Influence of mineral nutrition on denitrification on plants in nutrient solution culture

In solution culture experiments with spring wheat the effect of nitrogen sources, single nutrient deficiency and oxygen supply of the nutrient solution on denitrification was studied by means of the acetylene inhibition method. No denitrification was observed with ammonium nutrition, while denitrification was almost equally high with nitrate and a mixture of nitrate and ammonium nutrition. Discontinuing potassium for 7 and 14 days increased denitrification. Discontinuation of P for 14 days also increased total denitrification, whereas no difference from the complete nutrient solution was observed in Fe deficiency. Denitrification remained at a very low level, when Mg supply was discontinued. Denitrification potential of excised roots was high in K deficiency. It was also high at the beginning of Fe deficiency, whereas P and Mg deficiency had no effect on denitrification potential as compared to roots in complete nutrient solution. The differences in total denitrification are due to the effects of individual nutrient deficiency on root growth, root respiration and denitrification potential.     

Nutrition of bean plants in sand culture: Influence of calcium/potassium ratio in the nutrient solution

A greenhouse experiment was carried out in order to study the influence of three calcium (Ca)/potassium (K) ratios (0.25, 0.50, and 1.00) in the nutrient solution on nutrient uptake, mineral composition, and productivity of bean plants grown in sand culture. Nitrate consumption and nitrogen (N) plant levels were lower when the Ca/K ratio in the nutrient solution was 0.25. Calcium and K consumption and the corresponding concentrations in the plants were directly related with the Ca/K ratio in the nutrient solution. Magnesium (Mg) consumption decreased as the Ca/K ratio increased. The highest yields were obtained when the Ca/K ratio in the nutrient solution was 1.00.     

Aluminum toxicity in plants grown in solution culture

Abstract

Earlirose rice (Oryza sativa L. ) and Hawkeye soybeans (Glycine max L.) were grown in solution culture with A1₂(SO₄)₃ in concentrations of 0, 10^‐6, 10^‐5, 10^‐4, 10^‐3 M. Only at 10^‐4 (slightly) and at 10^‐3 M were there yield depressions due to Al. The threshold concentration of Al for toxicity was about 20 μg/g in rice shoots and about 30 μg/g in soybean leaves. The solution level necessary for these concentrations was 8 μg Al/ml. Plant concentrations which caused severe toxicity were 70 μg Al/g plant with 81 μg Al/ml solution. Most Al remained in roots, but leaves contained more than did stems of soybeans. The high Al decreased Fe, Cu, and Mn concentrations in shoots of rice and decreased Fe, Cu, and Zn in roots of rice. The high Al resulted in decreased Fe and Zn in leaves of soybeans. No Fe deficiency symptoms were present due to the high Al.     

无土栽培营养液循环控制系统

该文介绍了营养液循环控制系统的设计和构成，营养液检测控制过程。采用最小二乘拟合的方法建立离子选择电极的测量模型，从而实现温室无土栽培中营养液的在线检测。采用动态矩阵控制算法控制离子浓度，在一定程度上克服了某些不确定干扰的影响，并解决了超调的问题。     

采前营养液处理对水培小白菜硝酸盐积累的影响

开展了在采收前减少小白菜营养液中的氮量或在去除硝态氮的基础上加入渗调离子以试图降低小白菜的硝酸盐积累的试验。结果表明,在去除营养液中的硝态氮后,在营养液中加入Cl-、SO42-、苹果酸根离子、山梨酸根离子、乙酸根离子是降低溶液培养小白菜硝酸盐积累的有效措施,但处理后采收的时间不可推迟太久。而只减少营养液中氮肥用量会使产量迅速下降,硝酸盐含量降低却缓慢,加入渗调离子可缓解因去除氮肥引起的小白菜产量的下降。     

Iron efficiency of different corn hybrids grown in nutrient solution culture

Growing Fe-efficient genotype(s) could be considered as a preferred genetic approach to tackle the widespread constraint of Fe-deficiency-/lime-induced chlorosis in crop grown on alkaline soil. This study aimed to investigate morphological and physiological traits linked to expression of Fe deficiency among four corn (Zea mays) including sweet (Z. mays sacchrata cvs. H403 and H404) and grain (Z. mays indentata cvs. H500 and H700) hybrids grown in nutrient solution using two Fe concentrations (5 and 50 µM Fe-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Fe-EDTA)). Significant variation was found among studied hybrids in their tolerance to Fe-deficiency stress. Sweet corn hybrids were more sensitive to Fe deficiency as compared with grain corn hybrids and greater reduction was observed in their shoot dry matter at the 5 µM Fe-EDTA treatment. The greatest decrease in plant height, leaf area, and root and shoot dry matter weight under Fe-deficiency condition was found for H403 hybrid. No significant correlation was found between shoot and root Fe concentration with crop tolerance to Fe deficiency. Furthermore, different response of corn hybrids to Fe deficiency is an important factor, which has to be considered in Fe fertilizer recommendation as well as breeding programs.     

无土栽培营养液消毒技术研究与应用

为了减少营养液排放对环境造成的污染,世界范围内的无土栽培系统正逐步由开放式向封闭式转变.封闭式无土栽培系统中根系病害的传播危险急剧增加,因此营养液消毒技术的研究和应用发展迅速.该文综述了国内外营养液消毒方法、原理、成本及应用效果,重点介绍了营养液消毒新技术-慢砂过滤.     

无土栽培营养液消毒技术研究与应用

为了减少营养液排放对环境造成的污染，世界范围内的无土栽培系统正逐步由开放式向封闭式转变。封闭式无土栽培系统中根系病害的传播危险急剧增加，因此营养液消毒技术的研究和应用发展迅速。该文综述了国内外营养液消毒方法、原理、成本及应用效果，重点介绍了营养液消毒新技术－慢砂过滤。     

Vanadium induced manganese toxicity in bush bean plants grown in solution culture

Seedlings of two bush bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulqaris L. cvs. Mn‐sensitive ‘Wonder Crop 2’ and Mn‐tolerant ‘Green Lord') were grown for 14 days in full strength Hoagland No. 2 nutrient solution containing 0.05 ‐ 2 mg L^‐1 of vanadium (V) as ammonium vanadate.

Increasing V concentration in the solution decreased total dry weight of both cultivars. Plant tops were stunted and leaf color became dark green at 1 ‐ 2 mg L^‐1 V, especially in ‘Green Lord’. Veinal necrosis similar to that of Mn toxicity was observed in the primary leaves of ‘Wonder Crop 2’ at 0.2 mg L^‐1 V or above, but not in those of ‘Green Lord’.

The V concentrations in the roots increased exponentially with increasing V concentration in the solution; however, V concentrations in the leaves and stems were not affected. The Mn concentrations in the primary leaves increased under the higher V treatment in ‘Wonder Crop 2'; but not in ‘Green Lord’. In contrast, Fe concentration in the leaves of ‘Wonder Crop 2’ decreased markedly with increasing V concentration in the solution. Enhanced Mn uptake and greater reduction of Fe uptake by ‘Wonder Crop 2’ may explain the incidence of V‐induced Mn toxicity.     

Calcium deficiency and CaCO3 on micronutrient status of plants grown in solution culture

Abstract

Plants were grown in solution culture with different levels of Ca to further evaluate Ca relationships to trace metal uptake and to toxicity of trace metals. When tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L., Tropic) were grown at a low level of Ca, the Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Al, and Ti concentrations of leaves, stems, and roots were considerably increased. The use of an excess of CaCO₃ which increased pH did not influence the trace metal concentrations of plants any more than did Ca⁺⁺. In a factorial experiment with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) with Ca (10^‐4,10^‐2, 10^‐2 N) and Ni (0, 2 × 10^‐6 M, 2 X10^‐5 M), Ni phytotoxicity and Ni uptake were decreased somewhat at the highest Ca level. High Ni tended to decrease the Ca concentration in leaves. High Ca and Ni both tended to decrease Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn concentrations in leaves. The Ni had some interactions on the P concentrations of shoots.     

Temporary increase of the concentration of nutrient solution in soilless culture improves strawberry quality

The application of permanent salt stress during fruit production has been suggested to restrict vegetative growth and improvement of fruit quality, especially sweetness. The present study was carried out due to the lack of application of increasing the electrical conductivity of a nutrition solution in a specific period in order to enhance the quality of strawberries grown in a soilless culture system. The investigated cultivars differed in their sensitivity to increasing nutrient solution concentration. Camarosa and Gaviota Cultivars in 120% temporary increasing the concentration of nutrient solution produced about 45.7% and 8.24% reducing yield, respectively, than the control. The highest SSC/TA (soluble solid content/titrable acidity) was observed in 80% (15.6%) and 120% (22.15%) of temporary increasing the concentration of nutrient solution treatments, compared to control. Also, the maximum of total anthocyanin content (33.38%) was observed in 120% of temporary increasing the concentration of nutrient solution treatment – Gaviota, compared to control. The finding of the present study showed that cultivar Camarosa and 120% of temporary increasing the concentration of nutrient solution treatment could improve strawberry fruit quality in soilless culture. Although, according yield in temporary increasing the concentration of nutrient solution condition, cultivar Gaviota tolerant was higher than cultivar Camarosa.     

Effect of solution conductivity on the volatile constituents of Origanum dictamnus L. in nutrient film culture

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from leaves and bracts of hydroponically cultivated Origanum dictamnus L. (Cretan dittany), growing under various electrical conductivity (EC) levels (2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 mS/cm), was studied, using the nutrient film technique (NFT). The analysis of the essential oil content was achieved by GC-MS technique, and totals of 41 and 38 different compounds were identified in both cases of large-leaved and narrow-leaved samples of leaves and bracts, respectively. Differences in the composition content and of the percentage of each of the constituents in the two studied samples (i.e., large-leaved and narrow-leaved) and within the essential oils of leaves and bracts in both samples were observed. Carvacrol and p-cymene were identified as the main constituents in all essential oils, whereas thymoquinone was found in higher percentage in the essential oils of large-leaved than in narrow-leaved plants. The results obtained from GC-MS analysis were submitted to chemometric analysis, and a phenotypic similarity of the essential oils of narrow-leaved O. dictamnus was observed, whereas the essential oils of large-leaved O. dictamnus showed two separate subgroups.     

Effect of nitrogen concentration of the nutrient solution on the volatile constituents of leaves of Salvia fruticosa Mill. in solution culture

Essential oils from hydroponically cultivated Salvia fruticosa were analyzed by GC-MS techniques. Three different levels of nitrogen (100, 150, and 200 mg/L) were used in the nutrient solution for the cultivation, using the nutrient film technique. A total of 79 compounds were identified, and qualitative and quantitative differences have been observed between the samples collected at full bloom (flowering stage) and at the end of the seed formation stage. 1,8-Cineole, beta-caryophyllene, and viridiflorol were the predominant constituents in most cases. 13-epi-Manool was identified by using GC parameters and mass spectrum fragmentation pattern, whereas labd-7,13-dien-15-ol, a labdane type diterpene, was identified for the first time in the genus Salvia, using GC parameters and an authentic sample. The results obtained from GC-MS analyses were submitted to chemometric analysis.     

Major element uptake by snap bean grown in nutrient culture with varying nitrogen solution treatments

Snap bean (Phaseoius vulgaris L.) showed an increasing preference for NO₃ with increasing total N and equal ratio of NO₃ to NH₄ when grown in nutrient culture. The percent increase in NO₃ uptake over NH4 from solution was about the same as the increase in percent K content found in the plants at harvest. Peak periods of NO₃ and NH₄ uptake were observed, similar to what has been found for the other vegetable legumes.     

A simple system for raising clean‐rooted plants for solution culture experiments

Abstract

A simple arrangement is described for growing seedlings with clean roots for use in solution culture experiments. It consists of a deep level tray containing seed trays subdivided into modules filled with smooth coarse gravel. These are flooded periodically with nutrient solution using a pump and time switch. The solution then drains back into a reservoir underneath the tray. The system requires very little attention and spinach plants grew better in gravel than in sand or commercial peat‐based compost.     

Some effects of fly ash (from coal burning) on bush bean plants grown in solution culture

Abstract

Bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C. V. Improved Tendergreen) were grown for 14 days in 3700‐ml solution cultures with varying application rates of fly ash from a coal burning plant in California. Plants were also grown in a solution culture experiment in the presence of tiie chelating agent DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) and also in solutions acidified with HCl. The latter treatments were to determine if metals in the fly ash could be made more available to plants. The higher levels of fly ash (5 to 10 g/3700 ml) resulted in increased Ca, B, Si, Sr, and Ba in leaves, stems, and roots. No plants, however, appeared to have an excess of trace metals. In another experiment DTPA and HCl amendments failed to increase greatly the availability of trace metals from the fly ash in solution culture except for Zn. In this experiment the fly ash was the sole source of Ca and plants were deficient in Ca because insufficient fly ash was added. The fly ash resulted in increased Zn, Ca, Fe, Mn, B, Al, Si, Ti, Mo, Li, Sr, Ba in leaves, stems, and roots and increased V, Co, and Ni in roots. There was 3 to 4 μg/g Sn and 0.6 μg/g Be in the roots of plants grown with fly ash. In another experiment, fly ash supplied all the Ca necessary for plant growth without decreased yields resulting from any trace metal.     

螯合–缓冲营养液培养条件下添加外源锌对小麦幼苗生长和TaZIPs基因表达的影响

[目的]研究外源供锌对小麦幼苗根系发育、光合作用、金属离子平衡以及锌铁转运蛋白ZIP基因的表达,以期深入了解小麦的锌营养作用机理.[方法]采用水培试验方法,供试材料为冬小麦'百农207',试验共设置了5个锌(Zn)浓度处理:0?(Zn0)、0.05?(Zn0.05)、0.25?(Zn0.25)、1.0?(Zn1.0)和...     

Collembola grazing on arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi modulates nutrient allocation in plants

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) mycelia networks are important for nutrient allocation in many plants, but fungivorous soil invertebrates such as Collembola can modulate the symbiosis by grazing on the extra-radical mycelium (ERM). This study employs a dual biomarker approach with stable isotopes and fatty acids to disentangle trophic interactions of Collembola in a plant-fungal soil system with maize (Zea mays) and the AM fungus Glomus mosseae. To separate ERM and root mediated effects, root (RC) and hyphal compartments (HC) were used, and the latter was spiked with labeled ¹⁵N substrate. The euedaphic Collembola species Protaphorura fimata was introduced as the fungal and root grazer. Generally, the presence of Collembola in RC fostered biomass and phosphorous uptake in roots colonized with AM. Nitrogen transport from HC to RC was not altered, indicating that Collembola did not disrupt the ERM network via grazing. Collembola–fungus interactions fostered AM hyphal proliferation in HC, whereas in RC it induced a change from fungal senescence with build-up of storage reserves, to an active foraging phase. A distinct diet switch by Collembola between HC and RC indicated different ERM palatability meditated by the presence or absence of the host plant. Overall, Collembola grazing increased ERM nutrient sequestration, particularly phosphorus, and in turn plant performance. Collembola modified fungal phenology, favoring fungal colonization over reproductive phases. These trophic interactions were strongly determined by fungal life stage, with the establishment of a functional mycorrhiza as a crucial factor.