杂交水稻种子特征特性研究

杂交水稻Ｆ１和不育系虽然在种性上分别具有杂种优势和不育特性，但就种子而言，其特征特性劣于常规水稻种子。主要表现为裂颖、穗发芽及带病种子的百分率较高。种子颖壳闭合不好的主要原因是不育系颖花内的浆片和小穗轴的维管束发育不良。种子的穗发芽率与“九二０”的施用量呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．８６４０＊）。不育系的开花习性有利于种子感病。研究表明，裂颖、穗发芽和感病种子的耐贮性明显较正常的健壮种子差。在贮藏期间，种子的生活力与活力容易下降。因此，在种子生产中要控制这些种子的发生率；种子收获后要及时干燥、清选和处理。     

银合欢种子的超干保存

采用硅胶室温干燥法超干保存银合欢种子,结果表明,银合欢种子含水量降至质量分数(下同)5%以下,能显著提高抗老化劣变能力。在同等老化处理后,对照种子(MC=7.31%)发芽率和活力指数已大幅度下降,而超干种子的发芽率和活力指数与未老化种子相同。含水量不低于3.95%时,超干处理对种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数没有影响。对超干种子的电导率、脱氢酶活性和丙二醛的研究结果表明,含水量3.95%的超干种子细胞膜系统的完整性良好,回湿处理是保证超干种子活力的关键因素。结果表明,利用超干技术贮存银合欢种子是可行的。     

Feasibility analysis of NIR for detecting sweet corn seeds vigor

This paper explores the feasibility of particle-based detection and grading of seed vigor based on a self-built seed single-granulation device using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Sweet corn with uniform kernel size was used for this study. The seed samples were divided into three types, they were normal seeds, artificially aged seeds and heat-damaged seeds. A 2-part spectral acquisition of each seed were performed, one for the collection of seeds that fall into the detection zone within the separation pipe, another was on the static platform, whose collection was performed on 5 faces of each seed. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to classify the original data of the seeds. In the 2 parts, the discriminant results of the unprocessed normal seeds and the artificial accelerated aging seeds, the untreated normal seeds and the heat-damaged seeds showed that classification accuracy was higher than 98%. The research indicates that the spectral data of different positions of seeds can reflect their activity information, and it is feasible to detect and classify seeds in real time in the detection area of the separation pipeline.     

小麦半粒种子发芽特性分析

为了加快小麦品质育种进程,以籽粒类型不同的6个小麦品种的半粒种子为材料,整粒种子为对照,分别在三种苗床上测定其发芽率和出苗率。结果表明,半粒种子的发芽率和出苗率不受籽粒颜色和角质程度影响,但与籽粒长短有关：短圆型籽粒的半粒种子发芽率和出苗率较整粒种子的显著降低,长卵型和长粒型籽粒的半粒种子发芽率与整粒种子无显著差异,但发芽势减弱,拱土能力变差,在沙床和土床上的出苗率显著降低;对半粒种子的伤口进行封蜡处理后,可使出苗率提高至正常籽粒水平。     

不同大豆品种豆腐产量的研究

选用２３个辽宁、吉林和山东的春大豆和夏大豆栽培品种为试材。调查百粒重和单株粒重，测定豆腐加工特性、籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒蛋白质各组分含量。研究表明：筛选到豆腐产量高的品种可能性很大。可把籽粒吸水重和籽粒膨胀体积作为品种豆腐产量的间接选择性状。筛选到豆腐产量与单株粒重均高的品种难度很大，筛选到豆腐产量和籽粒蛋白质含量均高，豆腐产量和籽粒蛋白质质量均高的品种存在着一定难度。不同品种籽粒蛋白质各组分含量差     

杂交水稻种子的裂颖及其危害

杂交水稻种子存在较严重的裂颖现象,这是不育系的一种遗传特性。裂颖种子不耐储藏,随储藏时间的延长,裂颖种子的生活力迅速衰退,发芽率和发芽势降低,秧苗素质差,并严重影响自然混合种子群体的发芽及幼苗生长。选育闭颖能力强的不育系,改进制种技术,强化种子选种,采用多起多落浸种和旱育秧等措施可防治或减轻裂颖种子的危害。     

银合欢种子研究进展

随着农业生产对银合欢种子需求的增加,确保银合欢种子的质量成为首要问题。综述近年来对银合欢种子成分、种子萌发、种子保存和种子健康等方面的研究概况,并对银合欢种子研究中存在的问题提出了展望。     

Biochemical changes during the fermentation of castor oil (Ricinus communis) seeds for use as a seasoning agent

Castor oil seeds were fermented under conditions commonly used in some local communities in Eastern Nigeria. Levels of selected biochemical constituents of fermented seeds were compared with those of unfermented seeds. The free amino acids — phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, serine, glutamic acid, cysteine, and gluamine — were detected by using thin-layer chromatography in the fermented sample extract, while none were detectable in the extract of unfermented seeds. Lipid analysis showed that the fermented seeds contained more unsaturated fatty acids than the unfermented seeds. Glutamine produced by the microorganisms responsible for fermentation is probably responsible for the characteristic flavor of foods seasoned with fermented castor oil seeds, known locally as ogiri.     

钼酸铵拌种和喷施对大豆产量、品质和籽粒钼含量的影响

田间试验研究了钼肥拌种和花期喷施对大豆产量、品质及籽粒钼含量的影响.结果表明:各处理产量、蛋白质含量和籽粒钼含量都较不施钼肥的对照处理有明显的增加,且差异显著,只有籽粒脂肪含量增加不明显,各处理间差异不显著;比较不同施肥方式发现,拌种对大豆产量增加量大于花期喷施的增加量,但均没有拌种加花期喷施的增加量大,对蛋白质、脂肪和籽粒钼含量的影响也存在这种规律.     

亚麻工艺长相关性状的通径分析

本试验以6个普通亚麻品种为材料,进行工艺长相关性状的通径分析。结果表明,5个相关性状对工艺长度影响大小顺序为:单株粒重>单株粒数>千粒重>株高>主茎分枝数。降低单株粒重是提高工艺长度的主要途径。在千粒重、单株粒重相对稳定的类型中,选择植株较高、单株粒数较多者,或在株高、单株粒数相对稳定的类型中,选择千粒重较高者是提高工艺长度的重要途径。减少主茎分枝数亦可有效提高工艺长度,但作用较小。     

马铃薯实生种子萌芽特性的研究

马铃薯实生种子小,能量低,发芽期间能量转化慢;种子需经8～12小时达吸胀饱和,其饱和吸水量占绝对干物重的86％～105％;种子发芽在13～17℃变温和25℃恒温发芽最好,对光暗反应不敏感;贮藏2～3年的种子发芽力最高,室温下贮藏7年丧失种用价值;种子经卅烷醇浸种(50ppm浸4小时)、CO_2激光辐射10秒钟、50～60℃温汤浸种均能显著提高发芽力。α-萘乙酸浸种(10ppm15分钟)对发芽没有显著影响,但可促进幼苗根系发育。     

Understanding the mechanism of change in morphological structures,visualization features,and physicochemical characteristics of adlay seeds (Coix lacryma-jobi L.): The role of heat soaking

Heat soaking is an essential factor deciding the final quality of hard-to-cook grains. In this study, the morphological structures, visualization features, and physicochemical characteristics of adlay seeds soaked at 30–70 °C were investigated compared with waxy rice (easy to cook). The morphology of macromolecules and section cracks were observed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy as these are the crucial factors for penetrate water penetration, which showed that starch granules were slightly eroded when adlay seeds were soaked at 70 °C. The MRI images showed that at higher soaking temperatures, the moisture of soaked adlay seeds was distributed more evenly across a gradient. Meanwhile, heat soaking has a minor effect on starch and protein content of adlay seeds, and the proportion of bound water of adlay seeds slightly declined after heat soaking. Moreover, hardness analysis and pasting measurements exhibited structural changes and viscosity transition in the grains. However, the contribution of heat soaking to the infrared spectrogram and relative crystallinity of adlay seeds was insignificant. This study provides effective methods to evaluate changes in adlay seeds during heat soaking and explains why it is hard to cook.     

玉米种子差异对前期生长及产量的影响

本试验结果表明,玉米株间差异与种子差异有密切关系.粒度中等偏大的种子田间出苗率、幼苗初期生长以及苗期整齐度都优于粒度过大或过小的种子.在生产上必须淘汰粒度过大和过小的种子,以保持种子的整齐度.此外,使用纯度低的杂交种导致个体间差异过大,出现较多低产个体,造成减产.     

高温处理对不同状态水稻种子发芽率的影响

以2个早籼稻品种的超干种子、干种子、鲜种子、湿种子、露白种子为材料,研究了高温处理对不同状态水稻种子发芽率的影响。结果表明,水稻不同种子状态耐受高温能力存在极显著差异,从强到弱依次为超干种子干种子鲜种子湿种子露白种子;水温对种子发芽率的影响比气温更显著;处理温度超过一定范围,发芽率随着温度升高和时间延长极显著下降;不同品种高温处理后的种子发芽率表现相同规律趋势,但也存在极显著个体差异;种子水分制约种子耐受高温能力,种子水分含量越高,耐受高温能力越弱。     

低温干燥贮藏包衣和非包衣玉米种子活力及生理差异性研究

以玉米品种NK618和济单7号的包衣和非包衣种子为试验材料,低温干燥贮藏16个月、28个月和40个月,分别测定种子的发芽、活力指标,测定幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT、MDA、脯氨酸等含量,探讨低温干燥贮藏条件下玉米种子的可种用时间,比较包衣和非包衣玉米种子间的贮藏差异性及生理变化。结果表明,低温干燥条件下玉米种子贮藏16个月,包衣种子的各项发芽及活力指标比新种子显著降低,非包衣则无显著性变化;贮藏28个月,NK618和济单7号非包衣种子的发芽率分别是91%和87%,均可作种用,包衣种子已无种用价值;贮藏40个月时包衣和非包衣种子均不可作种用。包衣种子比非包衣种子更易老化,幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT含量均随贮藏时间延长而降低,贮藏28个月两个品种包衣和非包衣3种酶含量均比对照新种子含量降低,但差异显著性不同;MDA和脯氨酸含量随贮藏时间延长而增加,贮藏40个月时两个品种的包衣和非包衣种子萌发幼苗MDA含量均达最大值。     

转TrxS基因对啤酒大麦种子贮藏蛋白含量的影响

为探讨导入TrxS基因对大麦籽粒氮代谢的作用,以转TrxS基因啤酒大麦纯合株系为材料,分析了TrxS基因的导入对大麦籽粒蛋白酶活性、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量的影响.结果表明,转基因大麦籽粒的蛋白酶活性增加,发芽第3～5 d转基因大麦种子的蛋白酶活性分别比对照增加42.86%、19.35%和25.76%;发芽第2～4 d醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白的降解平均比对照下降快5.92% 和7.10%.     

Confirmation of the Productivity of the Stored Seeds of Wheat and Two-Rowed Barley

Summary

To confirm the excellence in productivity of the stored seeds of wheat and two-rowed barley, we examined the growth characters and productivity of the plants developed from the seeds stored at 5°C and 40% relative humidity for various periods but showed a 80% or higher germination percentage, in comparison with those of newly harvested seeds (new seeds). The cultivars of stored seeds were identified by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. There were no differences in the morphological characters of the seedlings 3 months after emergence between the new seeds and the old seeds (stored for 2 years and 5 months) or the very old seeds (stored for 10 years and 5 months or 16 years and 5 months). On the other hand, there was a positive correlation between the top dry weight at 3 months after emergence and 1,000-grain weight of the seed. In the plants from the old seeds, no significant differences from those from new seeds were observed either in the mean heading date, maturing date, culm lengths, ear length, yield components, grain yield or inspection-grade. On the other hand, in the plants from the very old seeds, the mean heading date, maturing date, culm lengths, yield components and grain yield were significantly different from those in the new seeds in some cultivars. The results of RAPD analysis showed that the band pattern of the very old seeds was the same as that of the new seed in each cultivar. We concluded that the seeds of wheat and two-rowed barley stored for 2 years and 5 months with a germination percentage of higher than 80% are practically useful, showing normal growth characters and productivity. However, it should be noted that some cultivars had inferior grain yield after the seed storage for over 10 years.     

电场处理油葵种子对其萌发期水分胁迫敏感性的影响

用不同电场强度处理油葵种子15min,以PEG(聚乙二醇)模拟水分胁迫,测定电场处理对种子萌发期抗旱性的影响.结果表明:在0～6.0kV/cm场强范围,不同电场强度,对种子水分胁迫的敏感性的影响程度不同.随着电场强度的增加,种子敏感性以振荡关系变化.适当电场处理条件能够显著地提高种子的吸水率,减轻细胞膜对干旱胁迫的敏感性,从而减小水分胁迫对细胞膜的伤害.提高种子抗旱性最佳电场处理条件的选取与处理时间和电场强度有关.     

两系杂交水稻两优289亲本繁殖技术

系统介绍了两优289母本核心种子生产、海南冬季繁殖技术,以及父本生产繁殖技术,为两优289制种生产提供合格优良的亲本。2013年繁殖不育系1892S 15.3 hm~2,平均有效穗数226.5万/hm~2,每穗总粒数165.5粒、实粒数138.9粒,结实率83.9%,千粒重23.0 g,产量5 788.5 kg/hm~2,纯度达99.98%以上。     

Effects of Popping on Nutrient Contents of Amaranth Seed

Amaranth seeds can be popped by heating. The traditional method of popping in a skillet is simple, but it is difficult to control the heating time and temperature. To overcome these disadvantages, we developed a fluidized bed continuous processing system based on hot air heating for producing popped amaranth seeds in bulk. Using this system, we evaluated the effects of heat treatment at 260 °C for 15 s on the contents of B-group vitamins and essential and trace elements in amaranth seeds. The results showed that the treatment did not affect the content of B-group vitamins, and the recovery for essential and trace elements was 97–196 %. This popping system is useful for processing amaranth seeds in terms of the product quality and nutrition.