施氮量对强筋小麦物质积累与籽粒产量的影响

为探究冀东地区强筋小麦适宜施氮量,选用2个强筋小麦品种津农7号(氮高效型)和中麦998(氮低效型)为试验材料,设置0 kg·hm^-2(N₀)、180 kg·hm^-2(N₁)、210 kg·hm^-2(N₂)和240 kg·hm^-2(N₃)4个施氮量处理,研究施氮量对强筋小麦籽粒产量和干物质与氮素积累转运的影响。结果表明,在N₀～N₂处理范围内,2个强筋小麦品种的籽粒产量、花前干物质转运量和氮素转运量随施肥量增加均显著增加,N₃处理下2品种的籽粒产量和花前氮素转运量较N₂处理无显著变化,说明适量施氮可促进强筋小麦氮素转运与籽粒产量的提高。增加施氮量可促进花前干物质向籽粒的转运,津农7号的干物质转运率高于中麦998,2个品种的花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率为60.59%～77.16%,说明小麦籽粒产量主要来源于花后干物质积累。2个品种开花...     

限水条件下灌水量对强筋小麦旗叶衰老特性和籽粒产量的影响

为探究灌水量对强筋小麦花后旗叶衰老和籽粒产量的调控效应,以2个强筋小麦品种(中麦998和中麦1062)为供试材料,设置0 m³·hm^-2(W₀)、450 m³·hm^-2(W₁)和900 m³·hm^-2(W₂)3个灌水量(拔节期和开花期各灌水50%),分析了不同处理下小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、同化物含量、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗衰老激素含量、蛋白质含量和籽粒产量的差异。结果表明,增加灌水量可延缓强筋小麦花后旗叶衰老。灌浆前中期旗叶叶绿素含量在不同处理间无显著差异,灌浆后期叶绿素含量在W₂处理下最高。W₂处理下小麦旗叶可溶性糖含量显著高于其他处理;旗叶可溶性蛋白含量在花后0～21 d保持较高水平,在花后21～35 d含量逐渐下降,且W₁处理下花后21～35 d旗叶可溶性蛋白含量较W₀处理显著提高。灌水量对花后0...     

不同土壤肥力下施氮量对小麦产量和品质的影响

为探究氮肥在不同土壤肥力条件下对小麦的增产提质效应,以强筋小麦品种丰德存麦5号和中筋小麦品种百农207为供试材料,分别在三个地点设置0、180、240和300 kg·hm^-2四个施氮水平,研究了不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,地点、品种和施氮量均对小麦产量有显著影响,其中地点的影响最大,其次是施氮量,品种最小。在高肥力麦田,施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2时产量最高,中高肥力麦田和低肥力麦田均以施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。不施氮肥条件下,品质指标以高肥力麦田较高,低肥力麦田最低,表明基础肥力高有利于改善小麦品质。施用氮肥均显著提高了小麦籽粒中的蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、沉淀值和湿面筋含量,延长了形成时间和稳定时间,各试验点表现一致。利用主成分分析将小麦品质性状转化为蛋白质因子和面粉粉质因子,结果表明,在低肥力麦田,施氮量对蛋白质因子的增强效应较大,在中高肥力麦田,施氮量能均衡提高蛋白质因子和粉质因子;在高肥力麦田,施氮量对小麦粉质因子的增强效应较大。不论土壤肥力高低,均以施氮量为240 kg·...     

施氮模式对强筋小麦氮素积累和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

为探索冀东平原强筋小麦适宜的氮肥施用模式,选用2个强筋小麦品种(津农7号和中麦998),在总施氮量为210 kg·hm^-2的前提下设置4种施氮模式(CK:底肥50%+拔节肥50%;N1:底肥30%+起身肥20%+拔节肥50%;N2:底肥50%+拔节肥30%+孕穗肥20%;N3:底肥30%+拔节肥50%+孕穗肥20%),研究了不同施氮模式对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运、籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,N2和N3处理提高了强筋小麦干物质积累量,显著增加植株花前氮素积累量及其转运量。花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率因品种和处理而异,津农7号花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率以CK最高,中麦998花前氮素对籽粒氮素的贡献率以N2处理最高。与CK相比,N2和N3处理显著增加小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量,提高醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量;2个强筋小麦品种籽粒产量均以N2处理较高。综上所述,本试验条件下,总施氮量的20%后移至孕穗期可提高强筋小麦植株干物质积累量,促进花前积累氮素向籽粒转移,提高籽粒蛋白质含量;N2处理可使津农7号获得最高的籽粒产量和蛋白质含量;中麦998在N2处理下籽粒产量最...     

施氮量对强筋小麦氮素积累和氮肥农学利用效率的影响

为探究冀东平原强筋小麦高产优质高效的最佳施氮量,在大田选用石优20号和中麦998两个强筋小麦品种,设置施氮量0 (N_0)、180 (N_1)和240 (N_2)kg·hm~(-2),研究了施氮量对强筋小麦氮素积累、转运和氮肥农学利用效率的效应。结果表明,小麦花前氮素积累量占成熟期植株地上部总氮素积累量的59%～66%,花后占34%～41%。随施氮量增加,小麦植株花前氮素积累量和转运量均提高,叶是花前氮素积累和转运的主要器官。小麦籽粒灌浆过程中,营养器官的氮素积累量逐渐下降,籽粒氮素积累量逐渐提高,营养器官氮素转运高峰与籽粒氮素积累高峰一致,石优20号为花后14～21d,中麦998为花后7～21d。施氮量从180 kg·hm~(-2)增加到240kg·hm~(-2),石优20号和中麦998的产量分别提高了6.10%和7.58%,籽粒蛋白质含量分别提高了3.68%和3.73%,而氮肥农学利用效率分别降低了25.68%和23.93%。综上所述,促进花前氮素的积累和转运可提高强筋小麦蛋白质含量;适当减少施氮量可实现强筋小麦的提质增效。本试验条件下,冀东平原强筋小麦生产的适宜施氮量为180kg·hm~(-2)。     

不同水氮处理对膜下滴灌春大豆根系生长及产量的影响

为探究不同水氮处理对膜下滴灌春大豆根系生长和产量的影响规律,以合农71为试验材料,进行水、氮两因素裂区田间试验。分别设主区总灌水量1 875 m³·hm^-2(W₁)、2 625 m³·hm^-2(W₂)、3 375 m³·hm^-2(W₃),副区总施氮量0 kg·hm^-2(N₀)、120 kg·hm^-2(N₁)、240 kg·hm^-2(N₂),研究9种水氮处理组合对春大豆不同生长时期0～100 cm土层根干重、侧根长、侧根表面积和产量的影响。结果表明：增加灌水量与施氮量均可增加0～100 cm土层大豆根干重、总侧根长和总侧根表面积。7月15日(荚期)和8月15日(鼓粒期),0～20 cm土层根干重分别占总根干重的75.37%～82.43%和71.97%～85.26%...     

不同施氮量对弱筋小麦产量和品质的影响

为明确不同施氮量对弱筋小麦产量和品质的影响,为四川浅丘区弱筋小麦高产高效生产提供理论依据和技术参考,2020—2021年以南麦660和南麦941两个弱筋小麦品种为试验材料,设置4个施氮水平:0 kg/hm²(N₀)、105 kg/hm²(N₁₀₅)、150 kg/hm²(N₁₅₀)、195 kg/hm²(N₁₉₅),磷肥(P₂O₅)和钾肥(K₂O)按97.5 kg/hm²计。成熟期调查小麦产量及产量构成因素,测定小麦籽粒品质。在不同施氮量条件下,南麦660、南麦941产量随施氮量的增加而增加,施氮量主要通过影响有效穗数和穗粒数作用于产量,且达极显著水平;增施氮肥可显著影响小麦品质。试验结果表明,粗蛋白和湿面筋含量、籽粒硬度、沉降值均随施氮量的增加而升高,但当施氮量达到195 kg/hm²时,品质不符合弱筋...     

施氮量对小麦氮素代谢关键酶活性的影响

合理的施氮量可提高小麦氮素代谢关键酶活性,促进小麦籽粒氮素累积和利用,进而获得高产。为掌握小麦最佳施氮量及其促高产的生化机理,以晋麦104号为材料,设置0 kg·hm~(-2)、120 kg·hm~(-2)、240 kg·hm~(-2)、360 kg·hm~(-2)四个施氮水平,研究了施氮量对小麦产量及其氮素代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果显示,小麦产量随氮肥用量增加先升后降,施氮240 kg·hm~(-2)时最高。小麦旗叶氮素代谢关键酶活性在开花期后随时间推移呈先升后降之势;且均随施氮量增加而先升后降,施氮240 kg·hm~(-2)时,小麦旗叶GS、NR、GPT、GOGAT等关键酶活性最高。小麦旗叶氮素代谢关键酶活性与籽粒产量均显著相关。240kg·hm~(-2)施氮量通过改善小麦氮素代谢关键酶活性,提高氮素代谢水平,从而增加小麦籽粒产量。     

氮磷钾用量对土壤矿质态氮和春小麦氮积累的影响

为探明在引黄灌区春小麦生产中减施化肥对土壤供氮与春小麦吸氮的影响，通过田间小区试验，分析不同氮、磷、钾用量对耕层土壤矿质态氮累积与春小麦氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明：(1)施氮量120～180 kg·hm^-2时，土壤矿质态氮累积量和植株氮素累积量最高为102.58 kg·hm^-2和294.92 kg·hm^-2,与常规施氮量(240 kg·hm^-2)相比，氮素利用率、氮肥贡献率及氮肥农学效率均显著提高，增幅分别为138.97%、29.23%、136.35%,氮肥偏生产力和依存率降低至41.2 kg·kg^-1和68.35%;籽粒产量增加3.54%～15.66%。可见，适量减氮有利于耕层土壤氮素矿化，促进氮向籽粒转移，提高氮肥利用率和籽粒产量。(2)从常规施磷量(120 kg·hm^-2)减施至48～96 kg·hm^-2时，土壤矿质态氮累积量和植株氮累积量均升高，最高为98.61 kg·hm^-2和242.79 kg·hm...     

施氮量对高产小麦光合特性、干物质积累分配与产量的影响

为明确山东省高产麦区高产节肥高效的施氮量,以高产小麦品种济麦22和烟农1212为材料,在大田试验测墒补灌条件下,设置0(N0)、180(N1)、210(N2)、240 kg·hm~(-2)(N3)四个施氮量水平,研究施氮量对小麦旗叶光合特性、干物质积累分配和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,适量施氮可显著提高灌浆中后期旗叶的叶绿素相对含量、净光合速率、蒸腾效率和气孔导度,增加拔节期至成熟期小麦的干物质积累量,提高干物质在籽粒中的分配量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率;与不施氮肥处理相比,施氮180～240 kg·hm~(-2)时,济麦22增产10.1%～28.2%,烟农1212增产27.1%～42.8%。在同一施氮处理下,开花期至成熟期,烟农1212的干物质积累量比济麦22高12.77%～19.92%;花后14～28 d,烟农1212的旗叶净光合速率比济麦22高8.61%～24.11%;灌浆期间,烟农1212花前营养器官贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量比济麦22高6.10%～11.68%,花后光合同化物积累量比济麦22高12.63%～22.00%,籽粒产量增加12.73%～19.46%。说明适量施氮有利于灌浆中后期小麦旗叶保持较高的光合性能,促进花后光合同化物的积累和向籽粒的分配,发挥品种的高产潜力。当施氮量为210 kg·hm~(-2)时,济麦22和烟农1212的籽粒产量、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力均最高,是该试验条件下的最优施氮量。     

Characterization of starches of proso,foxtail, barnyard,kodo, and little millets

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures of small millet starch granules showed more large polygonal and few small spherical or polygonal granules. The granules of small millets resembled those of rice starch granules. The size of the starch granules ranged from 0.8–10 m. The size of the granules was larger in barnyard millet and smaller in proso millet. Several granules showed deep indentation caused by protein bodies. SEM of starch isolated from 24 hour-germinated kodo millet showed pitting or pinholes at some points due to the attack of amylases (preferentially on bigger granules). Brabender viscoamylograph studies on small millet starches revealed that the gelatinization temperatures ranged from 75.8 to 84.9 ^° C. Barnyard millet possessed lower amylograph viscosity, minimum breakdown, and relative breakdown values when compared to the other small millets.     

Effects of application of nitrogen fertilizer on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures in south-western Victoria, Australia

Effects of timing and rate of N fertilizer application on concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn in herbage from perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures were studied at two sites in south-western Victoria, Australia. Nitrogen fertilizer (0, 15, 25, 30, 45 and 60 kg ha^–1) was applied as urea in mid-April, early May, mid-May, early June and mid-June 1996 to pastures grazed by dairy cows. At Site 1, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, K, S, Mg and Cl concentrations in herbage and a linear decrease in Ca concentration. For all times of application, concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg and Cl in herbage increased by 0·0048, 0·08, −0·010, 0·0013 and 0·053 g kg^–1 dry matter (DM) per kg N applied respectively. For S concentration, maximum responses occurred in mid-May (0·012 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied). At Site 2, N fertilizer resulted in a linear increase in P, S and Na concentrations in herbage, a linear decrease in Ca concentration and a curvilinear increase in K and Cl concentration. The maximum responses for P, S and K concentrations in herbage occurred for the N application in mid-June and were 0·015, 0·008 and 0·47 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied respectively. For Cl concentration, the maximum response occurred for the N application in early June and was 0·225 g kg^–1 DM per kg N applied. Overall, applications of N fertilizer up to 60 kg ha^–1 did not alter herbage mineral concentration to levels that might affect pasture growth or animal health.     

Milling,functional and thermo-mechanical properties of wheat,rye, triticale,barley and oat

The milling potential of hulled barley, hulled oat, triticale, rye and wheat was studied using a long tempering process and a laboratory four-roller mill. Regardless of the investigated cereal, the results indicated a significant influence (p < 0.05) of volume per surface area ratio on the milling yield and ash contents of the flour. The lowest milling yield was obtained in case of hulled oat. Solvent retention capacity profiles were determined for all investigated whole cereals and flours for predicting the contribution of different polymers to the functionality of samples. For all solvents higher values were obtained for the whole cereals compared to the corresponding flour. Thermo-mechanical properties of the whole cereals and refined flours were also investigated. If in case of wheat the gluten proteins play an essential role on dough behaviour during kneading at 30 °C, in case of triticale, rye, hulled barley and hulled oat, the fibers play a major role as well. Thermo-mechanical properties of starch registered a large variation between cereals and/or flours. The lowest torque value corresponding to starch gelatinization (C3) was registered in case of the hulled oat flour, 1.92 Nm, while the highest value in case of rye flour, 2.65 Nm.     

Study of antimicrobial activity of aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin on cotton, wool, and rabbit hair

Aloevera, chitosan, and curcumin were applied in alone and in combination with each others on cotton, wool and rabbit hair by exhaustion method for the assessment of their antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity of these natural ingredients was better in peroxide treated cotton, formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrates than their corresponding intact ones. Aloevera shown better antimicrobial activity than chitosan and curcumin when applied alone and its antimicrobial activity was enhanced by addition of both chitosan and curcumin. The application of aloevera+chitosan+curcumin combination on peroxide treated cotton and formic acid treated wool/rabbit hair fibrous substrate was fast up to twenty five washing cycles.     

Structure Elucidation of New Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides A,B, C,D, and E,and Non-Acetylated Saponins,Lessoniosides F and G,from the Viscera of the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni

Sea cucumbers produce numerous compounds with a wide range of chemical structural diversity. Among these, saponins are the most diverse and include sulfated, non-sulfated, acetylated and methylated congeners with different aglycone and sugar moieties. In this study, MALDI and ESI tandem mass spectrometry, in the positive ion mode, were used to elucidate the structure of new saponins extracted from the viscera of H. lessoni. Fragmentation of the aglycone provided structural information on the presence of the acetyl group. The presence of the O-acetyl group was confirmed by observing the mass transition of 60 u corresponding to the loss of a molecule of acetic acid. Ion fingerprints from the glycosidic cleavage provided information on the mass of the aglycone (core), and the sequence and type of monosaccharides that constitute the sugar moiety. The tandem mass spectra of the saponin precursor ions [M + Na]⁺ provided a wealth of detailed structural information on the glycosidic bond cleavages. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, we characterized the structure of five new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A–E, along with two non-acetylated saponins Lessoniosides F and G at m/z 1477.7, which are promising candidates for future drug development. The presented strategy allows a rapid, reliable and complete analysis of native saponins.     

酸碱条件对枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254代谢物产生的影响

为考察酸碱条件对枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254代谢物产生的影响,采用气相色谱-质谱联用分析枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254菌株的胞内成分。结果表明：通过谱库扫描得到32种高匹配率代谢物的初步鉴定结果,主要包括氨基酸类、酸类、烷烃类等,其中含量相对较高的有7种;枯草芽胞杆菌FJAT-14254代谢物的种类和含量与其培养环境的酸碱度变化呈一定的相关性,强酸性(pH＝3)条件下培养的胞内代谢物具有特异性,而接近中性(pH＝5、7)条件及碱性(pH＝9、11)条件下培养胞内代谢物则相似。由此推断,不同pH条件影     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

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