Somatic embryogenesis from cell suspension cultures of aspen clone

Suspension cultures initiated from callus derived from petiole explants of aspen hybrid (Populus tremuloides × P. tremula) produced somatic embryos. Callus was induced on a MS medium supplemented with 5 mg·L–1 2,4-D and 0.05 mg·L–1 zeatin under light conditions. Embryogenic calli were obtained when a subsequent subculture of calli was suspended in the same basal me-dium with 10 mg·L–1 2,4-D. The highest number of globular embryos were induced from embryogenic calli by cell suspension cul-ture in a MS liquid medium supplemented with 10 mg·L–1 2,4-D. Genotype and 2,4-D concentration were vital to the induction of embryogenic calli producing competent cells. Embryogenic calli for each genotype were heterogeneous. Green calli with gel-like consistency could yield more competent cells than light yellow embryogenic calli. However, some globular embryos broke into slices and some developed abnormally after one month of culture under the same or other hormonal conditions.     

Micropropagation and callus culture of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saussurea laniceps</Emphasis>, an alpine medicinal plant

Cottonhead windhairdaisy (Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz.) is one of the most famous and important medicinal herbs in China. Illegal collection from wild populations is increasingly threatening the present environment of S. laniceps. Establishment of an efficient method for micropropagation is the best way to change its endangered situation. When mature seeds of S. laniceps were cultured on hormone-free MS medium, plantlets were formed from germinated seeds in 7–10 d. Then 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm leaf explants were transplanted to MS medium supplemented with 1-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA)/2,4-D and benzyladenine (BA)/KT and callus was achieved 10 d after transfer. Shoot bud regeneration occurred from callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with different growth regulators 20 d after culturing. The regeneration percentages varied with the different components of plant growth regulators. The percent regeneration from callus pretreated at low temperature of 5°C increased significantly compared with those incubated at 23/20°C directly. Optimal regeneration was observed with explants on media supplemented with 1.5 mg&#8226;L^–1 BA plus 0.2 mg&#8226;L^-1 NAA. In the presence of 0.2 mg&#8226;L^–1 NAA in half-strength MS, 78% of the shoots formed roots. Plantlets from explants showed 63% survival after acclimatization.     

In vitro propagation of a medicinal plant: Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.

In this study a reliable protocol was developed for the establishment of commercial in vitro cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f.. Juvenile shoots from one-year-old elite plants were used as the source of explants. New axillary shoots were obtained after 30 days of culture on a MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.0 mg·L^–1) and NAA (0.1 mg·L^–1). The optimal multiplication medium was a modified MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg·L^–1) and NAA (0.1 mg·L^–1). This yielded a multiplication rate of 2.4 for each subculture. Slightly more than 92% of shoots rooted when cultured on a modified MS medium containing IBA (0.2 mg·L^–1) and acti-vated charcoal (0.5 mg·L^–1). Activated charcoal promoted both a strong and a high rooting rate during the rooting phase. Plantlets were transferred to pots for a short acclimatization stage in a greenhouse where 95% of the plantlets survived. This highly reproduci-ble procedure can be adopted for large-scale propagation of T. wilfordii.     

Embryo culture and rapid propagation of Syringa

Embryo of lilacs (Syringa L) culture in vitro and the rapid propagation were studied. The orthogonal experiments, including the selection of basal medium, embryo age and other factors such as sugar, benzyladenine (BA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and glutamine (Gln), were carried out. The results indicated that the optimal medium for embryo culture was Monnier medium supplemented with NAA (0.001 mg.L^-1), BA (0.1 mg.L^-1), sugar (50 g.L^-1), and Gin (400 mg.L^-1), with a germination rate of 91.7% at least; the optimal embryo age was 50 d; and Gln had significant effects on the germination rate of embryo.Moreover, the optimal medium for subculture was MS BA (2 mg.L^-1) NAA (0.001 mg.L^-1) Gln (0.5 mg.L^-1), with the propagation coefficient of 3.6 at least.     

沟叶结缕草的组织培养和无性系的建立

通过研究不同基本培养基及植物生长调节组合对沟叶结缕草丛生芽诱导、增殖和愈伤组织诱导、分化的影响,建立起沟叶结缕草试管无性系。以地下匍匐根状茎的顶芽为外植株,在MS 6-BA 2 mg.L-1 NAA 0.1 mg.L-1培养基上诱导丛生芽形成,以MS KT 3 mg.L-1 NAA 0.1 mg.L-1作为继代增殖培养基,建立起丛生芽苗→不定芽发生→丛生芽苗速生试管无性系;以丛生芽苗基部为外植体,以MS 2.4-D 4 mg.L-1作为愈伤组织诱导培养基,以MS基本培养基作为愈伤组织分化培养基,建立起丛生苗→愈伤组织→愈伤组织分化→丛生苗试管无性系。试管无性系室外移栽成活率达95%以上。沟叶结缕草试管无性系的建立为细胞工程育种和基因转化的研究奠定了基础。     

Somatic embryogenesis and histological analysis from zygotic embryos in Vitis vinifera L. ＇Moldova＇

We examined the somatic embryogenesis from and histological studies of zygotic embryos of seeds in European Grape ＇Moldova＇ （Vitis vinifera U ＇Moldova＇）. Primary calli were initiated on Nitsch and Nitsch （NN） medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L^-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA. Embryogenic calli were produced upon transfer to a NN medium with 0.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA and 2 mg·L^-1 NAA and somatic embryos were obtained on a half strength MS medium without plant growth regulators. During the somatic embryo germination, an addition of 1.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA in the medium could accelerate somatic embryos to develop into normal plants and increase the conversion rate from 0 to 43.3%. Histological studies of embryogenic calli and somatic embryos demonstrated dynamic changes of proteins and starch grains. The developmental processes of somatic embryos were similar to those of zygotic embryos, including typical epiderma, cotyledon primordium and vascular tissue.     

晚松悬浮细胞系的建立和原生质体的分离

植物悬浮细胞系的建立和原生质体的分离已被广泛地应用于生理学、生物化学、细胞学、遗传学及分子生物学的研究 ,它是生物技术中进行原生质体培养、杂交、基因转移、突变系筛选等项研究的较理想手段[1] 。针叶树在这方面的研究起步虽晚 ,但至今已取得令人瞩目的进展[2 ] 。晚松     

Establishment of cell suspension line of Populus tomentosa Carr

Leaves of fine Populus tomentosa genotype TC152 were used as explants to establish cell suspension lines. The effects of plant growth regulators on callus induction and establishment of cell suspension lines were studied. The callus induction rate was the highest on a MS solid medium supplemented with 1.0 mg·L-1 2,4-D. A cell suspension line could be obtained by inoculating calli which were not subcultured into a MS liquid medium supplemented with 1.5 mg·L-1 2,4-D. The best subculture medium was MS + 0.8 mg...     

野生唐古特白刺悬浮细胞系的建立及生长特性

以野生唐古特白刺的茎段、叶片为外植体,研究了NaClO对外植体的消毒效果和激素2,4-D、NAA和6-BA对愈伤组织诱导及愈伤组织形态的影响,并利用疏松型愈伤组织建立了白刺悬浮细胞系,对其生长特征进行了分析。结果表明:对茎段和叶片用2%的NaClO消毒10 min最适宜,时间过长或过短均会影响成活率;3种激素对愈伤组织的相对生长量和形态均有影响,其中,2,4-D是主要影响因子,且茎段诱导出的愈伤组织相对生长量比叶片的高;根据愈伤组织的生长速度和形态,适宜用浅黄色疏松型愈伤组织构建唐古特白刺悬浮细胞系,最佳试验组合为MS+2,4-D 1.5 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.2 mg·L^-1+6-BA 0.4 mg·L^-1,最佳继代接种量为7.5 mL母液,生长曲线呈"S"型,培养第7天细胞分裂指数达最大值(5.1%),培养第3天细胞活力最强(吸光值为0.69),存活率在细胞生长延迟期和稳定期较对数期下降略快,但均保持在84% 93%间。     

几种作用因子对多年生黑麦草组织培养影响的研究

以多年生黑麦草成熟种子为外植体进行了愈伤组织诱导和分化的研究。结果表明:dicamba替代2,4 D,蔗糖替代麦芽糖可以显著提高愈伤组织诱导率和植株再生率;在一定的浓度范围内(3～9mg·L-12,4 D)2,4 D浓度的升高可明显提高愈伤组织的诱导率,但同时却降低了分化率;在愈伤诱导培养基中同时使用两种生长激素(2,4 D和NAA)的效果要好于单独使用一种生长激素(2,4 D)的效果;水解酪蛋白、脯氨酸和谷氨酰胺浓度的增加并没有促进植株再生率的升高。     

香蕉薄切片愈伤组织再生体系的建立研究

以巴西香蕉品种的薄切片为外植体高频地诱导出愈伤组织,并诱导出了不定芽,获得了再生植株。在实验过程中,利用正交实验中筛选出愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基为MS+2,4-D 4.0 mg.L-1+KT 1.0 mg.L-1+NAA 1.0 mg.L-1+活性炭200 mg.L-1,诱导率可达100%,愈伤组织增殖的最佳培养基是MS+2,4-D 2.0 mg.L-1+6-BA 0.5 mg.L-1+NAA 0.5 mg.L-1+活性炭100 mg.L-1,继代3-4次的愈伤组织在6-BA浓度为5.0 mg.L-1的分化培养基上能分化出不定芽,继代10次之后愈伤组织在继代培养基上开始出现褐化现象,愈伤组织增殖明显受到抑制,褐化的愈伤组织逐渐死亡。     

Thidiazuron-induced somatic embryos,their multiplication,maturation, and conversion in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cinnamomum pauciflorum</Emphasis> Nees (Lauraceae)

Thidiazuron (TDZ) induced somatic embryogenesis from immature zygotic embryos in Cinnamomum pauciflorum Nees while 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) or picloram only induced callus and/or adventitious buds. The highest induction frequency for somatic embryogenesis was achieved with MS medium (Murashige and Skoog in Physiol Plant 15:473–497 1962) supplemented with 2.5 μM TDZ using torpedo-shaped embryos (3–5 mm in length) as explants. In addition, induction medium was supplemented with 0.8 g l⁻¹ casein, 0.4 g l⁻¹ glutamine, and 10 g l⁻¹ sucrose. Somatic embryos (SEs) initiated from root tips or hypocotyls without callus formation. SEs were maintained and multiplied via secondary somatic embryogenesis. Embryo maintenance medium was similar to induction medium except that TDZ was reduced to 0.5 μM. Secondary embryogenesis was enhanced by supplementation of 5 g l⁻¹ activated charcoal in the culture. The best medium for embryo maturation was MS medium containing 30 g l⁻¹ sucrose and 5 g l⁻¹ Phytagel without plant growth regulators. A typical mature SE consisted of two large cotyledons and a short embryo proper. Approximately 82% of selected mature SEs were able to germinate and 63% could convert into plantlets on germination medium that was composed of half strength MS medium salts, 10 g l⁻¹ sucrose, 3 g l⁻¹ Phytagel, and 5 g l⁻¹ activated charcoal.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> morphogenic response of leaf sheath of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllostachys bambusoides</Emphasis>

Nodal segments from secondary branches of saplings of Phyllostachys bambusoides were inoculated in MS medium to assess the in vitro morphogenic response of leaf sheath through the induction to callogenesis by Picloram(4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) at different concentrations of carbohydrate under the same conditions with presence or absence of luminosity.In our experiment,secondary explants were kept in MS medium containing 8.0 mg·L-1 of Picloram for the callus formation.Calluses were transferred in MS medium supplemented with sucrose,fructose and glucose(control,2%,4% and 6%).Results show that Picloram induced the callogenesis in leaf sheath.The secondary embryogenesis was formed in yellow-globular callus.The sucrose as carbohydrate source in the absence of light was more efficient to induce rhizogenesis.Glucose was more efficiency in the presence of light.Callogenic induction and further embryogenesis evidenced the competence and determination of leaf sheath cells.     

东北刺人参组培快繁培养基的筛选

东北刺人参(Oplopanax elatusNakai.)又称刺参,五加科(Araliaceae)多年生落叶灌木,其干燥根和茎均可入药,是一种用途广泛的中药材。近些年来,医药科研工作者对其成分及药理进行了大量的试验和研究,其结果表明,根、茎入药有类似于人参的作用,可用于治疗神经衰弱、低血压和风湿性     

Regeneration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melia volkensii</Emphasis> Gürke (Meliaceae) through direct somatic embryogenesis

Experiments were conducted to study plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis using mature zygotic embryo and cotyledonary explants from seeds of Melia volkensii stored for <3 and >12 months. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with BAP, NAA and 2,4-D (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg l⁻¹) alone, and BAP (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg l⁻¹) in combination with 2,4-D or NAA (0.2 and 0.5 mg l⁻¹). After 4 weeks in culture, up to 60% of cotyledonary explants from the seeds stored for <3 months produced direct somatic embryos on BAP (0.5–4.0 mg l⁻¹) in combination with 2,4-D (0.2 mg l⁻¹). The number of somatic embryos ranged from 5 to 14 per explant in BAP (0.5 mg l⁻¹) and 2,4-D (0.2 mg l⁻¹) combination. Only 20% of cotyledonary explants from seeds stored for >12 months produced somatic embryos. Mature zygotic embryos failed to produce any somatic embryos. Subcultures of somatic embryos from cotyledonary explants of seeds stored for <3 months formed clusters of shootlets on semi solid MS and 1/2 MS media. After 6 weeks of subculture on multiplication MS media augmented with BAP (0.5 mg l⁻¹) and IAA (0.2 mg l⁻¹), 70% of the shoot tips formed 4–7 shoots per explant. Up to 33% of the multiplied shoots were rooted in MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l⁻¹ IBA. Plantlets developed normally into seedlings in the greenhouse.     

广藿香愈伤组织的诱导和增殖

以广藿香的幼叶、茎段为外植体,接种于附加不同浓度的2,4-D、NAA、6-BA、KT、TDZ及其组合的MS固体培养基上进行愈伤组织的诱导,结果表明:单独使用5种激素在一定范围内均能诱导出愈伤组织;最佳组合培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg.L-1+2,4-D 0.1 mg.L-1。进一步研究发现,茎段和叶片诱导的愈伤组织的生长曲线都呈“S”型,且生长周期均为18 d。     

Establishment of genetic transformation system via Agrobacterium in tall fescue cultivar

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is a cool-season turfgrass used on fairways in golf courses. The object of this study was to develop a more efficient, reliable, and repeatable approach in transforming the grass using Agrobacterium (EHA105), where β-glucuronidase gene (uidA) was used as a reporter and hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hyg) as a selectable marker. An effective expression of transgene was observed in transforming 2-month-old calli derived from mature seeds (cv. Bingo) cultured on MS medium supplemented with 9 mg·L⁻¹ 2, 4-D. A two-step solid medium selection with increasing hygromycin concentration (from 30 to 50 mg·L⁻¹) was used to obtain resistant calli. Transgenic plants have been produced from many independent transformed calli. The presence of functional β-glucuronidase gene (uidA) was detected in hygromycin-resistant calli. Transgenic plants were regenerated and PCR and Southern blot confirmed transgene integration in the tall fescue genome. Biography: QIAN Hai-feng (1973–), male, Ph.D., associate professor in Zhejiang University of Technology.     

拟南芥悬浮细胞系的构建研究

以拟南芥生态型种子为实验材料,研究其悬浮细胞愈伤组织继代培养效果。结果表明:在MS培养基上加入不同激素对拟南芥愈伤组织的诱导和继代培养产生显著影响,用最佳激素配比的MS培养基构建了良好的悬浮细胞培养体系。其中拟南芥愈伤组织最佳诱导配方为MS+3.0 mg.L-1 2,4-D+0.3 mg.L-1 6-BA;愈伤组织继代配方为MS+1.5 mg.L-1 2,4-D+0.3 mg.L-1 6-BA+1000 mg.L-1 CH;悬浮培养配方为MS+1.5 mg.L-1 2,4-D+0.3 mg.L-1 6-BA+1000 mg.L-1CH。     

几种丛生竹愈伤组织诱导与防褐变技术研究

利用小佛肚竹、凤尾竹和孝顺竹幼竹的茎尖和带节茎段研究了愈伤组织诱导和控制褐变的方法.试验结果表明:在3种生长调节剂(2,4-D、KT、IBA)的组合中,以2,4-D(2～3 mg·L-1)效果最好,愈伤组织的诱导率最高,大部分外植体都能诱导出愈伤组织,生长良好;2,4-D 2 mg·L-1 KT0.5 mg·L-1能使部分茎段诱导出愈伤组织,而茎尖诱导的愈伤组织水渍化,易褐变;KT 4 mg·L-1能使个别茎段有愈伤组织产生,但易褐化;KT 4 mg·L-1 IBA0.5 mg·L-1能诱导出愈伤组织,但生长缓慢.添加抗氧化剂控制愈伤组织褐变的效果要优于吸附剂,其防褐化能力:抗坏血酸(5 mg·L-1)＞半胱氨酸(100 mg·L-1)＞PVP(1 g·L-1)＞活性炭(1 g·L-1).在培养基中加入抗坏血酸(5 mg·L-1),使小佛肚竹、凤尾竹、孝顺竹的茎尖和茎段的褐变率分别比对照下降了51.3%、43.3%、36.8%和62.7%、42.7%、30.8%.外植体在无菌水或半胱氨酸(100 mg·L-1)溶液中浸泡2～4 h也有利于控制褐化.暗培养有利于愈伤组织生长,对控制褐化也有一定作用.