A simulation of winter wheat crop responses to irrigation management using CERES-Wheat model in the North China Plain

To improve efficiency in the use of water resources in water-limited environments such as the North China Plain(NCP), where winter wheat is a major and groundwater-consuming crop, the application of water-saving irrigation strategies must be considered as a method for the sustainable development of water resources. The initial objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the ability of the CERES-Wheat model simulation to predict the winter wheat grain yield, biomass yield and water use efficiency(WUE) responses to different irrigation management methods in the NCP. The results from evaluation and validation analyses were compared to observed data from 8 field experiments, and the results indicated that the model can accurately predict these parameters. The modified CERES-Wheat model was then used to simulate the development and growth of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments ranging from rainfed to four irrigation applications(full irrigation) using historical weather data from crop seasons over 33 years(1981–2014). The data were classified into three types according to seasonal precipitation: 100 mm, 100–140 mm, and 140 mm. Our results showed that the grain and biomass yield, harvest index(HI) and WUE responses to irrigation management were influenced by precipitation among years, whereby yield increased with higher precipitation. Scenario simulation analysis also showed that two irrigation applications of 75 mm each at the jointing stage and anthesis stage(T3) resulted in the highest grain yield and WUE among the irrigation treatments. Meanwhile, productivity in this treatment remained stable through different precipitation levels among years. One irrigation at the jointing stage(T1) improved grain yield compared to the rainfed treatment and resulted in yield values near those of T3, especially when precipitation was higher. These results indicate that T3 is the most suitable irrigation strategy under variable precipitation regimes for stable yield of winter wheat with maximum water savings in the NCP. The application of one irrigation at the jointing stage may also serve as an alternative irrigation strategy for further reducing irrigation for sustainable water resources management in this area.     

CFD Based Study of Heterogeneous Microclimate in a Typical Chinese Greenhouse in Central China

Indoor microclimate is important for crop production and quality in greenhouse cultivation.This paper focuses on microclimate study based on a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model of a typical plastic greenhouse(with a sector shape vertical cross-section) popularly used in central China.A radiation model is added into the CFD model so as to simulate coupling of convective transfers and radiative exchanges at the cover and the roof,instead of using the usual coupling approach based on energy balance.In addition,a fractal permeability model is innovatively adopted in the modeling of the crop canopy.Compared the numerical results with measured experimental data,the model simulation is proved with success.This model then is used to explore the microclimate variable distributions in the greenhouse.It shows that the airflow pattern,temperature and humidity profiles are different from those in a sawtooth Mediterraneantype greenhouse.The study suggests that this deliberately developed CFD model can be served as a useful tool in macroclimate research and greenhouse design investigating.     

In situ measurements of winter wheat diurnal changes in photosynthesis and environmental factors reveal new insight into photosynthesis improvement by super-high-yield cultivation

In past 30 years, the wheat yield per unit area of China has increased by 79%. The super-high-yield(SH) cultivation played an important role in improving the wheat photosynthesis and yield. In order to find the ecophysiological mechanism underneath the high photosynthesis of SH cultivation, in situ diurnal changes in the photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll(Chl) a fluorescence of field-grown wheat plants during the grain-filling stage and environmental factors were investigated. During the late grain-filling stage at 24 days after anthesis(DAA), the diurnal changes in net CO_2 assimilation rate were higher under SH treatment than under high-yield(H) treatment. From 8 to 24 DAA, the actual quantum yield of photosystem II(PSII) electron transport in the light-adapted state(ΦPSII) in the flag leaves at noon under SH treatment were significantly higher than those under H treatment. The leaf temperature, soil temperature and soil moisture were better suited for higher rates of leaf photosynthesis under SH treatment than those under H treatment at noon. Such diurnal changes in environmental factors in wheat fields could be one of the mechanisms for the higher biomass and yield under SH cultivation than those under H cultivation. ΦPSII and CO_2 exchange rate in wheat flag leaves under SH and H treatments had a linear correlation which could provide new insight to evaluate the wheat photosynthesis performance under different conditions.     

The impacts of climate change on wheat yield in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China using DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model under different climate scenarios

Climate change has been documented as a major threat to current agricultural strategies. Progress in understanding the impact of climate change on crop yield is essential for agricultural climate adaptation, especially for the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain(3 H Plain) of China which is an area known to be vulnerable to global warming. In this study, the impacts of climate change on winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) yield between the baseline period(1981–2010) and two Representative Concentration Pathways(RCP8.5 and RCP4.5) were simulated for the short-term(2010–2039), the medium-term(2040–2069) and the long-term(2070–2099) in the 3 H Plain, by considering the relative contributions of changes in temperature, solar radiation and precipitation using the DSSAT-CERES-Wheat model. Results indicated that the maximum and minimum temperatures(TMAX and TMIN), solar radiation(SRAD), and precipitation(PREP) during the winter wheat season increased under these two RCPs. Yield analysis found that wheat yield increased with the increase in SRAD, PREP and CO2 concentration, but decreased with an increase in temperature. Increasing precipitation contributes the most to the total impact, increasing wheat yield by 9.53, 6.62 and 23.73% for the three terms of future climate under RCP4.5 scenario, and 11.74, 16.38 and 27.78% for the three terms of future climate under RCP8.5 scenario. However, as increases in temperature bring higher evapotranspiration, which further aggravated water deficits, the supposed negative effect of increasing thermal resources decreased wheat yield by 1.92, 4.08 and 5.24% for the three terms of future climate under RCP4.5 scenario, and 3.64, 5.87 and 5.81% for the three terms of future climate under RCP8.5 scenario with clearly larger decreases in RCP8.5. Counterintuitively, the impacts in southern sub-regions were positive, but they were all negative in the remaining sub-regions. Our analysis demonstrated that in the 3 H Plain, which is a part of the mid-high latitude region, the effects of increasing thermal resources were counteracted by the aggravated water deficits caused by the increase in temperature.     

Global sensitivity analysis of the AquaCrop model for winter wheat under different water treatments based on the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test

Sensitivity analysis(SA) is an effective tool for studying crop models;it is an important link in model localization and plays an important role in crop model calibration and application.The objectives were to(i) determine influential and non-influential parameters with respect to above ground biomass(AGB),canopy cover(CC),and grain yield of winter wheat in the Beijing area based on the Aqua Crop model under different water treatments(rainfall,normal irrigation,and over-irrigation);and(ii) generate an Aqua Crop model that can be used in the Beijing area by setting non-influential parameters to fixed values and adjusting influential parameters according to the SA results.In this study,field experiments were conducted during the 2012–2013,2013–2014,and 2014–2015 winter wheat growing seasons at the National Precision Agriculture Demonstration Research Base in Beijing,China.The extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test(EFAST) method was used to perform SA of the Aqua Crop model using 42 crop parameters,in order to verify the SA results,data from the 2013–2014 growing season were used to calibrate the Aqua Crop model,and data from 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 growing seasons were validated.For AGB and yield of winter wheat,the total order sensitivity analysis had more sensitive parameters than the first order sensitivity analysis.For the AGB time-series,parameter sensitivity was changed under different water treatments;in comparison with the non-stressful conditions(normal irrigation and over-irrigation),there were more sensitive parameters under water stress(rainfall),while root development parameters were more sensitive.For CC with time-series and yield,there were more sensitive parameters under water stress than under no water stress.Two parameters sets were selected to calibrate the Aqua Crop model,one group of parameters were under water stress,and the others were under no water stress,there were two more sensitive parameters(growing degree-days(GDD) from sowing to the maximum rooting depth(root) and the maximum effective rooting depth(rtx)) under water stress than under no water stress.The results showed that there was higher accuracy under water stress than under no water stress.This study provides guidelines for Aqua Cropmodel calibration and application in Beijing,China,as well providing guidance to simplify the AquaC rop model and improve its precision,especially when many parameters are used.     

Emergy analysis of paddy farming in Hunan Province,China: A new perspective on sustainable development of agriculture

The multi-functionality of paddy farming has become a hot issue recently. Paddy farming provides numerous ecosystem services that are crucial to human well-being. However, evaluation of the contribution of paddy farming to human well-being usually focus on its economic value, while its non-market services are usually ignored. Only evaluating the market profits or market relative benefits cannot reflect comprehensively the contribution of paddy farming to people's well-being. This will affect people's choices for or against paddy farming activities and people's opt for invest or not invest in it. A comprehensive evaluation of paddy farming can provide an important reference for the government and society to conserve the multi-functionality of paddy farming and achieve sustainable development. To this end, this paper reports a case evaluation of paddy farming in Hunan, the largest rice producing as well as rice yield province in China, and uses emergy theory to make a comprehensive evaluation for paddy farming. The emergy evaluation results of the paddy ecosystem in Hunan are as follows: in 2010, the input emergy of the paddy ecosystem in Hunan is 2.51E+22 sej and the output emergy is 6.31E+22sej. For the input emergy, the part from natural resources is 1.96E+21 sej and the part from human society is 2.32E+22sej; for the output emergy, the part from products is 2.22E+22 sej, the part from impositive externality is 4.16E+22 sej and the part from negative externality is –7.41E+20 sej. Taking the non-market outputs into consideration, the gains from the human economic society's 1 $ input in paddy farming, emergy sustainability index(ESI) and emergy profit rate are respectively 2.73 $, 3.53 and 151.31%. If the evaluation leave out the non-market output, the three indexes are only 0.96 $,1.24 and 30.67%. The research results show that non-market services of paddy farming contribute significantly to human well-being. Therefore, in order to protect the multi-functionality of paddy farming and achieve the sustainable management,the government should take reasonable measures and make incentive plans.     

CLIMATE-CHANGE-INDUCED TEMPORAL VARIATION IN PRECIPITATION INCREASES NITROGEN LOSSES FROM INTENSIVE CROPPING SYSTEMS: ANALYSIS WITH A TOY MODEL

A simple ‘toy’ model of productivity and nitrogen and phosphorus cycling was used to evaluate how the increasing temporal variation in precipitation that is predicted(and observed) to occur as a consequence of greenhouse-gasinduced climate change will affect crop yields and losses of reactive N that can cause environmental damage and affect human health. The model predicted that as temporal variability in precipitation increased it progressively reduced yields and increased losses of reactive N ...     

Analysis of Differences in Productivity,Profitability and Soil Fertility Between Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems in the Tropics and Sub-tropics

Organic farming aims to stimulate soil fertility by avoiding the use of synthetic fertiliser inputs, relying instead on locally available natural resources. It is regarded by many as a sustainable alternative to conventional fanning because it ensures higher biodiversity, restricts environmental pollution, prevents land degradation and is easy to apply for smallholder and subsistence farmers. Although widely practiced and studied in temperate regions, little is known about the potential overall benefits of organic farming in the tropics and subtropics. This paper addresses this gap by undertaking an analysis of the differences between organic and conventional agriculture in the tropics and sub-tropics based on an extensive literature review including 88 papers with 458 data pairs. The comparison is based on three main indicators： yield, gross margin and soil organic carbon （SOC）. The differences between the organic and conventional systems for each of these main indicators is represented by the ratio of the value of the indicator in the organic system divided by the corresponding value in the conventional system. This was initially calculated for each data pair individually, and grouped by a variety of explanatory factors, such as precipitation, human development level, soil texture, crop type, organic input type, time after conversion and certification. The results demonstrate that under organic management, yields were on average 26% higher, gross margins 51% higher and soil organic carbon 53% higher than under conventional management. The highest yield increases in organic cropping systems were achieved in the least developed countries, in arid regions and on coarse soils. For gross margins, certification was the main reason for differences between organic and conventional systems. Certified farmers, mostly located in developed countries, receive significantly higher prices. Furthermore, organic farming in the driest regions results in higher profits than in other regions. Even though soil organic carbon     

Alternate row mulching optimizes soil temperature and water conditions and improves wheat yield in dryland farming

Straw mulching allows for effective water storage in dryland wheat production. Finding a suitable straw mulching model that facilitates wheat growth was the objective of this study. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of two straw mulching patterns(FM, full coverage within all the rows; HM, half coverage within alternate rows) and two mulching rates(4.5 and 9.0 t ha~(–1)) on soil moisture, soil temperature, grain yield, and water use efficiency(WUE) of winter wheat in northern China, with no mulching(M0) as the control. Results showed that mulching increased the soil water storage in all growth stages under high mulching rates, with a stronger effect in later growth stages. Water storage under the HM model was greater in later stages than under the FM model. Soil water content of HM groups was higher than that of FM groups, especially in surface soil layers. Evapotranspiration decreased in mulched groups and was higher under high mulching rates. Aboveground biomass during each growth stage under the HM model was higher than that under M0 and FM models with the same mulched rate, leading to a relatively higher grain yield under the HM model. Mulching increased WUE, a trend that was more obvious under HM9.0 treatment. Warming effect of soil temperature under the HM pattern persisted longer than under the FM model with the same mulching rates. Accumulated soil temperature under mulched treatments increased, and the period of negative soil temperature decreased by 9–12 days under FM and by 10–20 days under HM. Thus, the HM pattern with 9.0 t ha–1 mulching rate is beneficial for both soil temperature and water content management and can contribute to high yields and high WUE for wheat production in China.     

The Modeling of Production and Economic Indicators in Suckler Cows Herds

The aim of this study was to analyse the most important factors affecting the profitability of suckler cows herds in Slovakia in 2010. The economic models were used to verify whether the suckler cows farming is profitable without subsidies in the current production conditions in Slovakia as well as their optimal location in the agricultural natural conditions of Slovakia from the perspective of economic efficiency. The breeding of cattle, mainly for the beef meat production, has long been unprofitable as it is apparent also from the analysis of several studies. In the model without inclusion of subsidies, it was calculated that the suckler cows farming is unprofitable at the current production parameters and realization prices of calves. The losses per cow and year were ranged from -240ε in the model by using a combination of the maximum threshold values of input parameters to -818ε by using a combination of the minimum threshold values of the input parameters. In the models including of subsidies amount of loss and/or profit per cow and year varied depending on the input parameters mainly on natality, average daily gain, the realization price of calves and the level of subsidies provided to breeder as well. The economic results are ranged from -277ε to 724ε per cow and year. From economical as well as production point of view, the most appropriate agricultural natural regions for suckler cows farming in Slovakia are upland and highland regions.     

土壤深松和补灌对小麦干物质生产及水分利用率的影响

研究一次深松耕作后土壤水分对冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用率的影响,为小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据.于2008-2009和2009-2010两个小麦生长季,选用高产小麦品种济麦22,采取测墒补灌的方法,研究了深松+旋耕和旋耕2种耕作方式下土壤水分对小麦0-200 cm土层土壤含水量、干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,(1)深松+旋耕40-180 cm土层土壤含水量低于旋耕处理;旗叶光合速率和水分利用率,开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于旋耕处理.(2)W3(补灌至0-140 cm土层土壤相对含水量播种期为85％,越冬期80％,拔节和开花期75％)成熟期0-200cm土层土壤含水量与W1(播种期80％,越冬期80％,拔节和开花期75％)和W2处理(播种期80％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)无显著差异;W3和W''3(播种期85％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)60-140 cm土层土壤含水量分别低于W4(播种期85％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)和W''4(播种期90％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)处理;W3和W''3灌浆中后期旗叶光合速率较高,开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于其他处理,获得高的籽粒产量和水分利用率.综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用率和灌溉效益,在深松+旋耕条件下,两年度分别以W3和W''3为节水高产的最佳处理.     

基于AquaCrop模型的北京地区冬小麦水分利用效率

【目的】作物水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)是农业水分管理与决策的重要指标。北京是严重缺水的城市,其主要种植作物冬小麦灌溉用水占比高,开展冬小麦产量水分利用效率的分析研究,可为北京地区的冬小麦节水灌溉与增产平衡提供决策信息支持。【方法】利用2011—2012、2012—2013和2013—2014年国家精准农业示范研究基地冬小麦不同生育期不同灌溉处理下的田间实测数据,对AquaCrop作物模型进行参数本地化。统计北京地区2004—2014年冬小麦生育期的日降雨量数据,利用Pearson-Ⅲ型分布划分了3种降雨年型:湿润年(2012—2013年生育期)、平水年(2009—2010年生育期)和干旱年(2005—2006年生育期)。应用AquaCrop研究分析了3种不同降雨年型、14种灌溉情景下冬小麦籽粒产量水平和产量水分利用效率特征变化。【结果】基于AquaCrop模型的产量模拟值和实测值的R 2、RMSE和d分别为0.99、0.3 t·hm~(-2)、0.99。模型模拟的冬小麦产量水分利用效率:2011—2012年正常灌溉条件下为1.72 kg·m~(-3),2012—2013年正常灌溉条件下为1.67 kg·m~(-3),2013—2014年雨养、正常灌溉和过量灌溉条件下分别为1.27、1.74和1.64 kg·m~(-3),正常灌溉条件下产量水分利用效率最高,其次是过量灌溉,雨养条件下产量水分利用效率最低。在此基础上应用AquaCrop模型模拟分析了3种不同降雨年型冬小麦籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率随灌溉量变化的响应特征,其中,湿润年产量水分利用效率和籽粒产量达到最大值时所需的灌溉量分别为35和50 mm;平水年达到最大值所需的灌溉量分别为35和40 mm;干旱年达到最大值所需的灌溉量均为65 mm。【结论】AquaCrop模型可以很好预测北京地区不同年份不同灌溉条件下冬小麦的籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率。冬小麦产量与产量水分利用效率均随着灌溉量的增加逐渐增大,至最大值后开始减小,在干旱的情况下,植物通过自身适应策略会提高水分利用效率,随着水分的增加,水分利用率将降低,因此3种不同年型的产量水分利用效率的大小顺序依次为干旱年、平水年和湿润年。因此,在制定冬小麦灌溉策略时,要做到产量和产量水分利用效率兼顾。以上研究结果表明,利用Aqua Crop模型可以为北京地区冬小麦田间灌溉和决策提供指导。关于降雨年型本研究仅对湿润年、平水年和干旱年3种年型在越冬期、返青期、拔节期、开花期和灌浆期不同灌溉量和籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率之间的关系进行模拟,对于不同时期不同灌溉量对籽粒产量和产量水分利用效率的影响没有考虑,需要进一步研究验证。     

渭北旱塬不同施肥与覆盖栽培对冬小麦产量形成及土壤水分利用的影响

 【目的】研究不同施肥和覆盖栽培模式对渭北旱塬旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响。【方法】通过田间试验,研究测土推荐施氮、顶凌追肥、垄覆沟播、秸秆还田覆盖等措施对冬小麦产量、生物量、收获指数、水分利用效率及土壤水分周年变化的影响。【结果】旱地早春追肥使冬小麦增产6%—14%,水分利用效率提高7%—10%,达到12.2—13.6 kg•hm-2•mm-1;“减氮+垄覆沟播”增产达15%—41%,水分利用率提高10%—30%,达到12.2—16.5 kg•hm-2•mm-1。主要原因是,通过测土优化氮肥用量,采用基肥﹕追肥（3﹕1）方式,并与起垄覆膜栽培措施相结合可促进冬小麦利用深层土壤水分,提高冬小麦抽穗开花期植株含水量和成熟期的生物量及收获指数;虽然生育期耗水增加,但水分利用效率也提高。而单纯减少氮肥用量,不利于水分利用效率的提高;夏季垄上覆膜沟内覆盖作物秸秆可提高休闲效率,利于土壤水分恢复,实现土壤水分周年平衡和旱地小麦可持续增产。【结论】优化施氮结合垄覆沟播是黄土高原渭北旱地小麦增产增效的栽培模式。     

深松蓄水和施磷对旱地小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】针对黄土高原旱地小麦干旱缺水、肥料不合理施用的问题,探索旱地小麦休闲期深松蓄水和播前配施磷肥的最佳技术途径。【方法】于2012—2016年连续4年在山西农业大学闻喜旱地小麦试验基地开展试验,主区为休闲期深松与对照2个耕作方式,副区为施磷(P_2O_5)0、75、150、225、300、375 kg·hm~(-2) 6个施磷量处理,以明确年际间休闲期深松和播前配施磷肥对旱地小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】夏季休闲利于旱地麦田土壤水分恢复,可提高土壤蓄水效率20%—86%;休闲期深松较对照显著提高播种期3 m内土壤蓄水量24—90 mm;提高穗数1%—18%,提高产量3%—25%,提高2012—2013年水分利用效率4%—20%。施磷肥对土壤水分有一定影响,施磷量在0—225 kg·hm~(-2)范围内,旱地小麦生育期内0—300 cm土壤蓄水量以施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)最低;施磷(4年定位试验)降低了生育期内0—300 cm土壤蓄水量,各处理间差异以第4年最显著。本试验中施磷肥的第3年和第4年的土壤水分未达平衡,施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)与未施磷肥间的周年耗水量差异显著,说明长期施磷肥增加了作物对水分的消耗和利用,0—300 cm土壤蓄水量会降低。随施磷量(0—225 kg·hm~(-2))增加,旱地小麦4年平均产量和水分利用效率表现为先增加后降低的变化趋势,并且均以施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)最高,产量各处理间差异显著,水分利用效率施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)与未施磷肥处理间差异显著。此外,F测验显示年份对产量和水分利用效率影响最大,增产效果显示休闲期深松的增产效果高于磷肥的增产效果,最终4年定位试验形成的播前0—300 cm底墒414—546 mm配施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)、底墒556—607 mm配施磷量75 kg·hm~(-2),穗数、产量、水分利用效率均较高。【结论】旱地麦田休闲期深松有利于蓄积休闲期降水,改善底墒;施磷增加了旱地小麦对土壤水分的消耗和利用,降低了生育期土壤水分,增加了周年耗水;休闲期深松每多蓄1 mm水分可增产2—31 kg·hm~(-2),在施磷量0—150 kg·hm~(-2)范围内每多施1 kg·hm~(-2)磷肥可增产2—13 kg·hm~(-2);播前0—300 cm底墒550 mm以下配施磷量150 kg·hm~(-2)、底墒550 mm以上配施磷量75 kg·hm~(-2)均可实现较高的产量和水分利用效率。     

Effect of low-nitrogen stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with different low-nitrogen tolerances

Nitrogen(N) is a critical element for plant growth and productivity that influences photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We investigated the effect of low-N stress on leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize cultivars with difference in tolerance to low N levels. The low-N tolerant cultivar ZH311 and low-N sensitive cultivar XY508 were used as the test materials. A field experiment(with three N levels: N0, 0 kg ha–1; N1, 150 kg ha–1; N2, 300 kg ha–1) in Jiyanyang, Sichuan Province, China, and a hydroponic experiment(with two N levels: CK, 4 mmol L–1; LN, 0.04 mmol L–1) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China were conducted. Low-N stress significantly decreased chlorophyll content and rapid light response curves of the maximum fluorescence under light(Fm′), fluorescence instable state(Fs), non-photochemical quenching(qN), the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry under dark-adaption(Fv/Fm), potential activity of PSII(Fv/Fo), and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII(ΦPSII) of leaves. Further, it increased the chlorophyll(Chl) a/Chl b values and so on. The light compensation point of ZH311 decreased, while that of XY508 increased. The degree of variation of these indices in low-N tolerant cultivars was lower than that in low-N sensitive cultivars, especially at the seedling stage. Maize could increase Chl a/Chl b, apparent quantum yield and light saturation point to adapt to N stress. Compared to low-N sensitive cultivars, low-N tolerant cultivars maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate and electron transport rate to maintain stronger PSII activity, which further promoted the ability to harvest and transfer light. This might be a photosynthetic mechanism by which low-N tolerant cultivar adapt to low-N stress.     

砂姜黑土小麦根系性状与冠层光合对不同灌水方式的响应

【目的】明确小麦前期不同灌水方式对中后期根系性状、冠层光合及产量影响的潜在机理,揭示小麦根系性状与冠层光合间的关系。【方法】在人工玻璃防雨蓬下,设置以下10种灌水处理CK（生育前期水分充足）、W1_20d （苗后20 d灌水50 mm）、W2_40d （苗后40 d灌水50 mm）、W3_60d （苗后60 d灌水50 mm）、W4_80d （苗后80 d灌水50 mm）、W5_100d （苗后100 d灌水50 mm）、W6_120d （苗后120 d灌水50 mm）、W7_20d+60d （苗后20 d灌水25 mm+苗后60 d灌水25 mm）、W8_40d+80d （苗后40 d灌水25 mm + 苗后80 d灌水25 mm）和W9_60d+100d（苗后60 d灌水25 mm + 苗后100 d灌水25 mm）。研究前期不同灌水方式对小麦中后期根系性状、冠层单叶面积、叶绿素密度、光合速率、光合有效辐射、叶绿素荧光参数和产量的影响。【结果】小麦生育前期适当延迟灌水日期有利于增加总根长、总表面积、总体积、平均直径、总根尖数和总分叉数,其中W5_100d与CK间的差异不显著,但两者显著高于W1_20d和W6_120d。CK孕穗期和开花期的倒1、倒2和倒3叶的单叶面积最大,但与W5_100d差异不显著,且总灌水量相同下灌水次数对冠层单叶面积的影响不显著。生育前期灌1水下冠层叶绿素密度随灌水日期的推迟呈先增加后下降的趋势,并以W5_100d最高,W1_20d最低。W5_100d孕穗期、开花期和灌浆中期的冠层光合速率显著高于CK,分别增加了7.5%、8.9% 和 8.9%,但冠层光合速率受灌水次数影响不明显。灌1水下,W5_100d孕穗期、开花期和灌浆中期的冠层光合有效辐射最高,分别比W1_20d和W6_120d显著增加了18.7%、9.7%、11.0% 和5.7%、4.9%、4.3%。W5_100d孕穗期和开花期的叶绿素荧光参数F_o、F_m、F_v/F_m、Φ_psII和ETR值最高,灌水次数对叶绿素荧光参数的影响不显著。W5_100d的产量和收获指数与CK差异不显著,两指标分别比W1_20d和W6_120d显著增加了15.4%、22.1% 和3.2%、9.2%。【结论】生育前期过早和过晚灌水对小麦中后期根系生长、冠层光能利用及产量形成不利,适当延长前期灌水日期可获得优于或相当于小麦生育前期水分充足处理的根系性状、冠层光合及产量,灌水次数在灌水量相同下的效果不明显。     

AquaCrop模型对旱区冬小麦抗旱灌溉的模拟研究

【目的】根据干旱情况及时采取灌溉措施,对旱区抗旱以及提高水分利用效率具有重要意义。从大田农业的实际情况出发,研究AquaCrop模型在旱区的适用性及干旱年份抗旱灌溉模拟,为实现抗旱保产提供依据。【方法】于2012-2014年,在旱区陕西杨凌及杨凌周边区域进行冬小麦大田试验,采用2013-2014年揉谷试验区的冬小麦观测数据进行模型的参数调试,采用2012-2013年揉谷试验区和2013-2014年武功试验区的冬小麦观测数据进行模型的验证,从而获得AquaCrop模型在陕西杨凌及周边地区的模型参数。模型参数包括影响冠层生长的冠层增长系数、冠层衰老系数和最大冠层覆盖度,影响生物量积累的水分生产力,影响产量形成的参考收获指数等。然后根据调查的干旱年份2012-2013年的灌溉情况制定出4种灌溉情景,并利用参数本地化后的AquaCrop模型模拟2012-2013年4种灌溉情景对冬小麦生物量和产量的影响,通过模拟结果得出最优灌溉策略。最后比较2012-2013年揉谷试验区、2013-2014年揉谷试验区和武功试验区冬小麦的产量水分利用效率。【结果】在冬小麦冠层覆盖度方面,AquaCrop模型模拟的冠层覆盖度和实测值之间的决定系数（R²）与均方根误差（RMSE）分别为0.464和8.0%。在冬小麦生物量模拟方面,AquaCrop模型模拟的生物量和实测值之间的R²和RMSE分别为0.889和1.622 t·hm^-2。在冬小麦产量模拟方面,AquaCrop模型模拟的产量与实测产量之间的RMSE为0.377 t·hm^-2。2013年为干旱年份,在播种后第77天进行冬灌并且在播种后第172天的拔节期再进行灌溉的两种情景获得最大的生物量;在播种后第77天进行冬灌、播种后第172天拔节期和播种后第200天抽穗期再分别灌溉,小麦产量最高,达到6.451 t·hm^-2。2012-2013年揉谷试验区、2013-2014年揉谷试验区和武功试验区冬小麦的产量水分利用效率分别为1.84、1.69和1.82 kg·m^-3。【结论】AquaCrop模型能够较好地模拟旱区冬小麦的生物量和产量,并且AquaCrop模型模拟的干旱年份下不同灌溉策略的生物量和产量,基本可以说明不同灌溉时间和灌溉次数对冬小麦最终产量的影响。同时说明2012-2013年增加的2次灌溉使干旱年份冬小麦的产量水分利用效率超过正常年份。以上研究符合当地农业生产实际情况,说明AquaCrop模型可以为旱区抗旱保产提供依据。AquaCrop模型具有很好的应用前景,正逐渐成为一个重要的田间决策工具。     

Canopy morphological changes and water use efficiency in winter wheat under different irrigation treatments

Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an important strategy to resolve water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, field experiments with winter wheat were performed at Wuqiao Experiment Station, China Agricultural University in two growing seasons in 2013–2015 to help develop such techniques. Three irrigation treatments were tested: no-irrigation(i.e., no water applied after sowing), limited-irrigation(i.e., 60 mm of water applied at jointing), and sufficient-irrigation(i.e., a total of 180 mm of water applied with 60 mm at turning green, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). Leaf area index(LAI), light transmittance(LT), leaf angle(LA), transpiration rate(Tr), specific leaf weight, water use efficiency(WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat were measured. The highest WUE of wheat in the irrigated treatments was found under limited-irrigation and grain yield was only reduced by a small amount in this treatment compared to the sufficient irrigation treatment. The LAI and LA of wheat plants was lower under limited irrigation than sufficient irrigation, but canopy LT was greater. Moreover, the specific leaf weight of winter wheat was significantly lower under sufficient than limited irrigation conditions, while the leaf Tr was significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed that the increased LAI was associated with an increase in the leaf Tr, but the specific leaf weight had the opposite relationship with transpiration. Optimum WUE occurred over a reasonable range in leaf Tr. In conclusion, reduced irrigation can optimize wheat canopies and regulate water consumption, with only small reductions in final yield, ultimately leading to higher wheat WUE and water saving in arid and semi-arid regions.