浅圆仓环壁通风降温系统的性能试验与风道设置优化

通风降温是实现粮食保质储藏的重要措施。以大直径浅圆仓为研究对象,建立了环壁分层通风快速降温实验系统,进行了不同工况的降温实验,研究在粮食初入仓阶段的降温过程中,影响粮堆内温度、水分均匀性的因素。结果表明:外界热环境对降温速度有明显影响,过渡季高温期工况和夏季工况下,降温速度分别为0.43和0.16℃/h,纵向层间温差分别为0.5和1.6℃,降温后粮堆平均温度为17.24和22.76℃,分别达到准低温储粮(20℃)和常温储粮(25℃)的范围。采用露点以上温度进行送风,降温过程粮堆内空气相对湿度较为稳定,波动幅度在5%以内。采用计算流体力学(computer fluent dynamic,CFD)方法对环壁风道的配置进行了模拟研究,模拟结果与实验结果的平均相对误差为6.43%,证实了模拟的合理性与准确性。模拟结果表明,环壁风道上移后,增强了上部粮堆的降温效果,提高了整体降温速度,改善了粮堆温度的均匀性。     

内衬塑料地下粮食筒仓粮堆温度场研究

为了研究地下仓储粮期间粮堆的温度变化,该研究以湿基含水率为23%的高水分玉米为研究对象,首先采用试验方法对内径3 m,高5 m的地下筒仓在静态储藏条件下的仓内温度场的变化进行了分析。然后基于多孔介质传热理论,使用多物理场数值模拟软件COMSOL对试验仓进行了模拟研究。数值模拟基于实际堆粮高度,充分考虑了仓内谷物颗粒呼吸作用对粮堆内温度场分布的影响,研究了不同初始粮温、粮食种类和装粮季节对仓内温度场的影响。结果表明:静态储藏阶段,粮食的呼吸作用较强,粮堆首先在底部开始升温,并逐渐形成高温热芯,随后热芯位置逐渐向粮堆中上部移动,并最终稳定于距装粮线1 m处。初始粮温为35℃时,仓内粮堆温升最高,为6.1℃,温度达到峰值后出现下降趋势;在5种不同种类(玉米、油菜籽、大豆、小麦和稻谷)粮堆中,油菜籽堆平均温升最高,为1.6℃,玉米堆平均温升最低,为1.2℃;不同季节外部环境温度的变化对仓内粮堆温度变化影响很小,仓内粮堆温度在不同季节条件下表现出一致的变化趋势。该研究对地下仓高水分粮储藏期间的温度变化进行了研究,并拓展了数值模拟,可为实际工程提供参考。     

农户用机械通风钢网式小麦干燥储藏仓的气流场分析

为保障农户收获后高水分粮食不落地安全储藏,针对一种仓壁透气中心带通风立筒的圆形钢网式农户储粮干燥仓,应用CFD法对收获后高水分小麦在进行机械通风时的气流场进行仿真分析,将仓内小麦堆等效为多孔介质,分析静压、动压、流量等空间分布规律。结果表明:仓内静压和动压值随半径(横向)增加呈指数衰减;柱面流量随半径呈幂函数衰减;横截面流量随高度呈指数衰减;粮堆区竖向通风均匀度显著优于横向(径向);流量分布为仓底上粮面仓壁,仓壁气流流量只占总流量的24.6%;实仓风速测试结果与仿真分析结果规律一致,平均相对误差为16.35%,表明基于多孔介质模型和CFD法分析钢网式储粮干燥仓的流场分析具有较好的准确性,研究结果为此类钢网式储粮仓流场分析和优化提供了方法和依据。     

不同仓型的粮堆温度场重现及对比分析

为了揭示不同仓型粮堆内温度场和水气分压场随季节的变化规律及其对储粮安全的影响,该文以天津地区的钢板浅圆仓和平房仓为研究对象,以小麦为储粮目标,采用阵列式分布的温度传感器监测粮堆温度,利用温度拟合算法和WU模型构建粮堆温度场模型,重现粮堆在冬末春初之际和夏季的温度场和水气分压场分布;根据温湿度场耦合理论分析其云图特征,并在此基础上比较2种仓储粮状态的差异。结果表明:夏季,浅圆仓和平房仓的小麦粮堆中均存在大体积的冷芯,使整个粮堆可以安全度夏;冬春交替之际,2种仓的粮堆中均存在多区域分层现象,但由于浅圆仓的表层粮堆水分吸收速率大于平房仓,致使次年春季浅圆仓的粮堆表层更易发生结露;根据平房仓小麦粮堆的等温曲线变化方向可推测有邻仓存在,且由2个毗邻的平房仓温度场融汇度可判定邻仓有储粮。研究结果将为粮堆结露研究提供新思路,为结露预测提供理论依据。     

储料竖向压力对粮仓中小麦粮堆湿热传递的影响

粮仓中存在压力场、温度场和湿度场等多物理场,为了得出各物理因子共同影响下的粮堆内湿热传递规律,该研究利用自行研制的粮堆多场耦合试验装置,针对仓内小麦粮堆单元体,研究在高温边界38.5℃、低温边界5.2℃,初始粮温25.8℃,竖向压力分别为50、100、150 kPa条件下小麦粮堆湿热传递情况。试验结果表明:竖向压力增加,粮堆孔隙率减小,热量通过粮食籽粒间传导增加,传递速率加快,竖向压力从50 kPa增大至150 k Pa,粮温较入仓时下降约0.5~1.3℃,温度梯度变化率达8.7%,不同压力下粮堆高温区面积随储藏时间呈幂函数减小。粮堆内湿空气在边界处累积至峰值时会有部分湿空气向粮堆内迁移。粮堆中部与靠近低温边界温差大于6.3℃时,粮堆内湿空气扩散加快,粮堆中部平均相对湿度下降速率随竖向压力增加而加快。研究结果可为散装粮堆多场耦合研究提供理论支持。     

基于温湿度场云图的小麦粮堆霉变与温湿度耦合分析

为了研究粮堆霉变和温度场、湿度场的时空耦合关系,该文建立了模拟仓装置,在模拟仓内装入体积比为9∶50的高水分小麦(20.1%,w.b.)和低水分小麦(11%,w.b.),于18℃恒温室内储藏800 h。试验过程中,高水分小麦中心插入30℃的加热元件,短时加热引发粮仓内部湿热迁移,通过构建温、湿度场云图,检测CO_2气体浓度和储藏霉菌变化,揭示温、湿度场与粮堆霉变的时空耦合关系。通过云图观察到湿空气上移而形成窝状高湿区,在温度适宜的条件下,高温中心区由于湿度偏低,几乎不发生霉变,窝状高湿区霉变最严重。当温度降低后,模拟仓内粮堆霉变受到抑制,微生物生长速度减慢。试验结果表明,在温度和湿度的变化和耦合过程中,粮堆霉变不仅是时间的函数,也是空间的函数。由于粮温散失较快,试验过程中,粮堆内没有观察到自发热点。该文可为今后进一步建立粮堆多场耦合规律和储粮过程中霉变发热的监测预报奠定基础。     

基于热管技术的储粮仓温度特征及其抑虫效果

为解决传统储粮方法存在的高能耗、害虫多、易污染的问题,基于热管技术,该文设计开发了一座利用自然冷源蓄冷的储粮仓,其由储粮仓、热管模组、温度监测系统等组成,通过1年试验（2011年12月16日至2012年11月1日）研究了储粮仓内粮食温度变化及对害虫的抑制效果,结果表明：热管模组在19 d内将粮食温度降低到0,最低可降至-3.17℃;热管储粮试验仓蓄冷量为50.95 MJ,降温速度达到了0.28℃/d,分别较对照仓高出31.62%和47.37%,因此试验仓降温速度更快,蓄冷量更大。夏季试验仓虫害发生时间延迟,害虫数量明显减少,抑虫效果明显。此外,试验周期内无任何能耗,小麦并未出现结露或霉变等现象。该研究为热管技术在大型粮库中的应用提供依据和技术支持。     

机械通风玉米穗储粮仓在黄淮海地区的试验

针对黄淮海地区玉米穗贮藏存在因含水率比较大不易保存、容易霉变等问题,根据目前合作社免烘干玉米鲜穗储藏的实际需求,为了实现科学储粮,减损增收,研制了机械通风玉米穗储粮仓,并进行了装粮试验.利用常温大风量降水原理和专门设计的仓内正负压通风风道与自然通风风道,风机作为鼓风机、引风机交替运行,完成粮仓的呼吸作业,采用温度、湿度...     

吊顶对湿帘风机纵向通风牛舍环境及牛生理的影响研究

为了改善湿帘风机纵向通风系统应用于肉牛舍的降温效果和气流分布的均匀性,同时提高肉牛活动区的风速,该试验在实测的基础上,采用流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的方法对安装吊顶的湿帘风机纵向通风肉牛舍的气流场进行模拟。模拟时将牛只按与实物原型等比例引入到模型中,经吻合性验证,风速的平均相对误差,Y=0.7m截面为27%,Y=1.2 m截面为14%,Y=1.7 m截面为13%,认为模型有效。结果表明:安装吊顶后,舍内的气流分布均匀,肉牛活动区域风速适宜,可为肉牛提供更为适宜的饲养环境。舍内Y=0.7 m截面的平均风速为0.75 m/s,Y=1.2 m截面的平均风速为0.88 m/s,Y=1.7 m截面的平均风速为1.00 m/s。未安装吊顶的牛舍,舍外平均温度(35.0±2.7)℃条件下,0.7 m高度处平均温度(30.0±0.7)℃,1.2 m高度处平均温度(30.1±0.8)℃,较舍外平均降温14%;安装吊顶的牛舍,舍外平均温度(37.2±2.1℃)℃条件下,0.7 m高度处平均温度(31.1±0.7)℃,1.2 m高度处平均温度(31.1±0.7)℃,较舍外平均降温16%,说明安装吊顶后降温效果显著。安装吊顶后,舍内平均相对湿度80.9%,有害气体浓度均在饲养标准范围内;呼吸频率为36次/min,平均等温指数(equivalent temperature index,ETI)为23.96,均未达到热应激水平。     

消除粮仓通风死角的新构想及其电流场模拟试验

通风槽干燥仓在我国被广泛采用,它是一种地面开有通风槽的矩形平底粮仓,采用正压通风,这种通风方式存在通风死角,导致局部粮食霉变。该文提出消除这种通风死角的新构想,其原理是利用正负压通风与正压通风两种气流场在空间分布上的互补性,将这两种通风方式交替采用,实现无死角通风。根据粮堆机械通风时,谷料中的气流场与均匀导电媒质中的恒定电流场相似,均满足拉普拉斯方程,因此,可以用电流场模拟粮堆机械通风时的气流场。摸拟试验表明,在相邻两风槽间的距离与粮堆高度为不同的比值时,正负压通风的气流场可复盖正压通风的死角,从而证实了新的构想的可行性。这种新的通风方式不仅可用来改造现有的通风槽干燥仓,而且对今后新建粮仓的通风设计也具有重要参考价值。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.