气候变暖对辽宁西部地区冻土的影响

为了给工农业生产及冻土研究提供依据,利用辽宁西部1960/1961—2009/2010年冬季的气候资料,分析辽西半干旱区冻土持续期、冻土最大深度变化特征以及对气候变暖的响应。结果表明：辽宁西部地区冻土持续期变暖明显,气温倾向率为0.787℃/10 a,近10年比20世纪60年代升高3.2℃。在气候变暖环境下,冻土封冻始期变化平缓;冻土层化通日期存在提前趋势,近10年比20世纪60年代提前7天;冻土持续期存在缩短趋势,但不明显;冻土最大深度明显变浅,倾向率为-4.120 cm/10 a,近10年比20世纪60年代变浅12 cm。气温、地面温度及降水量对冻土最大深度影响显著,与气温存在线性关系,当气温每升高1℃,冻土最大深度将变浅5.74 cm。冻土层变浅有利于工农业生产,同时也有利于病虫越冬和界限北移,对防虫防疫不利。     

气候变化对西部绿洲地区年气候生产力的影响

为了解灌溉区气候变化对农业生产的影响规律,笔者通过对西部绿洲地区（甘肃河西、新疆南疆地区及宁夏）气象资料与年气候生产力的分析,发现年气候生产力年际变化规律为：甘肃河西、新疆南疆地区呈逐年增加趋势,增速为0.97~38.12 kg/(hm2?a),宁夏地区呈逐年减少趋势,减速为4.65~17.86 kg/(hm2?a),且与降水量的变化趋势非常一致。空间变化规律表现为：在经度小于90°的地区,随着纬度及经度的增大,年气候生产力增加;在经度大于90°的地区,随着纬度减小及经度的增大,年气候生产力增加。针对未来可能出现的49种情况,预测年气候生产力的变化趋势,以湿型气候年型最为有利,呈增长趋势,增幅为3.4~28.5 kg/(hm2?a);干型气候年型不利,呈递减趋势,减幅为6.6~29.9 kg/(hm2?a)。     

内蒙古西部地区自然灾害对玉米产量影响及气象因子分析

为明确内蒙古自治区玉米产量受灾害性天气影响情况,根据内蒙古自治区2005-2017年自然灾害情况、玉米播种面积、单产和总产情况,分析气象灾害影响和减产情况.结果表明:旱灾造成的内蒙古受灾面积占到70％以上,灾害发生频率最多、产生影响最大,且旱灾导致2009年玉米单产水平为近年最低.分析内蒙古自治区西部地区4个地市的23...     

Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker Mitigation Using STATCOM

Voltage fluctuation and flicker is one of the main causation that imperils reliability of power supply. Steelmaking EAF with large load of distribution network produces large impact and interference on the public electric network in operation. So it is very important to control reactive power for voltage fluctuation and flicker mitigation. STATCOM possessing high response speed is an effective measure to mitigate voltage fluctuation and flicker of distribution network. Here, comparing to static var compensation, many advantages of STATCOM are analyzed. Operation principles COM mitigating voltage fluctuation and flicker, general control strategies and control method are introduced cussed. The researching pivot and trend in the future are also discussed. of STAT- and discussed. The researching pivot and trend in the future are also discussed.     

硝酸盐缓解油菜铵毒害的生理机制

为探究铵态氮条件下增硝营养对油菜铵态氮利用及生长的影响,以品种Bn60为试验材料,以纯硝培养为对照,测定不同氮形态下培养15d油菜的生物量和叶绿素含量。并在5mmol/L NH₄⁺条件下,添加5个不同的NO₃^-浓度（0.0、0.1、0.3、0.6、1.0mmol/L）,处理7d后测定游离NH₄⁺含量及氮素同化酶活性,处理15d后测定生物量、全氮和阳离子含量。结果表明,与硝态氮相比,单一铵态氮导致生长抑制、叶片枯黄,但随着硝酸盐浓度的提高,铵毒害症状逐渐缓解,地上和根系的生物量、全氮量和氮累积量均显著增加。增硝营养显著增强了油菜地上部谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,进而降低游离铵态氮含量,另外K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺等阳离子含量均随着硝态氮的增加而显著提高。硝酸盐能增强氮素同化酶的活性,从而降低NH₄⁺含量,同时提高Mg²⁺等阳离子含量和光合作用,最终缓解铵毒害性状,促进油菜的生长。     

西藏地区山洪灾害预警研究的思考和减灾对策分析

山洪灾害及其衍生地质灾害是西藏高原地区主要气象灾害之一,威胁西藏国民经济发展和人民生命财产安全。本文介绍了西藏地区的地理、气候、地质和水文特点和西藏山洪灾害的成因和特点,以及西藏气象部门暴雨诱发山洪灾害研究的一些进展和关键问题,最后提出了一些山洪防灾减灾对策,为山洪灾害及其衍生地质灾害防治研究提供参考。     

渝西片区近45a气候变化特征及其对生产潜力的影响

本研究收集了重庆西部永川区、江津区、合川区、大足区、綦江区、荣昌区、铜梁区、璧山区、潼南区1970-2014年逐年温度和降水资料,分析了渝西片区近45a来农业气候资源及气候与农业生产力的同步变动关系,揭示渝西片区气候变化对气候生产力的影响。结果表明：渝西片区1970-2014年平均气温呈现一致上升的趋势,且上升趋势较为显著;年降雨量整体呈现下降的趋势,但趋势表现不明显;气候生产力整体呈微弱的下降趋势,趋势不明显。气温或者降水量任一要素增加均能使气候生产力上升,但降水是影响渝西片区气候生产力的主要因素。过去45a中,不同时期的气候生产力与气候环境共同形成不同的发展特征,表现为“冷湿型”、“暖干型”、“冷干型”三种类型,并依次呈现出逐渐降低的生产力水平。渝西西部的气候生产力对气温的平均敏感程度最高,而北部的气候生产力对降水的平均敏感程度最高。     

无公害茶叶中亚硝酸盐残留分析及调控对策

本文简析了茶叶中亚硝酸盐残留的状况、规律及其成因。从科学使用氮肥、平衡施肥、精准施肥、培育低积累亚硝酸盐潜力的茶树种质资源等方面,阐述了无公害茶叶中亚硝酸盐残留的调控对策。     

An Novel Assessment Tool for Evaluating Systematical Energy Consumption and Environmental Impact during Road Construction*

New software for quantifying the systematical energy consumption, resources consumption and waste disposal information in road construction has been set up and was named as SEE-at-GRC (Systematical energy and environmental assessment tool for Green road construction). With help of this tool, the quantified contributions of recycling waste materials or modified materials in road construction as well as process improvement etc. on environmental impact can be evaluated by showing savings on energy consumption and resource consumption quantitatively; at the same time waste disposal capacity and environmental impacts were also provided. Two examples were given to shown the output of the software. Those results are useful for guiding the utilization of recycled waste materials, as well as for developing new technology process and advanced materials in road construction. Based on Visual Basic (VB) language and MSSQL database, SEE-at-GRC has provided a full set of evaluation methodology on energy saving, emission reduction and process optimization for guiding green road construction developing.     

Energy Conservation and Energy Using and Recycling Energy

With science and technology developing, the need of energy increases in our lives and industries. Normal energy is lacking in our country, and the average is half of the average of the world. The conflicting between supplying and needing is apparent. So it seems that the energy may be gone. It is necessary that development of recycling energy is considered. The new energy and recycling energy will be the main energy in the future.     

制约我省花生新品种推广利用的主要因素及对策

<正>我省是花生生产大省,也是全国重要的商品花生生产基地。花生是我省重要的油料作物。其种植面积、总产量和出口量分别占全国的1/4、1/3、和1/2以上。近年来种植面积一直稳定在93.33万hm2左右,总产量330万t左右,在国民经济中占有及其重要的地位。因此,我省将     

小麦喷施世玛产生药害后缓解措施的研究

近年来节节麦对小麦生产的危害呈上升趋势,而能有效防治节节麦的农药只有世玛,但其使用条件苛刻,容易对小麦产生药害。本文就其产生药害后的缓解措施进行了研究,结果显示,出现药害后,叶面喷施碧护4g/667m^2和磷酸二氢钾200g/667m^2,25d后幼苗黄化消退矮化减轻,并且有多条新生根系。表明缓解药害效果好。     

我国气象信息员在农村防灾减灾作用的研究

气象信息员作为农村基础防灾减灾的重要力量,是农村防灾减灾基础单元建设的重要环节,也是改变气象灾害防御中的强政府、弱社会局面的重要手段。通过采用问卷调查的方式,评估了气象信息员在基层防灾减灾中发挥的预警信息传播、气象灾情收集、气象需求反馈、组织群众避灾、科学普及宣传及防灾减灾意识这6 个方面的作用。调查表明：气象信息员在预警信息传播环节发挥作用最大,其次是科普宣传和信息反馈,再次是组织群众避灾方面,但其在灾害防御方面能力明显不足。因此,要通过加强气象信息员队伍建设,探索建立气象信息员服务认证制度,加大气象信息员灾害防御技能培训等一系列措施,从而提高农村基础单元灾害防御能力。     

燕麦对盐碱胁迫的响应机制及缓解措施研究进展

土壤盐碱化的日益严峻,直接制约着农牧业的健康发展,培育耐盐碱作物或饲草是解决这一矛盾的有效途径。燕麦是重要的粮饲兼用作物,具有一定的耐盐碱性。研究燕麦的耐盐碱机制,对开发和有效利用盐碱地有重要的现实意义。文章从种子萌发、光合特性、抗氧化酶系统、渗透调节物质、离子吸收分布和分子机制等角度综述了燕麦对盐碱胁迫的响应机制,并概述了目前缓解燕麦盐碱胁迫的可行措施,展望了未来的研究趋势。     

安徽省农业灾害情况及防灾减灾对策分析

分析安徽省主要农业灾害发生及分布情况,探讨相应的防灾减灾对策,为实现安徽省农业可持续发展及保障安徽省粮食安全提供依据。以1978—2012年安徽省农业灾情及粮食播种面积、粮食总产等数据为依据,分析农业灾害对安徽省农业生产的影响和安徽省水灾、旱灾、风雹灾、霜冻灾等主要农业灾害发生及分布规律,并提出防灾减灾对策。结果表明,1978年以来,安徽省农业气象灾害频发,1991、1998、2003年受灾面积较大,总体上粮食总产呈增加趋势,农业气象灾害受灾及成灾面积与粮食总产呈负相关;1979—2012年安徽省粮食总产呈周期性波动,且与成灾面积的年际增长率呈负相关关系,表现为每3年左右为1个周期;影响安徽省农业生产发展的最主要灾害种类是旱灾、水灾、风雹、霜冻等,其中水灾和旱灾是最主要灾害,其危害多数年份占所有农业灾害危害受灾面积和成灾面积的80%以上;安徽省绝大部分地市的旱灾成灾面积指数大于水灾成灾面积指数,说明旱灾是影响安徽省农业生产发展的最重要农业气象灾害类型。该研究可为安徽省农业灾害风险的有效管理和政府部门相关决策提供技术支持和参考。     

Energy

The 1990s was a decade in which radical institutional restructuring was imposed from above on an energy economy which was in a stage of stable maturity following half a century of rapid development. The key plank in the reforms was the withdrawal of the state from ownership of energy production where possible (natural gas and parts of electricity), and from any non‐commercial philosophy in relation to the electricity and coal enterprises which remained state‐owned. Regulation of natural monopoly elements (pipelines, transmission and distribution lines, processing plants) was virtually eliminated under the rubric of ‘light‐handed regulation’, and the scheduling of electricity generators was moved from a planned to a market system. Underlying real trends in energy intensity, production and use were unaffected by the reforms, and the expected efficiency gains which had motivated reform were not in evidence by the end of the decade.     

Seismic Damage Analysis and Disaster Mitigation Approaches for Urban Gas Piping Systems

Based on the analysis of seismic damage effect and induced secondary disasters on urban gas piping systems, the seismic damage characteristics and influencing factors were discussed, such as seismic intensity, geologic conditions and piping system characteristics. Moreover a series of earthquake disaster mitigation approaches were proposed for urban gas piping system, including:(a)aseismatic design of urban gas facilities; (b)erosion monitoring and replacement of old pipelines;(c)automatic gas shut off system and district gas supply; (d) gas supply recovery after fault finding and treatment of damage pipelines; (e)establishment of real time seismic data acquisition and rapid pipeline damage estimation system; (f)establishment of emergency response management system; (g)establishment of urban gas network seismic disaster risk assessment and simulation system.     

花生耐盐碱响应机制及缓解措施的研究进展

花生是中国重要的油料作物,其单产和总产居世界首位.新疆盐碱地耕地面积占全疆总耕地的30.12％,盐碱地严重制约了新疆农作物发展水平.本文概括了盐碱胁迫对花生种子萌发的影响、盐碱胁迫对花生生长及生理特性的影响、花生对盐碱胁迫的响应机制,提出了缓解盐碱胁迫的相应措施,总结了花生耐盐碱响应机制及缓解措施的研究进展,最后指出了...