Characteristics of inorganic phosphorus fractions and their correlations with soil properties in three non-acidic soils

Understanding the characteristics and influences of various factors on phosphorus (P) fractions is of significance for promoting the efficiency of soil P. Based on long-term experiments on black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, and loess soil, which belong to Phaeozems, Cambisols, and Anthrosols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), respectively, five fertilization practices were selected and divided into three groups: no P fertilizer (CK/NK), balanced fertilizer (NPK/NPKS), and manure plus mineral fertilizer (NPKM). Soil inorganic P (Pi) fractions and soil properties were analyzed to investigate the characteristics of the Pi fractions and the relationships between Pi fractions and various soil properties. The results showed that the proportion of Ca₁₀-P in the sum of total Pi fractions was the highest in the three soils, accounting for 33.5% in black soil, 48.8% in fluvo-aquic soil, and 44.8% in loess soil. Long-term fertilization practices resulted in periodic changes in soil Pi accumulation or depletion. For black soil and fluvo-aquic soil, the Pi accumulation was higher in the late period (10–20 years) of fertilization than in the early period (0–10 years) under NPK/NPKS and NPKM, whereas the opposite result was found in loess soil. The Pi accumulation occurred in all Pi fractions in black soil; mainly in Ca₈-P, Fe-P, and Ca₁₀-P in fluvo-aquic soil; and in Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, and O-P in loess soil. Under CK/NK, the soil Pi was depleted mainly in the early period in each of the three soils. In addition to the labile Pi (Ca₂-P) and moderately labile Pi (Ca₈-P, Fe-P, Al-P), the Ca₁₀-P in black soil and fluvo-aquic soil and O-P in loess soil could also be used by crops. Redundancy analysis showed that soil properties explained more than 90% of the variation in the Pi fractions in each soil, and the explanatory percentages of soil organic matter (SOM) were 43.6% in black soil, 74.6% in fluvo-aquic, and 38.2% in loess soil. Consequently, decisions regarding the application of P fertilizer should consider the accumulation rate and the variations in Pi fractions driven by soil properties in non-acidic soils.     

Improvement of soil fertility and rice yield after long-term application of cow manure combined with inorganic fertilizers

Fertilization is an effective technique to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield. The long-term effects of different fertilizers on soil considerably vary. Over 38 consecutive years of different fertilization positioning experiments in a double cropping rice field of Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station, seven different fertilization treatments including CK (no fertilization), NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer), M (cow manure), NPKM (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium with cow manure), NPM (nitrogen and phosphorus with cow manure), NKM (nitrogen and potassium with cow manure), and PKM (phosphorus and potassium with cow manure) were applied to study the effects on rice yield, soil fertility, and nutrient apparent balance in a paddy field. The results showed that the annual average yields of rice in NPKM, NPM, NKM, PKM, M, NPK and CK treatments ranged from 6 214 to 11 562 kg ha^–1. Yields under long-term organic and inorganic treatments (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were 22.58, 15.35, 10.53 and 4.41%, respectively, greater than under the NPK treatment. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN) and available potassium (AK) concentration with long-term organic and inorganic treatment (NPKM, NPM, NKM and PKM) were significantly higher than in inorganic fertilizer (NPK) treatments. Soil total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) contentration with organic fertilizer combined with inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment (NPKM, NPM and PKM) were significantly higher than with inorganic fertilizer alone (NPK treatments). The average annual rice yield (11 562 kg ha^–1), SOC (20.88 g kg^–1), TN (2.30 g kg^–1), TP (0.95 g kg^–1), TK (22.50 g kg^–1) and AP (38.94 mg kg^–1) concentrations were the highest in the NPKM treatment. The soil AN concentration (152.40 mg kg^–1) and AK contentration (151.00 mg kg^–1) were the highest in the NKM treatment. N and P application led to a surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil, but NPKM treatment effectively reduced the surplus compared with other treatments. Soils under all treatments were deficient in potassium. Correlation analysis showed that SOC, TN, AN, TP, and AP contentration was significantly correlated with rice yield; the correlation coefficients were 0.428, 0.496, 0.518, 0.501, and 0.438, respectively. This study showed that the combined application of N, P, and K with cow manure had important effects on rice yield and soil fertility, but balanced application of N, P, and K with cow manure was required.     

长期施肥下红壤性水稻土有效磷的演变特征及对磷平衡的响应

【目的】分析长期不同施肥下土壤有效磷含量、全磷含量、土壤磷素盈亏和磷素活化效率（PAC）的动态变化,探讨不同施肥下水稻土磷素演变特征及与磷平衡的响应关系。【方法】基于1982年开始的红壤性水稻土长期不同施肥定位试验,试验包括不施肥（CK）、有机肥（牛粪,M）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）、氮磷钾肥＋有机肥（NPKM）、氮磷肥＋有机肥（NPM）、氮钾肥＋有机肥（NKM）和磷钾肥＋有机肥（PKM）共7个处理。【结果】经过30年不同施肥,土壤有效磷含量均呈上升趋势。M、NKM、NPK、NPM、NPKM和PKM处理土壤有效磷含量变化速率分别为0.18、0.20、0.83、1.35、1.46和1.62 mg·kg^-1·a^-1。M、NPK、PKM、NPM和NPKM处理土壤全磷增加速率分别约为4.3、15.4、16.0、18.3和22.9 mg·kg^-1·a^-1。所有施肥处理,土壤中磷素均有盈余,磷素盈余量与土壤有效磷增加量呈显著正相关关系（P＜0.05）,土壤中每盈余100 kg P·hm^-2,M、NKM、NPM、NPKM、PKM和NPK6个处理的土壤有效磷含量分别增加0.4、0.7、1.9、2.1、2.2和3.2 mg·kg^-1。在土壤中磷素盈余量接近的情况下,单施化肥（NPK）的PAC显著高于单施有机肥（M）处理（P＜0.05）。【结论】化学磷肥和有机肥配施相比单施化肥或有机肥能够显著提高红壤性水稻土土壤有效磷、全磷含量和磷素活化效率。     

长期不同施肥红壤磷素变化及其对产量的影响

目的 定量长期不同施肥红壤磷素的演变特征,研究红壤磷素变化对生产力的影响,为红壤地区磷素管理提供理论依据。方法 利用持续26年的红壤旱地长期定位试验平台（1991—2016年）,比较长期不施磷肥（CK、N、NK）、施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）、化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）和化肥配施有机肥及有机肥（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）土壤Olsen-P和全磷含量变化,分析土壤磷素对磷盈亏量的响应,采用不同模型拟合作物产量对有效磷的响应曲线,计算土壤有效磷农学阈值。结果 长期施用磷肥显著提高了土壤全磷和有效磷含量,提升了土壤磷素活化系数（PAC）。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的PAC高于化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）和施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）。红壤地区土壤全磷和有效磷变化量与土壤磷盈亏量呈正相关关系（P＜0.01）,土壤每累积盈余100 kg P·hm ^-2,土壤Olsen-P含量上升3.00—5.22 mg·kg ^-1,全磷上升0.02—0.06 g·kg ^-1。土壤每累积亏缺磷100 kg P·hm ^-2,不施磷肥处理（CK、N、NK）土壤Olsen-P分别下降1.85、0.40、1.76 mg·kg ^-1。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的小麦和玉米产量显著高于化肥配合秸秆还田（NPKS）以及施用化学磷肥（PK、NP、NPK）,显著高于不施磷肥（CK、NK、N）。化肥配施有机肥及有机肥处理（1.5NPKM、NPKM、M）的产量可持续指数也高于其他处理。3种模型（线性-线性模型、线性-平台模型和米切里西方程）均能较好地拟合作物产量与红壤有效磷含量的响应关系（P＜0.01）。在红壤地区推荐使用拟合度较好的线性-线性模型,其计算出小麦和玉米的土壤Olsen-P农学阈值分别为13.5和23.4 mg·kg ^-1。 结论 在南方红壤地区,化肥配施有机肥更有利于磷素累积和提升磷素有效性。化肥配施有机肥作物产量显著高于其他处理,且稳产性好。线性-线性模型可用于计算红壤地区有效磷的农学阈值。生产上应该根据土壤有效磷含量及其农学阈值调整磷肥施用量。     

长期施肥下干旱区灰漠土磷的平衡与活化特征

【目的】研究灰漠土长期不同施肥管理措施下，农田土壤全磷、有效磷(Olsen-P)的变化关系及对磷素盈亏的响应，为科学施磷及土壤质量定向培育提供参考依据。【方法】以始于1989年的不同施肥措施的长期定位试验为研究对象，对土壤磷盈亏状况及土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)对土壤盈亏的响应关系、磷素活化系数(PAC)等进行分析。【结果】NP、PK、NPK、NPKS处理土壤PAC随施肥年限呈抛物线变化，并在第16年时达到峰值，NPKM、1.5NPKM处理PAC随施肥年限呈极显著线性正相关(P<0.01),年增加速率分别为0.23%和0.42%。CK、NK当季土壤表观磷盈亏呈现亏缺状态，当季土壤磷平均亏缺量分别为8.9、15.5 kg/hm²;NP、PK、NPK、NPKS当季土壤磷盈余值的平均值分别为35.4、38.9、32.3和25.4 kg/hm²,NPKM、1.5NPKM处理当季土壤磷盈余值分别为49.6、127.8 kg/hm²,年际盈余量随种植年限逐渐下降，施磷处理土壤有效磷增量与累计盈亏间存在显著相关性，每盈余100 ...     

Dynamics of organic carbon and nitrogen in deep soil profile and crop yields under long-term fertilization in wheat-maize cropping system

Soil organic carbon(SOC) and nitrogen(N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile(up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term(since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK(control), NP(inorganic N and phosphorus(P) fertilizers), NPK(inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers),...     

Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg~(–1) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg~(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg~(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha~(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha~(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.     

长期施肥旱地土壤易分解与耐分解氮的矿化特性

【目的】土壤易分解氮库和耐分解氮库是土壤有机质的重要组分,其矿化能力的大小可反映土壤有机氮的周转性能。论文旨在研究长期不同施肥制度下土壤易分解氮库与耐分解氮库的矿化特性,为了解不同培肥措施及其氮素供应提供依据。【方法】以中国长期不同施肥处理的2种旱地土壤（黑土和潮土）为例,选取不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥配施秸秆(NPKS)和化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)4个处理,采用颗粒密度法,将土壤有机氮分为易分解氮和耐分解氮2个组分,室内培养分析不同组分氮的矿化特性。【结果】筛分及培养结果显示,黑土和潮土的平均质量回收率和氮回收率均超过97%,易分解和耐分解氮组分矿化量之和占原土矿化量的平均比例为99.91%（99.89%-99.93%）,是一种研究土壤易分解和耐分解氮组分矿化特性的可行方法。2种旱地土壤NPK、NPKS和NPKM处理易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势（除黑土NPK处理差异不显著）较CK处理显著提高26.82%-137.10%;不同施肥处理对旱地黑土、潮土易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势影响显著,其中,黑土NPKM处理易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势为1.48 mg?kg^-1?d^-1,显著优于NPKS（1.02 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）与NPK（0.75 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）处理;潮土NPKM处理易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势为1.17 mg?kg^-1?d^-1,显著优于NPKS（0.89 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）与NPK（0.76 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）处理;旱地土壤各处理耐分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势之间差异不显著,其中,黑土各处理耐分解氮组分平均净氮矿化潜势为0.58 mg?kg^-1?d^-1（0.52-0.63 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）,潮土为0.51 mg?kg^-1?d^-1（0.40-0.62 mg?kg^-1?d^-1）。不同施肥处理旱地黑土、潮土易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势均显著大于同处理耐分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势,NPKM处理两者显现出最大差异,其中,黑土易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势是同处理（按CK、NPK、NPKS、NPKM顺序）耐分解氮组分的1.41、1.39、1.75和2.35倍,潮土易分解氮组分净氮矿化潜势是同处理（按CK、NPK、NPKS、NPKM顺序）耐分解氮组分的1.22、1.33、1.56和1.87倍。土壤矿化过程中易分解组分对原土矿化贡献率受施肥措施显著影响,其大小按CK、NPK相似文献   

Interaction of soil microbial communities and phosphorus fractions under long-term fertilization in paddy soil

Understanding the impact of biological activities on the soil phosphorus (P) distribution under long-term fertilizer application can facilitate better soil P fertility management. Therefore, the primary objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of long-term (since 1981) fertilizer application on the soil P fractions and microbial community and to evaluate correlations between the microbial community structure and P distribution. The following treatments were implemented in a long-term field trial: no fertilization (CK), inorganic N and K (NK), inorganic P and K (PK), inorganic N, P and K (NPK) and manure+NPK (MNPK) fertilization. The study showed that the soil pH, soil organic carbon and total and available N and P concentrations were considerably higher in the MNPK treatment than in the CK treatment. The soil microbial biomass C, N and P concentrations were also significantly higher in the MNPK treatment than in the CK treatment. Among fertilization treatments, the β-1,4-glucosidase, α-1,4-glucosidase, urease, acid phosphatase and phosphodiesterase activities were the highest in the MNPK treatment. Compared to inorganic fertilization, the MNPK treatment increased the labile soil P fractions and decreased the residual soil P concentration. Continuous fertilization significantly affected the soil microbial composition. The total phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations in the NK, PK, NPK and MNPK treatments were 23.3, 43.1, 48.7 and 87.7% higher, respectively, than in the CK treatment. A significant correlation was observed between the microbial community and soil P fractions. Moreover, the aggregated boosted tree (ABT) model showed that among the various soil biochemical properties, the total PLFA concentration was the factor that most influenced the active P pool, accounting for 35.4% of the relative influence of all soil biochemical properties examined. These findings reveal that combined manure and inorganic fertilizer application is a better approach than applying inorganic fertilizer alone for sustaining long-term P fertility by mediating soil biological activity.     

长期不同施肥处理黑土磷的吸附-解吸特征及 对土壤性质的响应

目的 长期不同施肥处理影响土壤磷库和土壤性质的变化。研究不同施肥处理下黑土磷的吸附解析特征及其与土壤性质的响应关系,为黑土合理施用磷肥,提高磷有效性提供理论依据。方法 本研究依托于公主岭黑土肥力长期定位试验,供试作物为玉米。选取不施肥（CK）、施氮、钾肥（NK）、氮磷钾平衡施肥（NPK）、氮磷钾+有机肥（NPKM）4个处理。取1990、2000和2010年的0—20 cm土层的土壤样品,分析土壤性质,测定磷的吸附解吸值,并用 Langmuir方程拟合了磷的吸附曲线,计算磷最大吸附量（Q_max）、磷吸附常数（K）、最大缓冲容量（MBC）、磷吸附饱和度（DPS）以及土壤易解吸磷（RDP）。结果 Langmuir吸附等温线方程能很好的拟合土壤吸附磷和相应的平衡溶液磷浓度曲线（R ²=0.93—0.99）。不同施肥处理磷吸附解吸特征参数具有明显的差异。随试验年限的增加,不同处理各特征参数变化不尽相同,与1990年相比,2010年不施磷处理（CK和NK）,Q_max值分别增加了1.83和1.61倍,MBC值分别增加了0.80%和49.40%,DPS值分别降低了92.04%和87.50%,RDP值分别降低了20.00%和82.83%;NPK处理Q_max和DPS值分别增加了81.39%和90.74%,MBC和 RDP值分别降低了79.37%和48.57%;NPKM处理Q_max和MBC值分别降低了33.35%和78.52%,DPS和RDP值分别增加了11.36倍和1.48倍。施肥21年后,与CK和NPK处理相比,NPKM处理的Q_max值降低了64.66%和 49.52%,MBC值降低了81.87%和79.56%,DPS值增加了110和3.81倍,RDP值增加了4.36倍和78.57%。NPKM处理显著增加了土壤全磷（Total-P）、有效磷（Olsen-P）、有机质（SOM）和CaCO₃含量,降低了比表面积,维持pH、游离铁铝氧化物值不变。冗余分析结果表明：SOM和Total-P是造成磷吸附解吸特征参数差异的主要因素,分别解释了全部变异的49.5%和18.7%（P＜0.05）。 结论 长期有机无机配施可显著增加SOM和土壤中磷素累积,降低土壤对磷的吸附能力,增加土壤对磷的解吸,提高土壤磷的有效性,但同时显著提高了土壤磷吸附饱和度,易引起磷素流失的风险,对于NPKM处理应考虑有机肥与无机肥的投入量。     

长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土土壤呼吸特征研究

[目的]探讨长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土的土壤呼吸变化特征,为西北干旱区灰漠土农田土壤碳通量的计算以及灰漠土固碳潜力的评估提供依据.[方法]在连续定位施肥22 a灰漠土长期试验的12个处理中选择5个处理,利用英国ACE土壤碳通量测量仪,对其呼吸速率进行24 h的连续监测.同时监测试验区气温和5 cm地表温度等相关气象数据.[结果]长期施用有机物料(NPKM、M、S)的土壤呼吸速率总体高于不施用有机物料(NPK、CK)的处理,以单施有机肥(M)处理对土壤呼吸速率的影响最为显著,秸秆还田处理其次.NPKM处理的土壤呼吸速率小于M和S,说明化肥配合有机肥的施肥方式能够减缓农田CO2的释放,长期施用有机物料处理的土壤呼吸速率对环境温度的敏感性大于不施用有机物料的土壤,陈NPKM处理外,其余处理与地表温度间存在线性关系.[结论]从农业固碳减排和土壤肥力培育的角度,有机无机配合施用是实现新疆农田地力提升和环境友好双赢的重要培肥措施.     

Long-term straw addition promotes moderately labile phosphorus formation,decreasing phosphorus downward migration and loss in greenhouse vegetable soil

Phosphorus (P) leaching is a major problem in greenhouse vegetable production with excessive P fertilizer application. Substitution of inorganic P fertilizer with organic fertilizer is considered a potential strategy to reduce leaching, but the effect of organic material addition on soil P transformation and leaching loss remains unclear. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy technique can determine P speciation at the molecular level. Here, we integrated XANES and chemical methods to explore P speciation and transformation in a 10-year field experiment with four treatments: 100% chemical fertilizer (4CN), 50% chemical N and 50% manure N (2CN+2MN), 50% chemical N and 50% straw N (2CN+2SN), and 50% chemical N and 25% manure N plus 25% straw N (2CN+2MSN). Compared with the 4CN treatment, the organic substitution treatments increased the content of labile P by 13.7–54.2% in the 0–40 cm soil layers, with newberyite and brushite being the main constituents of the labile P. Organic substitution treatments decreased the stable P content; hydroxyapatite was the main species and showed an increasing trend with increasing soil depth. Straw addition (2CN+2SN and 2CN+2MSN) resulted in a higher moderately labile P content and a lower labile P content in the subsoil (60–100 cm). Moreover, straw addition significantly reduced the concentrations and amounts of total P, dissolved inorganic P (DIP), and particulate P in leachate. DIP was the main form transferred by leaching and co-migrated with dissolved organic carbon. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that straw addition decreased P leaching by decreasing labile P and increasing moderately labile P in the subsoil. Overall, straw addition is beneficial for developing sustainable P management strategies due to increasing labile P in the upper soil layer for the utilization of plants, and decreasing P migration and leaching.     

长期施肥紫色水稻土磷素累积与迁移特征

【目的】探讨长期不同施肥对钙质紫色水稻土磷素累积与迁移的影响。【方法】以长期肥料定位试验不同施肥处理的土壤为研究对象,试验处理包括不施肥（CK）、氮肥（N）、氮磷肥（NP）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）、有机肥（M,鲜猪粪）、有机肥+氮肥（MN）、有机肥+氮磷肥（MNP）和有机肥+氮磷钾肥（MNPK）8种施肥方式,研究不同施肥处理条件下钙质紫色水稻土磷素平衡、累积和去向状况,以及不同施肥方式对耕层（0-20 cm）土壤全磷、有效磷演变规律及土壤剖面（0-100 cm）全磷、有效磷迁移特征。【结果】钙质紫色水稻土33年不施用磷肥（CK和N）作物籽粒和秸秆磷素携出总量为613.12 kg·hm^-2,种苗、根茬、雨水及灌溉水带入土壤总磷量为106.61 kg·hm^-2,长期不施用磷肥土壤磷素表现出亏缺状况,年亏缺量为15.35 kg·hm^-2,且土壤磷含量随种植年限延续而下降,土壤全磷含量年均减少量为0.0011 g·kg^-1、有效磷含量年均减少量为0.029 mg·kg^-1;33年单施无机磷肥（NP和NPK）土壤磷素投入总量为1 880.03 kg·hm^-2、作物携出磷量为1 275.40 kg·hm^-2,有机肥处理（M和MN）土壤投入磷量为2 532.68 kg·hm^-2、携出磷量为757.50 kg·hm^-2;有机无机磷肥配施（MNP和MNPK）土壤投入和携出磷量分别为4 305.11和1 436.64 kg·hm^-2;不同施肥处理土壤磷素投入量都明显高于作物携出量,导致单施无机磷肥、单施有机磷肥和有机无机磷肥配施处理土壤磷素年盈余量分别为18.32、53.79和86.92 kg·hm^-2,年未知去向磷量分别为4.99、34.96和59.39 kg·hm^-2,土壤全磷含量年增加量分别为0.015、0.0018和0.018 g·kg^-1,有效磷含量年增加量分别为1.13、0.032和1.17 mg·kg^-1。长期不施用磷肥钙质紫色水稻土全磷含量随土层深度增加而降低,土壤有效磷含量则相反;长期施用磷肥土壤全磷和有效磷含量在土壤剖面都呈现出上下层高、中间低的空间分布格局。施用无机磷肥土壤磷素可迁移至60-80 cm土层,施用有机磷肥或有机无机磷肥配施土壤磷素可迁移至100 cm以下;随着磷肥施用年限持续,土壤磷素迁移深度和迁移量将会更大,有机肥的施用促使磷素向土壤下层迁移。【结论】连续数年施用磷肥后,土壤磷含量达到一定水平时应考虑减少磷肥用量,减少因有机肥过量施用导致的磷素快速积累和淋失。     

长期施肥对稻田土壤可溶性有机氮和游离氨基酸剖面分异的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥对稻田土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)和游离氨基酸(FAA)剖面分异的影响,阐明长期施肥稻田土壤SON和FAA的剖面迁移特性。以不施肥(CK)、单施氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配施牛粪(NPKM)和氮磷钾结合秸秆还田(NPKS)4种处理的稻田长期(33年)施肥定位试验小区为研究对象,采用带总氮检测器的总有机碳分析仪(TOC-TN)、连续流动注射和氨基酸自动分析仪测定不同深度(0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm)土层SON、FAA及其组分的含量。结果表明:长期不同施肥水稻土SON含量剖面分异较明显,0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土壤SON含量分别为24.14～49.80、11.30～13.86 mg·kg~(-1)和6.35～9.38 mg·kg~(-1);不同处理0～20 cm土壤SON含量表现为NPKSNPKMNPK=CK,NPKS处理较NPK和CK分别提高67.1%和106.3%,NPKM处理较NPK和CK分别提高了28.5%和58.7%;不同土层SON与可溶性总氮(TSN)的比值为40.0%～69.3%。长期不同施肥水稻土FAA含量也存在较明显剖面差异,0～20、20～40 cm和40～60 cm土壤FAA含量分别为8.15～15.91、0.83～2.13 mg·kg~(-1)和0.69～0.99 mg·kg~(-1),FAA/SON比例的均值分别为35.3%、12.6%和11.2%;NPKM和NPKS处理0～20 cm土壤均包含20种FAA,较CK和NPK处理增加了3种易分解的碱性氨基酸(鸟氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸);NPK、NPKM和NPKS处理20～40 cm土壤均包含10种FAA,较CK处理增加了3种中性氨基酸(缬氨酸、胱氨酸和苯丙氨酸),而40～60 cm土壤则均包含7种FAA,较CK处理增加了2种中性氨基酸(异亮氨酸和胱氨酸);不同处理不同深度土壤FAA组成均以中性氨基酸占优势。研究表明:土壤SON、FAA含量与组分及其剖面分异和施肥模式密切相关,长期化肥配施牛粪和秸秆能增加0～20 cm土壤SON、FAA含量且丰富FAA种类。     

不同有机碳水平下塿土磷的有效性及无机磷形态转化

【目的】在土壤Olsen-P和全磷含量基本接近但土壤有机碳水平呈梯度的陕西省关中平原塿土上,研究有机碳对土壤各形态无机磷有效性及其形态转化的影响,为合理培肥土壤,有效利用土壤累积态磷提供理论依据。【方法】采集并选取了陕西省关中平原小麦-玉米种植体系下塿土Olsen-P含量相近（平均含量范围17.41—18.72 mg·kg^-1）,不同有机碳水平（有机碳平均含量分别为6.38、8.34、10.17、11.95、13.64和15.74 g·kg^-1）的土壤样品,采用蒋柏藩-顾益初改进的Chang和Jackson的石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法分别对土壤中各磷组分（二钙磷（Ca₂-P）、八钙磷（Ca₈-P）、铝结合态磷（Al-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（O-P）和十钙磷（Ca₁₀-P））含量进行测定。【结果】在陕西关中平原小麦-玉米种植区塿土中,有机碳对土壤各形态磷素水平及形态转化起重要作用。随着有机碳含量的增加,土壤中Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、缓效磷库（Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P）和难利用磷库（O-P和Ca₁₀-P）含量均显著增加（P≤0.05）,Ca₁₀-P相对稳定。有机碳含量与土壤活性磷库（Ca₂-P）、缓效磷库（主要为Al-P）的相对含量（占无机磷总量的比例）呈极显著正相关关系,与难利用磷库（主要是Ca₁₀-P）呈极显著负相关关系。土壤Olsen-P含量与难利用磷库含量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】在Olsen-P相近,全磷也基本相似的条件下,土壤有机碳促进了土壤中难溶态磷酸盐向缓效态磷库和活性态磷库的转化,提高了有效磷源占无机磷总量的比例,从而提高了土壤磷素有效性。研究结果表明可通过合理的措施培肥土壤,从而有效地促进土壤累积态磷的活化利用。     

Microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity are associated with organic carbon availability in an agricultural soil

Exploration of soil environmental characteristics governing soil microbial community structure and activity may improve our understanding of biogeochemical processes and soil quality. The impact of soil environmental characteristics especially organic carbon availability after 15-yr different organic and inorganic fertilizer inputs on soil bacterial community structure and functional metabolic diversity of soil microbial communities were evaluated in a 15-yr fertilizer experiment in Changping County, Beijing, China. The experiment was a wheat-maize rotation system which was established in 1991 including four different fertilizer treatments. These treatments included: a non-amended control(CK), a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer treatment(NPK); a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with swine manure incorporated treatment(NPKM), and a commonly used application rate of inorganic fertilizer with maize straw incorporated treatment(NPKS). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) of the 16 S r RNA gene was used to determine the bacterial community structure and single carbon source utilization profiles were determined to characterize the microbial community functional metabolic diversity of different fertilizer treatments using Biolog Eco plates. The results indicated that long-term fertilized treatments significantly increased soil bacterial community structure compared to CK. The use of inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated for long term(NPKM, NPKS) significantly promoted soil bacterial structure than the application of inorganic fertilizer only(NPK), and NPKM treatment was the most important driver for increases in the soil microbial community richness(S) and structural diversity(H). Overall utilization of carbon sources by soil microbial communities(average well color development, AWCD) and microbial substrate utilization diversity and evenness indices(H' and E) indicated that long-term inorganic fertilizer with organic amendments incorporated(NPKM, NPKS) could significantly stimulate soil microbial metabolic activity and functional diversity relative to CK, while no differences of them were found between NPKS and NPK treatments. Principal component analysis(PCA) based on carbon source utilization profiles also showed significant separation of soil microbial community under long-term fertilization regimes and NPKM treatment was significantly separated from the other three treatments primarily according to the higher microbial utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, polymers, phenolic compounds, and amino acid, while higher utilization of amines/amides differed soil microbial community in NPKS treatment from those in the other three treatments. Redundancy analysis(RDA) indicated that soil organic carbon(SOC) availability, especially soil microbial biomass carbon(Cmic) and Cmic/SOC ratio are the key factors of soil environmental characteristics contributing to the increase of both soil microbial community structure and functional metabolic diversity in the long-term fertilization trial. Our results showed that long-term inorganic fertilizer and swine manure application could significantly improve soil bacterial community structure and soil microbial metabolic activity through the increases in SOC availability, which could provide insights into the sustainable management of China's soil resource.     

稻麦轮作下紫色土有机碳活性及其对长期不同施肥的响应

【目的】研究稻麦轮作系统中紫色土总有机碳、活性有机碳和活性有机碳不同组分的变化特征及其对长期不同施肥措施的响应,揭示稻麦轮作系统长期不同施肥管理下有机碳质量和内在组成的变化。【方法】采集22年长期定位试验不施肥(CK)、单施化学氮肥(N)、化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK)、化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)、高量化肥氮磷钾+等量秸秆还田(1.5NPKS)和化肥氮磷钾+厩肥(NPKM)处理0—20、20—40、40—60 cm土层的土壤,测定了总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同活性组分的含量,计算土壤碳库管理指数和不同活性组分的分配比例,分析了活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳的关系。【结果】长期不同施肥显著影响了各土层总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,与不施肥相比,所有施肥处理均维持或提高了土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数,其中化肥氮磷钾+秸秆还田(NPKS)处理0—20、20—40和40—60 cm土层总有机碳含量分别提高32.5%、25.7%和5.3%,活性有机碳含量提高37.0%、44.7%和9.3%,碳库管理指数提高38%、49%和9%,其提升幅度高于其他施肥处理。长期不同施肥显著提高了各土层高、中、低活性有机碳含量,有机无机肥配施处理(NPKS、1.5NPKS、NPKM)提升效果高于单施化肥处理(NPK、N);但施肥对各活性组分占活性有机碳比例的影响较小,并没有改变各活性组分的分布格局。土壤活性有机碳及其高、中、低活性组分的含量与土壤深度有关,0—20 cm耕层土壤活性有机碳及高、中、低活性组分的含量均高于20—40和40—60 cm土层。不同土层高、中、低组分占活性有机碳的比例也存在较大差异,0—20 cm土层高、中、低活性组分占活性有机碳的比例平均为23.6%、35.6%和40.7%;下层土壤各活性组分的含量均下降,其中20—40 cm土层低活性组分下降程度较大,导致其占活性有机碳的比例下降至24.7%,而高活性和中活性组分的比例增加至30.5%和44.8%。土壤活性有机碳及其各组分与总有机碳含量呈显著线性正相关,表明土壤活性有机碳可以较好地反映总有机碳变化。【结论】稻麦轮作条件下,长期不同施肥可维持或提高土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳及其不同组分的含量,提高土壤碳库管理指数,氮磷钾肥配合秸秆还田总体提升效果较好,是促进土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳累积、改善土壤有机碳质量的推荐施肥措施。     

施肥对磷素在红油土中形态及分布的影响

对长期定位试验中的红油土０～１００ｃｍ各层次进行无机磷和有机磷分组研究，结果表明，无机磷组成以Ｃａ－Ｐ为主，有机磷组成以中度活性有要磷为主，施用无机磷肥对土壤无机磷的影响仅限于０～４０ｃｍ土层，其中各形态无机磷均有增加，增加幅度最大的是Ａｌ－Ｐ，Ｃａ－Ｐ１和Ｆｅ－Ｐ。施用有机肥可明显提高０～８０ｃｍ土层内有机磷含量，其中中度活性有机磷增加量最大，对无机磷在各层次的分配也有较大的影响。     

不同施肥管理下水旱轮作水稻土磷含量的演变

基于12 a的定位试验研究了长期不同施肥管理下水旱轮作水稻土耕层土壤磷含量及土壤磷素盈亏的演变动态。结果表明,不供应含磷肥料的条件下,土壤全磷及有效磷(Olsen-P)含量随时间推移而缓慢下降,土壤磷素处于亏缺状态;供应含磷肥料(无机肥或有机肥)的条件下,土壤全磷及有效磷含量随时间推移呈缓慢上升趋势,且在供应有机肥的条件下,土壤全磷及有效磷含量上升较快,试验期间土壤磷素处于盈余状态。在本试验条件下,大麦季时,维持土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)平衡所需的磷(P₂O₅)投入量为13.5 kg·hm^-2;单季稻时,维持磷平衡所需的磷投入量为42.4 kg·hm^-2;油菜季时,维持磷平衡所需的磷投入量为31.6 kg·hm^-2。     

Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus(P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons(2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high(30.36 mg kg^–1) and low(9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize(Pwm) ...