平均含沙量时间序列没有发生显著变化,表明以植物措施为主的水土流失综合治理没有显著影响吕二沟流域的水沙关系。     

径流曲线法在黄土区小流域地表径流预测中的初步应用

径流曲线法是目前国际上预测无径流观测资料地区降水地表产流的主要模型,由于气候、水文及下垫面的差异,在黄土高原地区的应用受到限制。利用黄土高原地区3个小流域的303场降雨径流资料,针对黄土高原降雨地表径流特点优化模型中的初损率λ,并提出降雨强度修正函数,将降雨强度因子引入径流曲线法。优化后的模型效率E达到0．812,实测径流深与预测径流深的线性回归决定系数R2达到0．822。改进后的SCS．CN模型可用于黄土区小流域降雨地表产流预报,对黄土高原无资料地区侵蚀产流预报、指导水土保持工程配置和设计具有重要的理论和工程实践意义。     

Hydrosedimentology of nested subtropical watersheds with native and eucalyptus forests

Purpose

Information on the effects of eucalyptus forests on hydrosedimentological processes is scarce, particularly at the catchment scale. Monitoring and mathematical modeling are efficient scientific tools used to address the lack of information for natural resource management and the representation and prediction of those processes. This study evaluates the effects of eucalyptus cultivation on hydrosedimentological processes in watersheds and to use the Limburg soil erosion model (LISEM) to represent and predict hydrological processes.

Material and methods

The study was conducted in two forested watersheds: the main watershed (94.46 ha) and a nested sub-watershed (38.86 ha), both cultivated with eucalyptus and residual riparian native forest, located in southern Brazil. Hydrosedimentalogical monitoring was conducted from 16th February 2011 to 31st December 2012, and LISEM model calibrations were performed on the bases of six storms events.

Results and discussion

The sediment yield for 2011 was 41.6 Mg km^?2 and 38.5 Mg km^?2 for the watershed and sub-watershed, respectively. An extreme event in 2012 provided greater sediment yield for the sub-watershed (99.8 Mg km^?2) than that for the watershed (51.7 Mg km^?2). Rainfall events with a greater maximum intensity generated rapid discharge and suspended sediment concentration responses in the sub-watershed due to the smaller drainage area and steeper landscape. In the main watershed, the accumulation of flood waves occurred for most events, with less steep hydrographs, and a later occurrence of the discharge peak after that of the sub-watershed. The LISEM adequately reproduced the peak discharge and runoff for the calibrated events; however, the peak time and the shape of the hydrograph were not adequately represented.

Conclusions

The hydrosedimentological patterns of the watershed and sub-watershed, both cultivated with eucalyptus, was characterized by sedimentographs preceding hydrographs during rainfall–runoff events where scale effects occur, with maximum discharge and specific sediment yield greater in the watershed than that in the sub-watershed. Empirical models based on hydrologic variables may be used for estimating the suspended sediment concentration and sediment yield. Therefore, LISEM may be used for the prediction of hydrological variables in these forested watersheds.     

不同气候模式对密云水库流域非点源污染负荷的影响

以密云水库流域内4个气象站1961-2000年40 a的气象特征分析结果为基础,采用统计分析和线性回归的方法,预测流域气候变化趋势,采用任意情景设置法设定25种气候情景(5种温度变化和5种降雨变化的组合情景)和3个水文情景年(丰、平、枯水年)。利用HSPF(hydrologic simulation program-fortran)模型模拟密云水库流域不同气候变化情景下径流量和非点源污染物负荷量的变化情况。结果表明:1)增加20%降雨,能增加73.4%的径流量,而减少20%降雨会减少56.3%的径流,而气温变化对径流和水质负荷影响不是很明显;2)总氮和总磷负荷随径流增加而增大,总磷负荷对径流变化更加敏感,降雨增加20%,总氮和总磷负荷分别增加约70.8%和78.3%;而减少20%降雨,会使得总氮和总磷负荷分别减少约55.3%和57.2%;3)从水文年对比来看,潮河流域丰水年径流量是枯水年的3.1倍,总氮、总磷负荷则分别是枯水年的2.9倍、3.5倍,白河流域丰水年径流量是枯水年的4.6倍,总氮、总磷负荷则分别是枯水年的5.6倍、8.5倍,且年内非点源污染负荷主要集中在汛期,高风险区主要分布在怀柔区、延庆县、滦平县以及密云县,需要对其采取对应的措施来控制非点源污染的影响。     

Temporal variability of rainfall in a semiarid environment in Brazil and its effect on sediment transport processes

Purpose

The temporal variabilities of both soil erosion by water and sediment redistribution in watersheds are directly related to rainfall characteristics. The purpose of this work was to assess the temporal pattern of rainfall in a semiarid watershed in Brazil and explain how this feature controls soil erosion and sediment yield.

Materials and methods

Daily and 5-min rainfall records were used to assess the temporal pattern down to the sub-hourly scale. To study the effect of the rainfall on sediment processes, erosivity and sediment yield at the Aiuaba (12 km²) and Benguê (933 km²) watersheds, Brazil were determined. Erosivity was calculated based on the rainfall kinetic energy method, while sediment yield was estimated from sediment rating curves and daily water discharge measurements.

Results and discussion

A large portion of annual rainfall is restricted to a few rain events and strong concentration in the sub-daily scale occurs, producing high erosivity. The temporal concentration of erosivity is greater than that of rainfall; the 10th percentile of the highest magnitude events encompasses 51% of the precipitation, but 80% of the erosivity. The temporal concentration of sediment yield is more pronounced; 88 and 98% of the sediment yield for the Aiuaba and Benguê watersheds, respectively, are within the 10th percentile of events.

Conclusions

The strong temporal concentration of precipitation causes events with high intensity and erosivity, thus allowing for soil detachment. Nonetheless, the low runoff rates limit downstream sediment transport. Such behavior produces a much higher temporal concentration of sediment yield, which reaches its maximal after a sequence of rainy days, when hydrological connectivity is enhanced and the sediments are propagated throughout the entire transport-limited system.     

平凉市纸坊沟小流域近50年径流对降水的响应分析

根据纸坊沟小流域1955—2002年降水、径流观测资料,采用时间序列分析法和统计回归分析法对降雨及径流的响应情况进行了分析,结果表明:降水量在年内分配不均,凸显单一峰值;降水在年际上呈平水年—干旱年—平水年（较丰水年）周期性变化;流域月径流变化基本与月降水量变化趋势相吻合,在同一周期中径流量峰值推后于降水量峰值一个时段,流域径流年变化幅度很大;径流深在季节分配上也有很大差异,主要集中在夏、秋季,占年总值的86.2%,而春、冬季仅占13.8%;径流距平值变化无论是季节上还是月度上均呈下降趋势;当年降水量增加或减小10%,20%,30%时,年径流深表现出分别增加或减少23.29%,46.59%,69.88%的正响应;随着时间的推移和流域治理程度的提高,流域径流量和径流深相应减小,径流深总体呈下降趋势。     

紫色土小流域土壤流失对不同土地利用类型的响应

 小流域土壤流失特征不仅反映了流域的土地利用和管理状况,而且对其下游水体环境和水利设施安全具有深刻的影响。1999—2000年间以紫色土区3个具有不同集水面积、物理特征和土地利用类型的典型小流域为研究对象,探讨不同雨型下土壤流失对不同土地利用类型的响应特征。中大型降雨和间歇型降雨侵蚀下,以林地为主要土地利用类型的流域输沙模数最小,平均为866kg·hm-2,谷地农田利用类型最高,平均为5 550kg·hm-2。次降雨侵蚀力和次降雨峰值径流流量,分别是紫色土区非林地和林地利用为主小流域输沙模数变异的主要影响因子。     

晋西黄土区不同植被覆盖小流域的产流输沙特性

为了进行不同植被覆盖小流域的产流输沙研究,以山西省吉县蔡家川流域内部嵌套的3个典型小流域为研究对象,采用对比分析的方法,探索降雨特性和植被覆盖条件对流域产流输沙的影响。结果表明:小流域产生的径流量和输沙量均随着降雨量的增大而增大,但并不成一定比例;小流域的径流量和输沙量也随降雨强度的增大而增大,泥沙量的增长幅度大于径流量;在黄土区,短历时的暴雨易产生严重水土流失,应该作为水土流失预防的重点;在不同植被覆盖条件下,以封禁植被为主的小流域产生的径流量和输沙量最小,人工植被为主的小流域次之,水平梯田为主的小流域最大;在封禁条件下自然恢复植被为主的小流域对黄土区典型暴雨的水土流失预防效果最佳。因此,如何在水土流失严重的黄土高原地区仿拟自然进行植被恢复,是有效控制水土流失的关键。     

Watershed vs in-lake alkalinity generation: A comparison of rates using input-output studies

As a means of assessing the relative contributions of watershed (terrestrial) and in-lake processes to overall lake/watershed alkalinity budgets, alkalinity production rates for watersheds and low alkalinity lakes were compiled from the literature and compared. Based on net alkalinity production data, derived using wet or bulk deposition data, mean and median alkalinity production for 20 watersheds in North America and Europe were 89 and 69 meq m^?2 yr^?1 (range 20 to 235 meq m^?2 yr^?1). For a subset of 10 watersheds with dry deposition data, terrestrial alkalinity production neutralized an additional 35 meq m^?2 yr^?1 of acidic deposition. For 11 lakes, mean and median in-lake alkalinity generation were 99 and 88 meq m^?2 yr^?1 (range 22 to 240 meq m^?2 yr^?1). Analysis of data indicates that for the low alkalinity systems described here, areal alkalinity production rates for watersheds and lakes are approximately equal. This relationship suggests that watershed area to lake area ratio can be used as a convenient estimator of the relative importance of watershed and in-lake sources of alkalinity for drainage lake systems. For precipitation-dominated seepage lakes and other systems where hydrology limits soil-water contact, hydrologic flow paths and residence times can be of overriding importance in determining alkalinity sources. For regions dominated by drainage lakes with high watershed area to lake area ratios (such as the Northeastern U.S.), however, alkalinity budgets are dominated by watershed processes. Omission of in-lake alkalinity consideration for most lakes in such regions would have little impact on computed alkalinity budgets or on predicted response to changes in acidic deposition loadings.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同空间尺度流域泥沙输移比研究

泥沙输移比是定量表征流域内侵蚀产沙-河道输沙特征的重要指标。探讨了不同尺度流域泥沙输移比计算的可能性与方法,以黄土丘陵沟壑区的径流小区、小流域、水文站实测资料为基础,利用径流小区观测资料和单元小流域侵蚀模数2种方法,对4种空间尺度流域的泥沙输移比进行了估算。结果表明:(1)对于面积在10~100km²的小流域,利用2种方法计算的泥沙输移比结果非常接近,说明在没有小区观测资料时,用单元小流域计算流域泥沙输移比是可行的。(2)对于土壤侵蚀类型单一的水文站控制流域,在没有面积>1km²单元小流域资料的情况下,可以用面积1~10km²小流域或面积10~100km²小流域作为单元小流域来计算泥沙输移比而对于侵蚀类型不同的支流其误差范围有些偏大。(3)流域治理措施的实施对于泥沙输移比的减少具有明显的效果,但治理措施减沙效应的发挥具有一定的滞后性。     

基于可变源区理论的SCS模型改进及其应用

准确预测小流域的径流量是进行侵蚀预报和水土流失治理的关键。SCS-CN是预测无径流观测资料地区降雨产流的常见模型之一。针对传统SCS-CN模型不能准确识别饱和产流源区问题,基于可变源区理论对SCS-CN模型进行了改进,并以三峡地区王家桥小流域50场降雨径流数据为例,对基于可变源区的SCS方法（CN-VSA）、初损率λ=0.2和改进的λ=0.05的SCS-CN方法进行了对比。结果表明:SCS-CN_0.2方法不适合该流域,CN-VSA和SCS-CN_0.05方法均能较好模拟结果,CN-VSA方法决定系数为0.802,效率系数是0.651,SCS-CN_0.05方法分别是0.763,0.766,但是SCS-CN_0.05方法不能准确定位饱和产流源区。在流域综合治理的水文效应评估中,饱和产流源区准确定位十分重要,改进的CN-VSA方法能定位产流源区,在实践中有着重要意义。     

岔巴沟流域泥沙输移比时空分异特征及影响因素

本文以团山沟单元小流域作为流域系统产沙的源地，将其它中小流域输沙模数与单元小流域侵蚀模数之比定义为泥沙输移比，系统的研究了岔巴沟流域次暴雨泥沙输移比的时空变化特征及降水水文影响因子和地貌形态因子的综合影响。研究发现，从长远来看，流域系统的侵蚀与产沙可达到平衡，但就次降雨或年度而言，流域系统经常处于泥沙滞留和滞留的泥沙重新侵蚀搬运的状态。降雨量、径流系数、降雨时间、水流平均含沙量能很好的表达岔巴沟各流域次暴雨泥沙输移比，在考虑地貌形态因子的影响后，得到了岔巴沟流域次暴雨泥沙输移比的降水水文因子与地貌形态因子关系的综合表达式。