用花粉管通道法将新疆大赖草DNA导入普通小麦的研究

用花粉管通道法将新疆大赖草ＤＮＡ导入普通春小麦花培品系７６１,在导入后代Ｄ３代中筛选出一个大穗,晚熟变异株,经常规选育获得大穗、我粒的转化后代。以地高辛标记的４个大麦高度重复序列克隆为探针,对供体、受体和转化后进行Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析。     

用花粉管通道法导入Prd 29A:DRER 1A融合基因获得转基因小麦植株

采用花粉管通道法遗传转化技术,将Prd 29A:DREB 1A融合基因导入小麦品种温麦19.共处理温麦19的小花800朵,获得241粒种子,结实率为30.9%,通过PCR检测和GUS组织化学分析,证明外源的Prd 29A:DREB 1A 融合基因已经整合到其中5个T0代植株的基因组中.     

用花粉管通道法导入Prd29A:DREB1A融合基因获得转基因小麦植株

采用花粉管通道法遗传转化技术,将Prd29 A:DREB1 A融合基因导入小麦品种温麦19。共处理温麦19的小花800朵,获得241粒种子,结实率为30.9%,通过PCR检测和GUS组织化学分析,证明外源的Prd29 A:DREB1 A融合基因已经整合到其中5个T0代植株的基因组中。     

小麦品种复壮30抗白粉病基因RAPD标记的研究

冬小麦品种复壮３０中具有一对抗白粉病隐性基因,该基因对我国流行的白粉病生理小种表现为高抗或免疫,虽尚未定名,却已受到国内外的重视。我们分别以复壮３０、感病品种农大０１５、京花一号的ＤＮＡ为模板,采用３００个ＲＡＰＤ引物（ＵＢＣ４００－ＵＢＣ６９９）进行ＰＣＲ扩增,其中ＵＢＣ４０５（ＣＴＣ ＴＣＧ ＴＧＣ Ｇ）可在抗、感品种之间扩增出一多态性片段（６２８ｂｐ）,定名为ＵＢＣ４０５－６２８。通过对Ｆ２     

小麦抗白粉病分子育种研究进展

小麦白粉病是小麦生产的主要病害之一,应用抗病品种是防治该病的十分经济、有效的措施。近年来分子标记技术的发展为小麦抗白粉病基因的研究提供了极大的方便。目前为止,小麦基因组中已定名抗白粉病主效基因有38个,其中有41个基因位点的57个抗白粉病基因被标记和作图。本文详细叙述了小麦抗白粉病基因的来源、抗病基因利用及其分子标记研究现状,介绍了国内外分子育种研究最新进展,旨在为我国抗小麦白粉病分子育种提供参考。     

大麦黄矮病毒单双价外壳蛋白基因植物表达载体构建及小麦遗传转化

从我国小麦上分离纯化的大麦黄矮病毒PAV分离物，通过RT－PCR、克隆和序列测定后，确认该分离物的外壳蛋白基因由600个核苷酸组成，编码199个氨基酸。该片段克隆到表达质粒pEmu-mcs-N上，构建了植物表达载体pPPI10，同时，在克隆了PAV和GPV外壳蛋白的基础上，构建了编码GPV＋PAV双价CP基因的植物表达载体pPPI14。用花粉管通道法分别净这两种质粒导入小麦品种北京837，经Kan^R筛选、点杂交、PCR、Southern杂交等一系列分析鉴定，转化率分别为2.5%和0.36%,温室和田间抗病毒接种。部分转基因植株对病毒的侵染表现出发病症状较轻，与未转化对照株相比，其发病时间明显延迟。由此推测，转基因植株获得了一定的抗性。     

利用核辐射诱发小麦抗白粉病突变新种质

本试验采用不同剂量的γ射线、电子束、NaN_3与 EMS 处理3个小麦品种,在总剂量不变的情况下,用γ射线间歇辐照;用育种常用剂量(250～300Gy)辐照16个品种和12个杂种,诱发小麦抗白粉病突变,在 M_2进行苗期抗性突变体的筛选。结果表明,丁射线、电子束、NaN_3与 EMS 均为诱发小麦抗白粉病突变的有效诱变剂,而且电子束与 NaN_3的诱变效果更好。不同诱变剂诱发白粉病抗性的适宜剂量:丫射线300～350GV,电子束100～200Gy,NaN_31～3mmol/L,EMS 0.3%左右,品种间略有差异。γ射线间歇辐照较连续辐照的突变频率高,杂合材料较纯合材料的诱变效果更好。利用核辐射获得86份抗白粉病的中间材料。     

野生二粒小麦导入普通小麦抗白粉病基因MlWE27的鉴定和分子标记

由白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritci)引起的小麦白粉病是严重影响小麦安全生产的主要病害之一.本研究将来自以色列的野生二粒小麦(Triticum dicoccoides)WE27的坏白粉病基因通过杂交和连续回交,导入普通小麦遗传背景中,育成高抗白粉病小麦新品系3D256(其系谱为燕大1817/WE27//农大015/3/941,F6).将3D256和高感小麦白粉病的普通小麦品系薛早配制杂交组合,对其F_1、F_2分离群体和F_3 家系进行白粉病抗性鉴定和遗传分析.结果表明,3D256携带抗白粉病显性单基因,暂命名为MlWE27.利用集群分离分析法(RSA)和分子标记分析,发现3个SSR标记(Xwmc243、Xwmc 154和Xbarc318)、1个EST-SSR标记(Xdp357)、1个AFLP转化的SCAR标记(XCAUG1)和1个RFLP探针转化的STS标记(XWG516-1)与抗白粉病基因MlWE27连锁,在连锁图上的顺序为Xdp357-Mlwe27-XCAUG1-XWG516-1-Xwmc243-Xwmc154-Xbarc318.利用中国春缺体-四体系、双端体系和缺失系将抗白粉病基因MlWE27定位于染色体2B短臂的末端Bin0.84-1.00上.这一普通小麦抗白粉病种质资源的创制及其连锁分子标记的建立为小麦抗病基因分子标记辅助选择、基因积聚和分子育种提供了新的物质基础.     

农家小麦品种白大头成株期抗白粉病遗传分析

选用农家品种白大头与感病品种铭贤169和辉县红组合亲本及F1、F2代材料,在成株期自然诱发条件下进行白粉病抗性评价和遗传分析。结果表明,农家品种白大头在田间表现中抗白粉病,田间病级3～4级;亲本铭贤169和辉县红表现中感和高感,田间病级分别为5～6级和7～8级。两组合F1代植株均表现抗病,田间病级2～4级。301株白大头/辉县红组合F2代植株中,抗感分离比为214R ∶ 87S,符合3R ∶ 1S的理论比值;286株白大头/铭贤169组合F2代植株中,抗感分离比为201R ∶ 85S,亦符合3R ∶ 1S的理论比值。表明农家品种白大头成株期对白粉病的抗性由1对显性抗性基因控制。     

Powdery Mildew Resistance in a Collection of Chinese Barley Varieties

One hundred and forty-seven Chinese barley varieties maintained at the Gene Bank of the National Barley Improvement Centre, Zhejiang, and 84 progenies from these varieties were tested at the seedling stage for their reaction to 32 selected pathotypes of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Eighteen resistance spectra were identified comprising single or combined resistances from eight known (Ml(Bw), Ml(Ch), Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla13, MlaRu4 and Mlg) and six unknown resistance genes. The most frequent gene was Ml(Bw), which was found in 69 varieties and previously detected in only a few European winter barley varieties. The genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch) were also often present, but other resistance genes were rare. After inoculation, considerably fewer pathogen colonies were observed in ‘Aiganqi’ and one line of ‘Tong5’. Twenty varieties were composed of lines with different resistance genes. China is likely to be a region of origin of the genes Ml(Bw), Mla7, as well as three unknown genes found in original landraces and perhaps another three unknown genes detected in cultivars bred in China. The resistances of varieties from the Zhejiang province and those originating from 11 other Chinese provinces were quite different. Unfortunately, none of the varieties are promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew and China does not seem to be a region suitable for identifying such sources.     

焦作小麦白粉病发生程度的气候预测方法

利用焦作市1980-2005年小麦白粉病发生程度资料和气候资料,采用次序统计量方法和Bayes判别准则,确定小麦白粉病等级与当地气候指标的定量关系,建立预测模型,得出模型中关键气象因子指标为:(1)前一年10月平均气温(T10)≥16.5℃;(2)当年3月气温(T3)≤9.5℃;(3)前一年8、9、10月降水量之和(R8+R9+R10)≤180mm;(4)当年3月降水量(R3)≥25mm。当模型中有3个或4个指标满足,则小麦当年可能发生重度白粉病;当没有或只有1个指标满足,则不会发生小麦白粉病。对1980-2005年该地区小麦白粉病发生状况进行模拟和预报,历史拟合率达73%以上,2006年和2007年延伸预测结果与实际一致。     

小麦白粉病发生气象条件和气象预报研究进展

基于已有成果,采用影响事实检测法,系统分析和汇总气象条件对小麦白粉病影响的规律,对气象因子在国内小麦白粉病预报中的应用进行综述,指出当前研究存在的问题,并对未来发展进行展望.已有研究表明,夏季气温偏低对白粉病病菌的越夏有利;秋冬季及早春气温偏高或阴雨日偏多利于病情发展,但雨水过多且集中则不利于病害发展;冬小麦生长中后期高温干旱会抑制病情发展;日照少则利于白粉病流行;病菌借助大气环流完成异地传播.关于气象因子对小麦白粉病影响的研究多基于田间观测,通过与气象资料对比分析,建立小麦白粉病发生发展与各气象因子及因子组合间的定量关系.有关小麦白粉病的气象预报分定性和定量两大类:定性预报一般采用指标预测法;定量预报以数理统计方法应用为多,人工神经网络法、模糊数学法和灰色系统理论也有应用.目前国内小麦白粉病预报研究中尚存在数据资料有限、指标选择不当、模拟方法仅限于黑箱和灰箱模型、研究结果地域性强、实用性较差等问题.机理模型的研究极少,未来亟待开展.     

建国以来黑龙江省春小麦抗白粉病基因检测及其组成分析

为了解黑龙江省春小麦抗白粉病基因的组成及分布规律,本研究利用已开发的Pm2、Pm3b、Pm4、Pm8、Pm13和Pm21抗白粉病基因分子标记对黑龙江省推广的123份小麦品种进行了检测和分析。结果表明,在123份小麦品种中分布4种抗白粉病基因,其中Pm2、Pm3和Pm13分布频率较高,分别为95.1%、95.1%和94.3%,Pm8分布频率较低,仅为0.01%,且不存在抗白粉病基因Pm4和Pm21;黑龙江省春小麦抗白粉病基因组合共有7种类型,其中Pm2/Pm3b/Pm13类型所占比例最高,为88.6%,其次为Pm2/Pm3b、Pm2/Pm13和Pm3b/Pm13,所占比例分别为3.3%、2.4%和2.4%,Pm2和Pm2/Pm3b/Pm8/Pm13所占比例最低,为0.8%。本试验结果明确了建国后黑龙江省春小麦品种抗白粉病基因的组成和分布频率,为高效开展小麦抗白粉病育种提供了一定的理论依据。     

Identification of Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Selections from Moroccan Barley Landraces

Abstract

The formation of yield in two different combinations: vetch with wheat or oats, and the effect of vetch on yield potential of cereals has been investigated in Estonian field experiments over three years. We found that the inclusion of vetch seed in cereal seed and increase of its seed density led to considerable decrease in the yield of the cereal component (R=0.980–0.998). The adverse effect of vetch on cereal yield led to a reduction in wheat yield by up to 1861?kg?ha^?1 on average for the three years, and in oats yield by up to 1413?kg?ha^?1. One reason for the decreases in cereal yields was the formation of smaller grains in cereals under increased vetch seed densities. As a three-year average, the wheat 1000-seed weight decreased by up to 6.3 g while the corresponding figure for oats under identical conditions was 2.5 g. The inclusion of vetch in a crop and the increase of its seed density led to a substantial increase in the protein content of cereal grains. In oats, the change in grain protein content was smaller. At the same time, the maximum protein yield per area unit in cereals was obtained from their monocultures. In a mix with vetch, the amounts of nitrogen consumed by cereals decreased and protein yield of cereals per area unit reduced at higher vetch seed densities. Vetch-cereal mixes had an advantage over cereal monocultures as far as protein yield was concerned. In vetch-wheat and vetch-oats mixes the maximum protein yield was 500?kg?ha^?1 and 438?kg?ha^?1, respectively, on average for the three years. Of the two combinations, vetch-oats mixed crop gave the highest yield of grain, whereas the higher mixed crop yield resulted from the oats component. Oats is somewhat more competitive with vetch than wheat. Vetch-wheat mixed crop gave the highest protein yield because the protein content of wheat grains was higher than oat grains. Legume-cereal mixes are particularly suited for the conditions of organic farming as they ensure a relatively good harvest and a high protein yield.     

将新的人工雄性不育基因导入小麦栽培品种的研究初报

利用ＰＤＳ－１０００型氢气基因枪将我们构建的雄性不育基因导入小麦栽培品种的幼胚愈伤组织,经含除草剂Ｂａｓｔａ的抗性培养基分化和生根筛选后得到２７株绿苗,ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｒｈｔｅｍ检测均发现有３种株呈阳性,初步表明基因已整合到小麦的基因组中,转化频率达０．２％左右。