干旱胁迫对棉花冠层光合、光谱和荧光的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫下棉花冠层荧光表现。【方法】以转基因抗虫棉农大601为试材,在田间移动旱棚内,设置4种水分处理(正常、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱),在群体水平研究了冠层光合速率(CAP)、冠层光谱指数和冠层日光诱导荧光(F761)等指标与植株叶片含水量(LWC)和叶面积指数(LAI)间的关系。【结果】两年试验结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,LWC、LAI、CAP、归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)、光化学反射指数(PRI)和F761均呈下降趋势,水分指数(WI)呈上升趋势。经统计分析,重度胁迫下的所有指标与对照差异极显著。NDVI、PRI和WI与LWC、LAI极显著相关,NDVI、PRI和WI与LAI的相关系数(|r|0.6)均低于它们与LWC的关系(|r|0.8),F761与LWC、LAI的相关系数高于其它光谱指数。【结论】冠层光合速率、冠层光谱指数和冠层日光诱导荧光均能反映干旱条件下植株含水量和叶面积指数,冠层日光诱导荧光可能比冠层光谱指数更为敏感地反映棉花水分状况。     

干旱胁迫对大豆苗期光合生理特性的影响

为了探明大豆干旱胁迫的生理特性,以‘豫豆19’为实验材料,采用盆栽方式,设置对照(CK),轻度干旱胁迫(L),中度干旱胁迫(M)和重度干旱胁迫(N)4个水分处理水平,研究了不同水分条件下大豆幼苗的生理生化响应。结果显示：随着干旱胁迫的加强,叶片中叶绿素含量降低,游离脯氨酸含量逐渐增加,可溶性糖含量显著升高。随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,叶片中丙二醛含量呈升-降-升的变化趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势。干旱胁迫下,大豆的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)显著降低(P<0.05);水分利用效率(WUE)在轻度水分胁迫条件下有所提高,在中度胁迫下又有一定的下降,在重度胁迫下则明显降低;胞间CO2含量(Ci)在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下降低而在重度干旱胁迫下又明显升高,说明在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下,光合速率的下降是由气孔因素造成的;在重度干旱胁迫下光合速率的下降是由非气孔因素造成的。     

水分胁迫对大丽花光合作用、蒸腾和气孔导度的影响

以大丽花品种‘粉西施’盆栽扦插苗为试材,研究了不同程度水分胁迫及复水对大丽花品种粉西施叶片光合作用、蒸腾和气孔导度的影响。结果表明：随着水分胁迫程度的加深和胁迫时间的延长,大丽花叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用率(WUE)下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先下降后上升,气孔限制值Ls先升高后下降。轻度和中度水分胁迫下,气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因;重度水分胁迫下,非气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因。重度胁迫更早对大丽花叶片造成伤害,重度胁迫下复水后光合指标难以恢复。     

PEG干旱胁迫对秦巴山区核桃‘清香’光合日变化的影响

本研究通过人工喷施PEG6000模拟水分条件(CK, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%),测定核桃苗木‘清香’叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Cond)、净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)日变化进程。结果显示:不同水分条件下‘清香’Pn、Tr、和Cond的日变化均呈现先升后降的单峰曲线;Ci和WUE日变化呈现先降后升的单峰曲线;不同水分条件下‘清香’的Pn、Tr、Cond、Ci和WUE是随着PEG胁迫浓度的递增而降低;‘清香’在受到水分胁迫时,叶片PSⅡ原初光能转换效率下降,光合速率受到气孔和非气孔限制因子影响,并且发生"光合午休"现象。但轻度干旱的水分条件即PEG胁迫浓度为5%利于光合作用。本研究为揭示核桃苗木‘清香’响应水分变化时的光合日变化及丰富其水分调控机制资料方面提供了参考依据。     

干旱胁迫对西洋参叶片光合日变化的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了正常供水(土壤含水量为最大持水量的85%)和干旱胁迫(土壤含水量为最大持水量的45%)条件下3年生西洋参叶片的光合日变化。结果表明,(1)干旱胁迫导致净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)下降,分别比对照下降43.4%、17.4%、24.3%和25.7%。(2)开花期西洋参叶片Pn、Gs、Tr的日变化均表现为单峰型曲线。在干旱胁迫下,Pn、Gs和Tr均出现较大的日下降变化。(3)在干旱胁迫下胞间CO2浓度(Ci)升高,这说明在干旱胁迫下虽然Pn和Gs都呈下降趋势,但光合日下降以及胁迫导致的光合降低主要是由非气孔因素引起的。     

干旱胁迫对山杏光合特性的影响

为筛选干旱地区生态建设的优良品种,以盆栽山杏为试材,控水模拟不同土壤水分状况,探讨了不同程度干旱胁迫对山杏叶片光合特性的影响.结果表明,山杏叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度随着干旱胁迫程度的加强而降低.随着温度的升高,叶片净光合速率和水分利用效率降低、蒸腾速率升高,加重了干旱对其光合作用的影响.对照、轻度和中度干旱胁迫下的净光合速率、气孔导度及水分利用效率日变化曲线呈双峰型,重度胁迫下净光合速率和气孔导度日变化为单峰型.说明在一定的干旱条件下,山杏光合作用对干旱胁迫具有一定的适应能力.     

初花期干旱对不同抗旱性紫花苜蓿光合特征及荧光参数的影响

干旱是人类面临的日益频繁的气候问题,揭示干旱对紫花苜蓿光合作用的影响有助于阐明紫花苜蓿的营养品质对干旱的响应规律。以2种不同抗旱性紫花苜蓿品种金皇后(抗旱)及三得利(不抗旱)为试验材料,设正常供水(CK)、轻度干旱(LS)、中度干旱(MS)和重度干旱(SS)4个处理,研究了初花期干旱胁迫对2种紫花苜蓿主要光合特征的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下两品种的Pn、Gs、Ci及Tr均呈下降趋势,Ls呈上升趋势,WUE呈先上升后下降趋势,Chla、Chl(a+b)及Chla/b含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,且金皇后在轻度干旱胁迫下Pn下降不显著。干旱胁迫下叶绿素初始荧光(Fo)明显升高,而φPSⅡ、ETR和Fv/Fm出现不同程度的降低,Fv/Fo先增高后降低,在重度干旱胁迫下变化幅度较大。轻度干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿会产生一定的应激反应来维持较高的光合速率,复水后地上生物量有所增加,说明适度干旱可以使紫花苜蓿产生超补偿效应促进生长。在不同干旱处理下金皇后表现出更强的抗旱性。     

干旱胁迫对玉米品种苗期叶片光合特性的影响

维持较高的光合作用对于作物适应干旱逆境意义重大,光合电子传递和气孔行为是作物光合机构的重要组成部分,而玉米上有关它们之间的组合响应干旱胁迫研究报道较少。本文将2个主推玉米品种陕单609和郑单958生长在自然光和4个干旱胁迫下的干旱棚内,对其叶片的光系统II(PSII)的电子传递功能和气孔导度进行了研究。结果显示,中度和重度干旱胁迫下2个品种叶片净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)显著下降,而伴随着胞间CO2浓度(Ci)上升,显示光合速率下降是非气孔因素所致。JIP-test分析发现干旱胁迫下2个品种叶绿素荧光诱导动力曲线(OJIP)中出现了K-band,说明光系统II(PSII)放氧复合体(OEC)受到抑制和PSII供体侧与受体侧电子传递不平衡;同时干旱胁迫下反映从PSII供体侧到PSI末端受体电子流的荧光参数显著改变,损伤了光系统II和I之间光合电子传递链,限制CO2同化。品种间光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应存在差异,重度干旱对郑单958叶片光合机构的影响比对品种陕单609大。以上结果表明,中度和重度干旱下玉米品种叶片Pn下降归属于光化学活性的衰退;陕单609光合机构的耐旱性强于郑单958。     

逐渐干旱对牡丹光合和荧光特性的影响

（研究目的） 研究逐渐干旱条件下牡丹光合指标及荧光特性变化。（方法）以胡红、洛阳红两种牡丹品种为试验材料,进行土壤逐渐干旱处理,从牡丹光合响应、气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数的变化来研究牡丹光合与荧光特性。（结果）随着土壤水分胁迫的加剧,叶片的净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）下降,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）升高,干旱降低牡丹净光合作用、限制气体交换。（结论）75%的土壤相对含水量最适合牡丹的生长,同时发现与干旱胁迫相比,水分过多更不利牡丹的生长。不同品种间比较发现,胡红比洛阳红更耐旱,适应性更广     

不同水分胁迫对新疆野生苹果主要光合指标的影响

本研究选取新疆伊犁野苹果种子为材料,经过3周人工培育,研究不同水分胁迫条件下野苹果主要光合参数的变化规律。结果表明,不同程度的水分胁迫会对新疆野苹果的净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数造成影响,净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数均随着水分胁迫强度的增加而降低。重度水分胁迫(相对含水量30%~35%)下的净光合速率(Pn)和叶绿素荧光参数明显低于其他处理。     

Responses of Canopy Photosynthesis,Spectral Indices and Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Cotton under Drought Stress

[Objective] Study canopy photosynthesis, spectral indices and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence in cotton under drought stress. [Method] Using transgenic cotton cultivar Nongda 601 as material, a two-year experiment was conducted with four irrigation regimes (CK, light drought, moderate drought and severe drought) under a field mobile shed to measure the following indices and parameters at canopy level: canopy photosynthetic rate (CAP), spectral indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and water index (WI)) and solar-induced fluorescence at 761 nm (F761), as well as plant leaf water content (LWC) and leaf area index (LAI). [Result] The results indicated that LWC, LAI, CAP, NDVI, PRI and F761showed a downward trend along with the prolonging of the drought stress, while WI showed an increasing trend. Extremely significant differences (P＜0.01) were found among drought treatments and CK for all parameters. NDVI, PRI and WI were significantly correlated with LAI and LWC (P＜0.01). The absolute values of correlation coefficient for NDVI, PRI, WI, F761with LAI (|r|>0.6) were lower than those with LWC (|r|>0.8). F761 was better correlated with leaf water content and LAI than other spectral indices. [Conclusion] It was concluded that CAP, PRI, NDVI, WI and F761 are good indicators in cotton leaves during drought stress. Solar-induced fluorescence seems more sensitive to leaf water status than other spectral indices at canopy level in cotton.     

Analysis of genotypic variation for normalized difference vegetation index and its relationship with grain yield in winter wheat under terminal heat stress

Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which is a measure of leaf greenness (chlorophyll content), is considered to be correlated with crop productivity. This study was conducted to examine genotypic variations for NDVI at different growth stages and its relationship to yield in winter wheat under terminal heat stress. Thirty winter wheat genotypes were evaluated at two locations in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 in Uzbekistan. The NDVI was recorded at booting, heading, milk and dough stages. The wheat genotypes differed significantly for NDVI at each stage. Grain yield ranged from 3.9 to 6.1 t/ha. Wheat genotypes differed in per cent decline in NDVI from booting to dough stage. However, several high‐yielding genotypes maintained higher NDVI than low‐yielding genotypes when heat stress was evident. The findings suggest change in NDVI during heat stress could be a measure of tolerance. The positive correlation of NDVI with grain yield suggests that it could be used as an indirect selection criterion for identifying physiologically superior, high‐yielding wheat lines under terminal heat stress.     

不同小麦品种抗旱机制与花期旗叶光合特性的关系

在田间水、旱处理条件下 ,比较了不同抗旱类型小麦品种的抗旱性 ,分析了供试品种抗旱性与开花期旗叶的光合特性的关系。结果表明 ,供试品种在正常水分处理条件下 ,开花期光合速率 (Pn)无明显差别 ;而在旱处理条件下 ,开花期光合速率、气孔导度 (gs)差别很大 ,幅度分别在 7～ 2 3μmol·m- 2 ·s- 1、 5 9 5～ 98 2mmol·m- 2 ·s- 1,抗旱性较强的品种晋麦 33、河农 85 9在开花期保持较强的光合速率、气孔导度 ,有利于其适应旱胁迫 ;冀麦 32 35、中麦 9号开花期光合速率、气孔导度受到很大抑制 ,可能是其抗旱性较差的因素之一 ;昌乐 5号、温麦 6号虽然在开花期保持较高的光合速率、气孔导度 ,但其抗旱系数 (DRC)、抗旱指数 (DRI)都很低 ,说明开花期的光合特性对其影响并不大 ,其抗旱性差是开花期以后生理代谢过程受到影响的结果     

氮肥运筹对孕穗期受渍冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光与籽粒灌浆特性的影响

以小麦品种皖麦54为试验材料,研究不同氮肥运筹对孕穗期受渍冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,孕穗期小麦旗叶叶绿素含量最高,随后下降,至成熟期降到最低;渍水处理叶绿素含量下降幅度高于对照处理。对照处理孕穗期后叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o和q_p随小麦生育期的推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,于渍水处理孕穗期后第11~20天达到最高峰,NPQ呈先降低再升高的趋势。孕穗期渍水7 d后F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o和q_p均呈“低–高–低”的变化趋势,与对照相比,F_v/F_m低1.8%~2.3%,F_v/F_o低8.0%~10.9%,Φ_PSII则显著低于对照。基肥30%+拔节肥50%+孕穗肥20%(N4)处理生育后期旗叶叶绿素含量显著高于全部氮肥基施(N1)处理,而F_v/F_o、F_v/F_m和q_p显著高于N1和基肥70%+拔节肥30%(N2)处理。叶绿素含量与F_v/F_m、q_p和Φ_PSII呈显著正相关,与NPQ呈显著负相关。ETR-PAR响应曲线的拟合结果表明,孕穗期渍水7 d小麦生育后期旗叶ETR_max、α和E_k值较对照降低。N4的旗叶ETR_max、α和E_k均高于N1和N2。孕穗期渍水7 d条件下不同氮肥运筹方式间各叶绿素荧光参数变异系数高于对照,氮肥的补偿效应较对照明显。氮肥后移运筹方式显著减轻渍水逆境对光合器官的破坏,使小麦生育后期功能叶具有较强的光捕获能力和光化学效率,改善了旗叶光合性能,使灌浆期延长,平均灌浆速率提高,从而较氮肥前移处理显著提高小麦千粒重。     

不同水分供给对小麦叶与非叶器官叶绿体结构和功能的影响

在田间不同灌水条件(春季不灌水、春季灌2水和春季灌4水, 每次灌水750 m3 hm^-2)下, 于灌浆后期对小麦叶片与非叶器官(穗颖、穗下节和叶鞘)叶绿体结构进行了电镜观察, 并对不同器官的净光合速率(P_n)和光化学效率(F_v/F_m)进行了测定, 以期探明小麦叶与非叶器官光合结构和功能对水分变化的适应性差异。结果表明, 在充足供水条件(春季灌4水)下, 叶片的叶绿体数目明显多于各非叶器官, 但护颖和外稃叶绿体含有较多的淀粉粒。在灌浆期上层土壤重度水分亏缺(春季不灌水)条件下, 植株各器官叶绿体均出现明显的衰老特征, 但衰老程度存在器官间显著差异, 旗叶叶片叶绿体受损程度明显大于非叶器官。在所测非叶器官中, 外稃叶绿体对干旱胁迫反应较为敏感, 而护颖、穗下节间和旗叶鞘叶绿体结构具有较强的稳定性。水分胁迫下各器官P_n和F_v/F_m值均降低, 叶片降低幅度最大, 且随灌浆进程其光合下降最快, 但穗下节间、旗叶鞘和穗器官较为稳定, 可能与其叶绿体结构的稳定性有关。说明小麦非叶绿色器官光合结构与功能对水分亏缺具有较强的耐性。     

Application of natural plant extracts improves the tolerance against combined terminal heat and drought stresses in bread wheat

Drought and heat are among the main abiotic stresses causing severe damage to the cereal productivity when occur at reproductive stages. In this study, ten wheat cultivars were screened for combined heat and drought tolerance imposed at booting, heading, anthesis and post‐anthesis stages, and role of the foliage applied plant extracts was evaluated in improving the performance of differentially responding wheat cultivars under terminal heat and drought stresses. During both years, wheat crop was raised under ambient temperature and 70% water holding capacity (WHC) till leaf boot stage. The plant extracts (3% each) of sorghum, brassica, sunflower and moringa were foliage applied at booting, anthesis and post‐anthesis stage; and after one week of application of these plant extracts, combined heat and drought was imposed at each respective stage. Heat and drought stresses were imposed at each respective stage by placing pots in glass canopies with temperature of 4 ± 2°C above than the ambient temperature in combination with drought stress (35% WHC) until maturity. Combination of drought and heat stresses significantly reduced the performance of tested wheat cultivars; however, stress at the booting and heading stages was more damaging than the anthesis and post‐anthesis stages. Cultivars Mairaj‐2008 and Chakwal‐50 remained green with extended duration for grain filling, resulting in the maintenance of number of grains per spike and 100‐grain weight under stress conditions and thus had better grain yield and water‐use efficiency. However, in cultivars Fsd‐2008, and Shafaq‐2006, the combined imposition of drought and heat accelerated the grain filling rate with decrease in grain filling duration, grain weight and grain yield. Foliar application of all the plant extracts improved the wheat performance under terminal heat and drought stress; however, brassica extract was the most effective. This improvement in grain yield, water‐use efficiency and transpiration efficiency due to foliage applied plant extracts, under terminal heat and drought stress, was owing to better stay‐green character and accumulation of more soluble phenolics, which imparted stress tolerance as indicated by relatively stable grain weight and grain number. In crux, growing of stay‐green wheat cultivars with better grain filling and foliage application of plant extracts may help improving the performance of bread wheat under combined heat and drought stresses.     

旗叶蜡质含量不同小麦近等基因系的抗旱性

于2013-2014和2014-2015年度,以多蜡质和少蜡质的4个小麦近等基因系为材料,采用田间旱棚方式控制土壤水分,研究了蜡质含量与小麦抗旱性的关系。结果表明,干旱处理后,多蜡质小麦品系旗叶的蜡质含量平均为15.15 mg g?1,较少蜡质小麦品系(8.43 mg g?1)高79.8%;多蜡质小麦品系旗叶的水势较高,干旱处理后下降幅度明显小于少蜡质小麦品系,水分散失率也显著低于少蜡质品系(P< 0.05);多蜡质小麦品系旗叶的光合速率平均下降7.5%,而少蜡质小麦品系下降9.8%;多蜡质小麦品系旗叶PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)平均下降幅度为3.4%,少蜡质小麦品系下降幅度达到5.8%;多蜡质小麦品系的籽粒产量高于少蜡质品系,平均高3.7%;多蜡质小麦品系的抗旱指数和干旱敏感指数均显著低于少蜡质小麦品系(P< 0.05)。以上结果表明,蜡质能够提高小麦的抗旱性,旗叶蜡质含量可以作为抗旱小麦品种的选择指标。     

Physiological responses to water stress and yield of winter wheat cultivars differing in drought tolerance

Moderate to severe drought (water stress) at the reproductive stage is common in the U.S. Southern High Plains (SHP), where wheat is grown as a major winter crop. The objective of this study was to better understand the physiological basis of drought tolerance in elite wheat cultivars. A 2‐yr glasshouse study was conducted using three cultivars (TAM 111, TAM 112 and TAM 304) and two water treatments (wet: adequate water and dry: water‐limited). Overall, TAM 111 and TAM 112 used more water for cumulative evapotranspiration (ET) and had more tillers and greater root mass and shoot mass compared to TAM 304. In the dry treatment, TAM 112 had 67% and 81% more grain yield than TAM 111 and TAM 304, respectively. Water use efficiency for grain (WUEg) and water use efficiency for biomass (WUEbm) were also greater in TAM 112 compared to the other cultivars in the dry treatment. The flag leaves in TAM 112 at mid‐grain filling stage (about 15 days after flowering) had lower stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr) and net photosynthetic rate (Pn), but higher photosynthetic water use efficiency (PWUE) than TAM 111 and TAM 304 under water stress. This study demonstrated a distinct role of gas exchange parameters in response to drought, and TAM 112 was more efficient than TAM 111 and TAM 304 in evolving physiological mechanisms to adapt to water stress.     

亏缺灌溉下小麦水分利用效率与光合产物积累运转的相关研究

在大田栽培条件下,以小麦旱地品种晋麦47和西峰20、水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号和水地品种4185为材料,分别进行0水(T0)、一水(T1)和二水灌溉(T2)处理(每次灌水量60mm),研究了光合速率、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配、根系分布、耗水量、产量因子与水分利用效率(WUE)的关系。结果表明,在拔节前不灌溉,拔节到开花期亏缺灌溉,促进干物质积累和深根发育。随着灌溉水的增加,耗水量显著增加,产量和WUE与耗水量呈二次曲线关系。T0处理显著减少了干物质积累和成穗数,产量、经济系数(HI)和WUE最低。T1和T2产量的提高主要是增加了穗数和穗粒数。灌浆期水分亏缺降低了光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs),加速了功能叶片的衰老,但诱导了花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI和产量。因此,在拔节和开花期亏缺灌溉促进根系生长,提高了土壤水分的利用效率。而产量和产量WUE的提高主要是由于增加了灌浆期叶片的Pn和光合功能持续期,促进花前储存碳库的再转运,显著提高了HI。     

Drought Priming at Vegetative Growth Stage Enhances Nitrogen‐Use Efficiency Under Post‐Anthesis Drought and Heat Stress in Wheat

To study the effects of early drought priming at 5th‐leaf stage on grain yield and nitrogen‐use efficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress, wheat plants were first exposed to moderate drought stress (drought priming; that is, the leaf water potential reached ca. ?0.9 MP a) at the 5th‐leaf stage for 11 days, and leaf water relations and gas exchange rates, grain yield and yield components, and agronomic nitrogen‐use efficiency (ANUE ) of the primed and non‐primed plants under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress were investigated. Compared with the non‐primed plants, the drought‐primed plants possessed higher leaf water potential and chlorophyll content, and consequently a higher photosynthetic rate during post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. Drought priming also resulted in higher grain yield and ANUE in wheat under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress. Drought priming at vegetative stage improves carbon assimilation and ANUE under post‐anthesis drought and heat stress and their combination in wheat, which might be used as a field management tool to enhance stress tolerance of wheat crops to multiple abiotic stresses in a future drier and warmer climate.