棕榈油生物柴油加工技术研究进展

棕榈油是世界上最经济的植物油,与其他油料作物相比,油棕果及油的产量均最高,棕榈油作为生物质能源的原料越来越被重视,成为生产生物柴油最有竞争力的原料.目前.世界各国对棕榈油生物柴油的高效加工技术均展开了广泛的研究.本文介绍了国内外棕榈油生物柴油的加工技术,包括化学法、酶法、多相固体催化法及其他一些方法.     

构建中国大豆生产和加工标准体系框架促进大豆产业健康成长

大豆生产和加工是中国的重要产业之一,大豆及其加工产品的质量和卫生安全对于民众的生活与健康有着重大的影响.本文阐述了大豆生产和加工标准体系在中国大豆产业发展中的作用,以及建立、健全中国大豆生产和加工标准体系的重大现实意义.     

我国家庭投资理财规划的现状和对策

橡胶木是天然橡胶生产的重要副产品,也是海南产量最大的商品材。通过对海南生产单位橡胶木加工利用现状的调查,分析了海南橡胶木锯材制材、防腐和干燥过程的工艺状况,探讨存在的问题,并提出促进海南橡胶木加工利用的建议。     

Survey of Fura production in some northern states of Nigeria

The objective of research was to conduct a survey related to the production process for fura. Fura is a staple food for the Fulanis and Hausas. The single most important cereal grain for fura production is millet. A significant difference exists among respondents on the variety of millet chosen for fura production. A significantly greater proportion (p=0.05) indicated that `gero' is the variety in common use. Spices are indispensable as an ingredient in fura production with ginger being the single most important spice (p=0.01). The traditional pounding method for processing millet into flour is still very much used. The implication of this is highlighted and a possible solution of optimizing fura production process is recommended. Strictly speaking, fura is distributed with a minimum of packaging. The choice of suitable package provided protection during a generally short shelf-life and for local distribution. With increasing influence of advertising upon customers, small food processing enterprises making fura will have to improve the packaging and preservation of their products if they are to survive the competition.     

Numerical analysis of injection molding for the Syringe Barrel with optimum design and processing condition

The numerical analysis was performed to predict the potential problem, often occurring during the manufacturing process of the disposable medical device of a great volume. The cavity filling analyses were performed for the new design of the 3cc Syringe Barrel using polypropylene(PP1), and a new nucleated polypropylene(PP2) material for better clarity. These analyses have been performed for different processing conditions as well as various wall thickness designs for both materials. With the nucleated material, only the original wall thickness design has been studied at two different processing conditions for comparison purpose. This study was conducted to investigate the optimum part design and processing condition for two different materials. The most desirable design was selected with Design 3 for material utilization and reduced flow stresses by comparing the field results. The new nucleated polypropylene provided slightly better product quality and processing.     

膜分离技术在茶业中的应用现状及展望

膜分离技术在食品加工中的应用已非常普遍并日趋成熟,现代茶叶深加工,尤其是速溶茶及茶饮料的生产更是离不开膜技术。本文对膜分离技术及其在食品加工中的应用进行了概述,重点阐述了微滤、超滤、纳滤、反渗透及其集成技术在茶叶加工中的研究现状及存在的不足,并指出了其未来的发展趋势。     

智利的小麦科研与生产

智利是南美洲最重要的小麦生产国家之一。本文主要介绍了河南省超级小麦育种与栽培技术考察团在智利访问考察期间所了解到的有关智利小麦生产、品种改良、高产栽培研究和小麦加工贸易等情况,以供国内小麦生产和科研工作者参考。     

福鼎白茶成本-价格调查分析

白茶是中国乃至世界的珍稀茶类,中国是世界白茶的唯一产地,福鼎是中国白茶最重要的产地之一,其白茶产量占中国白茶的70％以上.近年来,随着人们对绿色食品的呼声日益高涨,白茶简单、自然而生态的加工工艺越来越受到欢迎,那么白茶的成本-价格到底是怎样的？本文以福鼎市白茶产地实地考察为依据,对福鼎白茶的茶农户、茶叶加工企业、茶叶交易市场等进行了实地调查,在此基础上对福鼎白茶的生产成本-价格进行深入分析,结果表明：（1）福鼎白茶生产成本包括鲜叶种植成本、初加工成本、精加工成本,其中鲜叶种植成本占总成本的重要部分,加工成本（初加工＋精加工）低;在生产成本中主要是人工费用.（2）福鼎白茶的产地批发价格较低,一般略高于成本价格;而福鼎白茶市场售价比批发价格高出1倍以上,茶商销售到外地价格会上涨5倍以上;茶农户、茶企业、茶叶商相比较,茶农户获利最少,茶叶企业和茶叶商获利最多,甚至利润高达几百倍,茶商利用别人不了解白茶有价格炒作趋势,白茶几乎是一本万利.     

扁形名茶氨基酸含量的影响因素

对影响扁形名茶氨基酸含量的因素初步研究结果表明，茶树品种是其主要的原因，７个品种鲜叶氨基酸总量存在着较大的差异，尤其是游离氨基酸组分含量差异更加悬殊，高低可达１．５倍至２０几倍；其次是鲜叶摊放，鲜叶摊放至含水量约７０％时，由于蛋白质的水解作用，氨基酸总量及多数氨基酸组分含量均达到最大值，但摊放过度，其含量又会下降；第三是制茶工艺，与炒青和烘青工艺比较，半烘炒工艺的成茶中的多数游离氨基酸含量较高，炒青工艺次之，但３种工艺对氨基酸总量的影响不大。     

鱼腥草药材道地性评价策略

药材质量是中药现代化最关键的因素,而药材道地性研究又是中药材质量研究的关键之一。针对鱼腥草药材资源优势,概述了道地药材的内涵、鱼腥草药材道地性的品种、产地、疗效、活性成分、栽培及产地加工等形成因素,为鱼腥草药材道地性评价提供评价策略。     

Influence of several postharvest processing methods on polyphenol oxidase activity and cichoric acid content of Echinacea purpurea roots

Retaining the bioactive ingredients of medicinal plants is a crucial step in ensuring their functional or medicinal value. To help select the best method for retaining cichoric acid in roots of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, four postharvest processing methods namely air drying, hot water bath, steam heating and microwave drying were compared. For each method, different parameters of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, cell ultrastructure, and cichoric acid content were studied. We found that PPO activity should be inactivated quickly before the destruction of cell ultrastructure during processing to avoid cichoric acid (CA) oxidation. Cichoric acid retention among the four methods ranked as follows: air drying < hot water bath < steam heating < microwave drying. Considering relative costs and restrictions in the microwave equipment's input quantity, a traditional processing method for Chinese herbs, steam heating, was considered as the most practical method for processing roots of E. purpurea.     

我国天然橡胶“走出去”战略的区域选择研究

用SWOT分析方法,研究我国企业“走出去”投资橡胶种植、加工和贸易的区域选择。在种植方面,柬埔寨、老挝和缅甸三国以及非洲主产国是重点投资区域;在加工方面,基础较好的马来西亚、泰国以及基础较落后的柬埔寨、缅甸和斯里兰卡等国为较佳选择;在贸易方面,以新加坡为宜。     

加工方式对芒果干制过程中保鲜类农药残留量的影响

为研究不同加工方式对芒果干制过程中保鲜类农药残留量的影响,以芒果干的加工过程为例,研究清洗、去皮、护色、硬化、热烫及干燥等各个加工环节对芒果中常用保鲜类农药咪鲜胺、多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵及代谢物2-氨基苯并咪唑残留量变化规律的影响。结果表明:在芒果干制的过程中,随着加工环节的增加,芒果中常用保鲜类农药总体呈逐渐下降的趋势;去皮对咪鲜胺的影响最大,降解率达94.82%;干燥脱水的过程使得芒果干中4种农药的残留量增加,与真空干燥相比,恒温干燥箱干燥可以较大程度的去除芒果干制过程中的大部分农药残留,农药去除效果较好。     

Potato Production and Breeding in China

China is the world’s leading producer of potatoes, growing 22% of all potatoes. Production continues to rise, owing to increases in both land devoted to potato production and yield per hectare. Most potato production occurs in the northern and southwest regions of the country. The processing of coarse starch is the most important component of the potato processing industry in China, but other processing industries, such as crisps and French fries, are expanding. Major production constraints include inadequate germplasm resources for cultivar development, the lack of high quality seed potatoes, and limited access to equipment for mechanized cultivation, planting, fertilizing, spraying, and harvesting. Additional weaknesses in storage and transportation technologies must be addressed, as they are the major constraints for the healthy development of the potato industry. The introduction and improvement of these technologies will ensure the sustainable development of the potato industry in China.     

河北省主推中筋小麦品种面条加工适应性研究

为了解河北省主推中筋小麦品种的面条加工适应性、筛选优质面条小麦品种,对河北省19个主推中筋小麦品种的籽粒、面粉品质性状及面条加工品质特性进行了系统检测与分析。结果表明,河北省中筋小麦品种大部分品质性状的遗传多样性较为丰富;适宜制作面条加工的小麦品种有16个,占河北主推中筋小麦品种的84.21%,其中适宜制作优质面条的小麦品种有6个;面条感官总分与中筋小麦面粉的湿面筋含量呈极显著正相关,与拉伸长度呈显著正相关,与弱化度呈显著负相关,与面条质构参数(TPA)的粘聚性和回复性均呈极显著正相关,与面条TPA的弹性、胶着性、咀嚼度和拉伸距离均呈显著正相关;面条TPA指标参数可间接反映面条的感官品质。     

Quality Improvement of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Abstract

Quality of cotton can be defined through seed or fiber properties, but is most often associated with fiber properties that influence processing into yarn and textile products. Global competition in the production and consumption of cotton fiber combined with technological evolution of yarn manufacturing has spurred renewed efforts to enhance cotton fiber quality. Cotton fiber quality can be improved through genetics, crop management, and postharvest processing. Knowledge of the effects of fiber properties on processing and their inheritance, relationships, and environmental influences is necessary to formulate improvement strategies. Breeding to improve fiber quality has traditionally focused on enhancing measures of the longest fibers or fiber strength for ring yarn manufacturing systems. With the technological evolution of yarn manufacturing from solely ring-based spinning to predominately rotor and potentially in the near future air-jet spinning, needs for fiber profiles have been revised for these spinning systems. Successful rotor spinning requires high fiber strength for all yarn counts, along with fiber fineness for fine count yarns. The even more productive air-jet spinning requires a minimum, but uniform fiber length, fiber fineness, and to a lesser extent strong fiber. In contrast, ring spinning requires a minimum fiber length, fiber strength, and to a lesser extent fiber fineness. Breeders do not conduct direct selection for yarn properties because of impracti-calities, thus they select for fiber properties that influence processing, so-called indirect selection. The inherent environmentally induced variability in fiber properties presents challenges to enhance them through breeding or biotechnological approaches. Because variability in fiber properties is problematic to fiber processing, future-breeding and biotechnological approaches should simultaneously focus on enhancing fiber properties and reducing variation. This paper will review strategies to enhance fiber profiles through genetic approaches while ameliorating their variation.     

新型天然胶乳保存剂的应用研究

新型天然胶乳保存剂（或称天然橡胶防凝保鲜剂）是以亚硫酸氢钠、苯甲酸钠、碳酸钠、柠檬酸、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯及五水合硅酸钠为主要原料,经连续化合反应生成无机盐混合物,再配以高活性海藻酸钠生产而成的生物制剂,采用此种新型天然胶乳保存剂保存鲜胶乳。结果表明：浓度0.30％的保鲜效果、保证污水处理工艺正常运行等方面综合作用最明显,加工成本降低11.7％,并且在改善胶乳原料的后加工条件、改善产品质量方面均有积极作用。本试验结果为解决保鲜胶乳生产加工上大量使用氨水和甲酸带来的环境污染问题提供研究方向。     

建立出口花生质量跟踪体系的探讨

食品安全质量问题是当前世界和我国政府及消费者最为关心的问题。我国花生在国际市场上占有重要地位,欧盟是我国花生的最主要出口市场之一。欧盟指令EC／178／2002规定自2005年1月1日起,欧盟将实行食品质量追踪体系,该措施将对我国输欧盟花生产生一定的影响。为了指导出口花生企业建立质量跟踪体系,消除不利影响,通过对出口花生各加工环节进行了分析,提出建立出口花生质量跟踪体系的关键要素。     

农杆菌浸润瞬时表达分析番木瓜miR162a的研究

农杆菌浸润瞬时表达方法不仅在蛋白互作、鉴定基因沉默抑制子及基因功能研究方面得到广泛应用,目前还应用在小RNA的研究中.在对植物microRNA的研究中,农杆菌浸润方法通过将将转基因导入农杆菌浸润本生烟瞬时表达,可以快速、稳定地对植物microRNA进行检测和鉴定,样品在几天内就可分析完成,比获得稳定遗传的转基因有优势.笔者借鉴国外拟南芥microRNA瞬时表达分析的方法,克隆了番木瓜的miR62a前体序列连接到双元表达载体pSuper1300上构建成35S::cpa-miR162a质粒,导人农杆菌GV3101后浸润本生烟,浸润后48 h提取本生烟叶片总RNA后通过miRNA northern blot检测到miR162a,而本生烟和番木瓜自身则无法检测到低丰度的miR162a.本文介绍的农杆菌浸润瞬时表达方法能够在体外加工产生成熟的miRNA,该技术有助于对microRNA的结构-功能的相关性及靶标验证进一步研究.     

Pearling Quality of Canadian Barley Varieties and their Potential Use as Rice Extenders*

Barley can be used as an extender of rice to increase the nutritive value of the end-product. Specific quality barley is required if the processed barley is to resemble cooked white rice in colour and shape. The barley must pearl and split without the production of broken kernels or fines and yet produce desired end use quality. Barley endosperm texture and colour are key to determining these processing characteristics. Testing of Canadian barley types indicated the waxy type was most appropriate for pearling and processing as rice extender. It had a firm endosperm texture that was not steely and yet processed into a white product with few broken grains. Covered barley was of better quality than hull-less, as the former generally had fewer steely kernels as well as firmer endosperm texture. Differences observed between two- and six-rowed type were related to grain size and could be overcome by proper adjustments to processing conditions. Growing conditions affected kernel size and barley protein contents but to a lesser extent than barley type. L* brightness values, Particle Size Index and kernel size were found to be important predictors of barley quality for pearling and as rice extender.