硫肥对小麦蛋白质组分及产量的影响

试验在高肥力而硫素极缺的土壤上进行了试验,在施用常规氮磷钾肥料的基础上,比较不同小麦品种施硫肥与不施硫肥对小麦蛋白质组分及产量的影响。结果表明:在常规肥料措施下增施硫肥,提高了小麦营养体及籽粒中的含氮量,显著提高了籽粒中醇溶蛋白及总蛋白含量,而且不同蛋白质含量的小麦对硫肥的反应存在差异.施用硫肥极显著降低了千粒重和容重,产量也有所下降,但未达显著水平。     

砂土麦田追施硫肥对冬小麦产量和质量的影响

在砂质土壤条件下,研究了追施硫肥对冬小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明:拔节期追施硫肥显著提高小麦子粒产量,千粒重随着追施硫肥用量的增多而提高,不同追硫处理与对照相比均达到差异极显著水平;追施硫肥显著提高了小麦子粒容重和子粒硬度,改善了小麦的磨粉品质和面团流变学特性,尤其对小麦的淀粉糊化特性指标影响较大,高峰粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、稀懈值与对照相比均达到极显著水平。比较不同硫肥追施量对产量和品质的调控作用以及投入成本来看,以拔节期每公顷追施30kg纯S的效果较好。     

Late nitrogen application increased protein concentration but not baking quality of wheat

Late application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers at heading or anthesis is usually performed to produce wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with high bread‐making quality. However, increasing energy costs and ecological problems due to N losses call for efficient and simplified N fertilization strategies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of late N fertilization on grain protein quality and thus baking quality and to evaluate if similar wheat quality can be maintained without late N application. Field experiments with two winter wheat cultivars differing in quality groups were conducted. The fertilization treatments comprised a rate of 220 kg N ha^?1 applied in two or three doses (referred to as split N application), and 260 kg N ha^?1 applied in four doses (additional late N fertilization) with different N fertilizer types. The results show that although split N application had no effect on grain protein concentration (GPC), it affected N partitioning in the grain, increasing mainly the concentration and proportion of the glutenin fraction. As a result, baking quality was improved by split N application. Late N fertilization enhanced GPC and the relative abundance of certain high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS). However, it had no effect on N partitioning in the grain and did not further improve baking quality. No obvious differences were found between N fertilizer types on grain yield and quality. The N fertilization effect was more pronounced on the wheat cultivar whose baking quality was more dependent on protein concentration. In evaluating baking quality of wheat flour, gliadin and glutenin proportions were better correlated with loaf volume than the overall protein concentration.     

Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate,urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

The effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.     

砂姜黑土强筋小麦施肥技术研究

通过田间试验研究了施用不同肥料和不同施肥方法等对强筋小麦养分吸收和产量品质的影响。结果表明:在氮肥用量相同时,氮肥后移小麦产量和品质均好于全部基施(习惯施肥)处理;高氮和硫酸铵处理能提高强筋小麦的品质。磷酸二铵提高小麦产量效果好于过磷酸钙,而对子粒品质影响则过磷酸钙好于磷酸二铵;高量磷肥虽然不能进一步提高小麦产量,但能改善小麦的品质。增施有机肥和钾肥可促进小麦对N、P、K养分的吸收,显著提高小麦产量和品质,是砂姜黑土区优质高产强筋小麦重要施肥技术。锌肥能提高小麦产量和品质,含硫肥料有改善小麦品质的作用。试验表明,在砂姜黑土上,施用有机肥,稳定磷肥用量,加大氮、钾肥用量,配施锌肥和硫肥,分期施用氮肥(追肥量占总氮量比例在40%以上)有利于强筋小麦的优质高产。     

氮磷配施对“济麦22”小麦产量及品质的影响

通过田间试验研究了氮磷配施对超高产冬小麦"济麦22"产量及磨粉品质、糊化特性、面团流变学特性及烘焙品质等的影响。结果看出,容重、出粉率与磨粉品质呈显著正相关;峰值粘度和峰值时间对面粉糊化特性影响显著;湿面筋含量、沉降值与面团流变学特性指标呈显著或极显著正相关,且对烘焙品质的影响显著。产量和品质的大部分指标随施氮磷量的增加而发生显著变化,氮磷肥对产量和品质的互作效应显著。施N 300 kg/hm2、P 150kg/hm2处理可获得超高产,且容重、出粉率、湿面筋含量、沉降值及面团稳定时间均显著高于其它处理,表现出较好的磨粉品质和烘焙品质。表明在本试验条件下,该施肥量是济麦22优质超高产的最佳施肥模式。     

灌水时期和施用硫锌对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

以强筋小麦济麦20为材料,在防雨棚池栽条件下,研究了灌水时期以及施用硫肥和锌肥对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,小麦生育后期灌水,有利于抑制旗叶叶绿素的降解,提高了旗叶叶片含氮量,延长了旗叶的功能期,以开花期灌水最显著;施硫肥和锌肥也能减缓旗叶的衰老。籽粒产量、容重、千粒重和穗粒数均随灌水时期的推迟而增加,以开花期灌水产量最高,各灌水处理间差异显著,总穗数以春生5叶期灌水处理最高;硫肥和锌肥处理对籽粒产量及其构成因素没有显著影响。籽粒总蛋白质含量和蛋白组分,除醇溶蛋白外,均随灌水时期的推迟而降低,以春生2叶期灌水含量最高;施硫肥能够显著提高籽粒总蛋白质含量和谷蛋白含量,锌肥作用差异不显著。在干旱条件下,春生5叶期灌水有利于强筋小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的共同提高。     

施硫对不同筋力型品种小麦碳氮运转和产量的影响

在大田条件下,研究了不同施硫水平对不同筋力类型品种植株C-N积累与转运规律和籽粒产量及蛋白质、淀粉含量的影响.结果表明,施硫处理提高了两品种成熟期单茎籽粒重和籽粒氮素的积累量和开花前营养器官贮存干物质和氮素的转运量以及转运干物质和氮素对籽粒重和籽粒氮素积累的贡献率,与不施硫对照(S0)相比,每1 hm2施20 kg纯S(S1)处理能明显提高两品种的产量构成因素,显著提高籽粒产量,两品种分别增产10.69%和9.78%,同时极显著地提高了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量.大量施用硫肥(100 kg/hm2)处理的效果小于适量施用(20 kg/hm2)处理.试验结果表明,施用适量硫肥可以明显调节小麦植株C-N积累与运转,进而促进较高的籽粒产量和蛋白质、淀粉的积累.     

水氮配合对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了水氮配合对冬小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫严重地影响了氮肥的作用,只有在水分配合条件下,氮肥的作用才得到了充分发挥。水分和氮素配合不仅有利于提高产量,也有利于提高冬小麦的品质。冬小麦水氮高效的关键期和敏感期在拔节期,这个时期施氮可以增加子粒中游离氨基酸及蛋白质含量,提高其质量。     

秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代1/3化肥对旱地玉-麦产量、蛋白质含量和化肥利用效率影响

为研究长期秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代部分化肥对玉-麦一年两熟种植下产量、品质和化肥效率的影响,2015-2020年,依托中国农业科学院洛阳旱农试验基地始于2007年的长期定位试验,设置不施肥对照(CK)、玉米小麦季均常规施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代小麦季1/3氮磷钾化肥(SORF) 3个处理,研究2015—2020年玉-麦一年两熟种植下作物产量、化肥利用效率,2019—2020年玉米和小麦籽粒氮磷钾养分含量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量,以及2020年小麦籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量。结果表明:(1)SORF处理玉米增产增效作用优于NPK处理,5年平均产量提高10.0%,但二者间小麦和周年产量差异未达显著水平(p>0.05)。(2)施肥显著提高玉米和小麦籽粒氮磷钾含量,其中SORF较NPK处理又显著增加籽粒氮含量,从而使玉米籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量较NPK分别显著提高6.7%和17.8%,小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量分别显著提高8.0%和6.3%,周年蛋白质产量显著增加10.8%。(3)SORF和NPK处理较CK均可显著提高小麦籽粒中各蛋白质组分含量及谷醇比,协同提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和籽粒品质。SORF较NPK处理还可提高除球蛋白外的其他蛋白组分含量,但谷醇比的增幅不显著。(4)与NPK相比,SORF处理下玉米、小麦和周年的氮肥农学效率分别显著提高54.8%,31.2%和37.3%,氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高10.0%,45.6%和20.7%,小麦、周年的磷(钾)肥农学效率和偏生产力分别提高31.2%,77.3%和45.6%,55.7%。综合来看,秸秆还田和有机肥配合替代1/3化肥(SORF)不仅有利于提高玉米产量,玉米、小麦的籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量,以及化肥农学效率和偏生产力,而且可提高小麦籽粒蛋白组分含量,是旱地玉-麦一年两熟区兼顾产量品质效率的施肥模式。     

Winter Wheat Quality Responses to Water,Environment, and Nitrogen Fertilization

Decreasing carbon (C) footprints by reducing nitrogen (N) and water inputs has been speculated to have negative impacts on wheat grain yield and flour processing quality. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of N and water stress on winter wheat grain yield, protein composition, and dough quality. Wheat fertilized at two N rates (unfertilized and recommended) was grown under water-stressed and well-watered environments. Nitrogen and water stress were measured using the ¹³C isotopic approach. Research showed that (1) N fertilizer and the water-management environment produced similar impacts on wheat quality and yield loss due to N stress and yield loss due to water stress (YLWS); (2) N fertilizer increased flour protein, dough stability, and relative concentration of glutenin (%Glu), unextractable polymeric protein (UPP), and relative amount of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS/LMW-GS); (3) the well-watered environment reduced protein contents when N mineralization was low, whereas it did not influence protein content when mineralization was high; and (4) the %Glu was negatively correlated with yield loss due to N stress (YLNS) and positively correlated with stability. This study showed that a clear understanding of the complex relationship between soil variability and climatic conditions should make it possible to develop adaptive management practices, increase profitability, and improve quality.     

Long-term residual effects of feedlot manure application on crop yield and soil surface chemistry

Crop response to manure application may extend beyond the year of application due to residual nutrient availability. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate feedlot manure application (at 0 22.5, 45, 90 and 180 Mg ha^?1) and subsequent residual effects (24-yr) on wheat and sorghum grain yields. Sorghum grain yields increased significantly with manure and nitrogen (N) fertilizer application. However, winter wheat grain yield showed no consistent response to manure and fertilizer application in the 9-yr when manure was applied. Averaged across the subsequent 24 years, residual feedlot manure and annual N fertilizer application significantly increased sorghum and winter wheat grain production. Application of cattle manure did increase soil organic matter content, pH and plant available soil nutrients. Our finding showed that growers could take advantage of the long-term benefits of nutrients supplied from manure application to bolster crop production, improve soil quality and reduce fertilizer input cost.     

Splitting nitrogen applications improves wheat storage protein composition under low N supply

For the baking quality of wheat flours, the composition and concentration of grain protein are crucial. It is common practice to use late nitrogen (N) application to increase grain protein concentration (GPC) and hence, improve baking quality. However, the use of N fertilizer—particularly shortly before harvest—involves environmental risks. With the suitability of GPC as a parameter for baking quality predictions being more and more questioned, there are further investigations needed considering not only the GPC but also the composition of grain protein. Gluten protein composition varies depending on genotype and environmental factors, such as weather conditions and fertilization rate. To examine whether the effect of a split N application varies under different amounts of total N supply, this study investigates the effects of split nitrogen application on grain protein concentration and composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. JB Asano) at four different N fertilization levels (0.8; 1.0; 1.2, and 1.4 g N pot^?1) in a pot experiment. The GPC was affected by both, N fertilization level and split N application. In this experiment, the minimum GPC of 13%, which is required for class A wheat varieties, was only achieved when N supply was moderate (at least 1.2 g N per pot). Considering the storage protein composition, the split N application influenced the proportion of α‐/β‐gliadins and γ‐gliadins, the alterations being inconsistent. The ratio of high molecular weight (HMW) to low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subunits was increased by the split N application only at the lowest N fertilization level. It is concluded that splitting N fertilization into three doses and hence applying one dose of N late in the season can still be a useful approach to improve GPC as well as protein composition – especially when the total N supply is low.     

氮钾配施对弱筋小麦氮、钾养分吸收利用及产量和品质的影响

在低钾和中钾土壤上,采用田间试验研究了氮钾配施对弱筋小麦氮、钾养分吸收及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,氮钾肥配合施用促进了弱筋小麦植株氮、钾含量的提高,氮、钾养分吸收表现出一定的正交互作用;合理配施氮钾肥能够显著地提高弱筋小麦产量。在低钾土壤上,N180K150处理产量最高(5023.kg/hm2);中钾土壤上,最高产量(5145.kg/hm2)为N180K90处理。两种土壤上,氮肥的产量效应均大于钾肥。低钾土壤上,氮钾对小麦产量表现出极显著的正交互作用。提高氮肥用量显著降低了弱筋小麦的专用品质,钾肥对小麦品质的独立效应不显著,但是钾对氮的品质效应存在着交互作用。弱筋小麦抽穗期或灌浆期植株氮、钾含量与子粒品质的相关系数较大,与产量的相关系数则是以拔节期或抽穗期较大。适当减少氮肥用量和增加氮、钾肥基施比例有利于改善弱筋小麦的品质。     

钾对强筋小麦产量和品质的调控效应

采用盆栽试验方法研究了钾对强筋小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明，施用钾肥能增加小麦株高、穗长、千粒重及穗粒数，因而显著提高小麦产量，小麦增产10．2％～24．8％。施用钾肥能提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量，但对籽粒沉降值的影响不大。     

The content and quality of protein in winter wheat grains depending on sulphur fertilization

Abstract

On soils lacking in water-soluble sulphur, the sulphur fertilization of winter wheat, in general, increases the yields. There are not sufficient investigations about the influence of sulphur on the quality of yield. The objective of this work was to investigate the content and quality of protein in wheat grain depending on sulphur fertilization. The present study relies on field trials conducted on two different soils during 2004–2009. Sulphur was applied with NS-fertilizer Axan or Axan Super at the rate of S 10 or 13.6 kg ha^?1 accompanied by a nitrogen background of N 100 kg ha^?1. The rates of N- and NS-fertilizers were divided and applied at the beginning and at the end of tillering. At harvest, the grain samples from trial variants in four replications were taken, and the contents of crude protein, wet gluten, amino acids (lysine, threonine, cysteine, methionine) and gluten index in wheat grain were determined. Besides, the contents of amino acids were recalculated on their concentrations in protein. The protein and wet gluten contents in grain varied significantly depending on weather conditions of the trial years. On break-stony soil, sulphur increased the yield by 1.16 t ha^?1 on average, i.e. by 21.7%. With increasing yields the protein and wet gluten concentrations in grain decreased. Under the influence of sulphur, the gluten index increased significantly – from 58 to 74, i.e. by 27.6%. In 2004 and 2005, sulphur increased the cysteine and methionine content in wheat grain. Although sulphur application in many cases decreased the protein and wet gluten contents in wheat grain, it improved the biological quality of protein because the concentrations of above-mentioned amino acids recalculated on their concentrations in protein increased significantly. The sulphur application in pseudopodzolic soil had a weaker effect on the grain quality than in break-stony soil.     

不同氮肥类型和用量对小麦产量和加工品质的影响

[目的]分析不同用量有机肥氮和化肥氮对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响,为提升小麦品质提供科学施肥依据.[方法]不同氮肥类型长期定位试验位于山东陵县,始于2006年.肥料分为有机肥氮和化肥氮两大类,用量均设定为0、60、120、180、240、300、360、420、500、600 kg/hm2.2018年取样测定小麦产量和籽...     

Responses of wheat yield,quality and bread-making properties on the sulphur fertilization

This study presents a versatile influence of sulphur (S) application on winter wheat – beginning with the influence on the grain yield and primary quality indices, followed by the one on the bread-making properties of flour and dough, and ending with the one on the quality indices of baked products. Field experiments were conducted at two locations on haplic Luvisol and calcaric Cambisol during five years. S was given as NS-fertilizers on the background of N100 during wheat tillering. Flour and dough properties for bread-making were determined by using a farinograph Brabender. The baking tests were carried out in laboratory conditions. The influence of S on the grain yield and quality, and bread-making properties of wheat depended on the year and location. As the average of field experiments conducted at two locations, the application of S significantly increased the grain yield (r?=?0.960). The increasing yields were accompanied by decreasing contents of wet gluten (r?=?0.825). However, the significant positive (r?=?0.938) effect of the S application on the Gluten index was revealed, which is a good predictor of the baking quality of wheat flour. The S addition by nitrogen fertilization resulted also in a positive shift of the N:S ratio in grains, which is better for the bread-making quality. The significant positive effects of the S application on the dough stability time (r?=?0.898) and on the farinograph quality number (r?=?0.917) were demonstrated. The loaf volume was significantly (r?=?0.842) increasing under the influence of S. Thus, the application of S in parallel with increasing yields improved several bread-making parameters of wheat.     

施磷量与小麦产量的关系及其对土壤、气候因素的响应

【目的】分析在有效磷含量不同的土壤中磷肥施用量对小麦籽粒产量的影响,探明在保证小麦高产的前提下,不同有效磷含量土壤中施磷量与小麦籽粒产量之间的关系,为小麦生产中合理施用磷肥、改善农田生态环境提供理论依据。【方法】本研究根据1990—2017年间已公开发表的有关中国磷肥田间试验的文献,建立土壤有效磷、施磷量和小麦籽粒产量的数据库。采用数据整合分析方法(Meta-analysis),研究在3个土壤有效磷梯度(< 10、10～20、> 20 mg/kg)下,不同施磷(P₂O₅)量(< 60、60～90、90～120、120～150、> 150 kg/hm2)对小麦籽粒产量的影响,分析施磷量与小麦籽粒产量之间的关系及其对环境因素的响应。【结果】1)除在有效磷 > 20 mg/kg的土壤上施用P₂O₅ > 90 kg/hm2的高量磷肥外,在其它有效磷含量土壤上施用磷肥对小麦籽粒产量的提高均具有正影响。具体表现为:在有效磷 < 10 mg/kg的土壤上,小麦籽粒产量随施磷量的升高而呈直线上升趋势,其中施P₂O₅ > 150 kg/hm2的磷肥对小麦的增产作用最强(36.6%);在有效磷含量为10～20 mg/kg的土壤上,90～120 kg/hm2的P₂O₅施用量对小麦的增产作用最强(25.8%);在有效磷含量 > 20 mg/kg的土壤上,小麦籽粒产量与施磷量的关系符合米歇里西方程,即小麦籽粒产量随施磷量先增加后达到平衡,且磷肥施用对小麦的有效增产作用相对较弱(< 8%)。2)在不同的环境因素下磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提高均为正影响。具体表现为:在不同的气候类型条件下,亚热带季风气候条件下施用磷肥对小麦籽粒产量的提高幅度为19.4%,高于亚热带季风气候区(10.7%);在不同土壤类型条件下,黑垆土中磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提高幅度为34.4%,显著高于黄棕壤(10.3%)、棕壤(9.2%)和褐土(15.6%);在不同小麦种植区中,春小麦区中磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提升幅度为32.9%,显著高于北方冬小麦区(13.9%)和南冬小麦区(10.8%)。【结论】在试验前初始有效磷含量不同的土壤中,磷肥施用量对小麦籽粒产量的影响程度不尽相同,其中在亚热带季风气候、黑垆土、春小麦区条件下施磷的增产作用较强。因此,在小麦生产过程中施用磷肥时应充分考虑当地的土壤有效磷含量,适量施肥,减少磷素浪费,保护农业生态环境。     

河北低平原区冬小麦夏玉米产量提升的理论与技术研究

作为渤海粮仓主要增粮区的河北东部低平原中低产农田,冬小麦夏玉米的产量主要受制于土壤肥力水平低、淡水资源短缺和气候异常造成产量的大幅波动。通过选择适宜的品种、播期与收获期的合理搭配、优化的种植方式和配套的耕作与田间管理技术,提高作物生育期内对地上光热资源和地下水肥资源的利用潜力和效率,平抑气候变化带来不利影响,有着巨大的增产空间。该研究通过田间小区试验,结合示范区试验示范,研究了冬小麦与夏玉米生育期的优化、夏玉米种植方式调整、夏玉米深松播种、夏玉米增施钾肥与冬小麦增施磷肥及有机肥等措施对冬小麦、夏玉米产量的影响。主要研究结果如下:冬小麦适期晚播(不迟于10月15日),同时适当增加播量,不影响生育期群体构建和产量水平。早熟品种‘小偃81’提早进入灌浆期,受后期干热风的危害小,在不降低品质的同时粒重与产量稳定。夏玉米提早播10 d(6月10日与6月20日相比)平均增产17.2%,晚收获8 d(10月2日与9月24日相比)粒重增加19.5%。根据冬小麦和夏玉米的品种特性,合理搭配生育期,在实现冬小麦稳产提质的同时,使充分发挥夏玉米的产量潜力成为可能。改变夏玉米的种植方式,适当增加种植密度,明显地改善和提高了夏玉米产量,更为适宜的种植方式是40 cm与80 cm大小行种植和38 cm等行距种植,不适宜的是20 cm与100 cm大小行种植,更为适宜的种植方式下产量提高15%以上。长期旋耕机械压实了犁底层,通过夏玉米深松播种种植,产量提高达31.3%,后茬小麦增产5.6%,但连续深松没有明显的增产效果。夏玉米播种时增施钾肥产量提高2.6%。冬小麦增施磷肥产量提高7.4%,增施有机底肥增产6.8%,增施有机底肥和施磷肥产量提高8.8%,但无明显的累加效果。因此,通过适宜的品种选择与适期的生育期搭配、种植方式调整、适时深松打破犁底层的耕作措施、速效肥与有机肥合理施用等栽培和管理技术,可实现冬小麦夏玉米产量的逐步提高和稳定,充分利用玉米生长季丰富且集中的降水与光热资源,挖掘夏玉米产量,稳夏增秋的粮食增产模式更符合该地区未来发展需求。