短期NaCl胁迫对西伯利亚白刺幼苗Na~+、K~+分配和平衡的影响

[目的]为探究西伯利亚白刺盐适应机制。[方法]以1年生西伯利亚白刺水培幼苗为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl(0、200、300 mmol·L-1)胁迫24 h后根系Na~+、K~+离子流的动态变化(利用扫描离子选择微电极技术,SIET)及植株各器官中Na~+、K~+含量的静态变化(利用电感耦合等离子体光谱仪,ICP-OES)。[结果]表明:(1)短期NaCl胁迫显著提高了西伯利亚白刺根、茎、叶中Na~+含量,其中,叶中Na~+含量是根中的3倍以上;西伯利亚白刺根、茎、叶中K~+含量保持稳定或上升;(2)盐胁迫下,西伯利亚白刺根、茎、叶中K~+/Na~+呈下降趋势,其中,在200、300 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,根中K~+/Na~+差异不显著;(3)离子流结果显示,NaCl胁迫显著提高了西伯利亚白刺根系Na~+的外流;对照和200 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下,K~+净流量分别为156、159 pmol·cm-2·s-1,差异不显著;300 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫显著提高了K~+的内流,净流量为-370 pmol·cm-2·s-1。[结论]综合分析认为,西伯利亚白刺通过叶片对Na~+区隔,加强根系对Na~+的外排和K~+内流,进而维持植株根系K~+/Na~+的相对平衡,以此适应盐渍环境。     

NaCl胁迫对五叶地锦生长及某些生理特性的影响

用不同浓度的NaCl处理五叶地锦扦插苗 ,研究了盐胁迫对五叶地锦生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明 :小于 5 0mmol·L- 1 的NaCl处理 ,对五叶地锦生长及生理特性没有明显的影响 ;等于或大于 10 0mmol·L- 1 的NaCl处理 ,对五叶地锦的生长有明显的抑制作用 ,而且光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理指标值急剧降低 ,膜相对透性、MDA含量等指标明显增高。由此可以认为 ,10 0mmol·L- 1 NaCl是五叶地锦盐胁迫伤害的阈值。NaCl胁迫下光合作用的下降与膜的伤害、细胞内K 、Ca2 、Na 3种离子平衡关系破坏及糖的反馈性抑制有关 ,而与气孔导度和胞间CO2 浓度无关。盐胁迫下 ,叶片中可溶性糖、脯氨酸以及K、Ca、Na等 3种元素的含量增高。五叶地锦可能通过离子浓度和可溶性糖浓度的提高进行适度的渗透调节 ,以适应NaCl的胁迫。     

盐胁迫下臭椿和银杏叶片细胞离子区域化研究(英文)

对盆栽银杏和臭椿苗木经 10 0mmol·L- 1和 2 0 0mmol·L- 1NaCl胁迫处理后 ,采用透射电镜X 射线能谱微区分析技术 ,对叶片表皮层、栅栏组织和海绵组织细胞不同部位Na+ 、K+ 、Cl- 含量与分布进行了测定 .结果表明 :在NaCl胁迫下 ,臭椿和银杏叶片各组织细胞的细胞壁、细胞质和液泡中Na+ 、Cl- 含量上升 ,K+ 含量下降 ,Na/K比上升 .银杏Na+ 主要积累在液泡中 ;臭椿Na+ 在 10 0mmol·L- 1NaCl胁迫下 ,液泡区隔化 ,2 0 0mmol·L- 1NaCl胁迫下 ,细胞质Na+ 含量高于液泡 .银杏在10 0mmol·L- 1NaCl胁迫下 ,Cl- 在液泡区隔化 ,2 0 0mmol·L- 1NaCl胁迫下 ,Cl- 未被液泡区隔化 ;臭椿在NaCl胁迫下 ,细胞大量吸收Cl- 的同时液泡未对Cl- 区隔化 .NaCl胁迫下 ,银杏对Na+ 的吸收大于对Cl- 吸收 ,而臭椿对Cl- 的吸收大于Na+ 的吸收     

NaCl胁迫对构树幼苗叶片水势、光合作用及Na^＋、K^＋吸收和分配的影响

将1年生构树幼苗置于不同NaCl浓度的土壤下,就其叶片水势、光合特性、Na+、K+在不同器官的吸收和分配对盐胁迫响应进行研究.结果显示:当土壤NaCl浓度大于3 g·kg-1,构树幼苗叶片的水势显著降低.构树幼苗净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔导度随土壤NaCl浓度的增加而下降,净光合速率下降的主要因素是非气孔限制.在盐胁迫下构树选择Na+而排斥K+,叶片中积累的Na+大于根系,这与多数非盐生植物所具有的排钠特性不同.盐胁迫下净光合速率与叶片水势旱显著的正相关,叶片中Na+、K+含量与叶片的水势分别成显著的负相关和正相关.     

NaCl胁迫对构树组培苗抗氧化酶活性及同工酶谱的影响(英文)

构树组培苗在50,75,100,125和150 mmol-L-1 NaCl胁迫下,SOD,POD,CAT活性和这3种抗氧化酶同工酶谱的变化情况,以及不同浓度NaCI对可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和MDA含量的影响.结果表明:NaCI浓度小于100mmol.L-1时可溶蛋白含量升高,随着NaCl浓度的增加可溶蛋白含量降低.低浓度NaCl使SOD活性略有降低,随着浓度升高活性逐渐增强;SOD同工酶谱在NaCI胁迫后变化明显.POD活性变化趋势与SOD相似,而POD同工酶谱略有变化.CAT活性明显提高,而其同工酶谱变化甚微.此外,NaCl胁迫还导致脯氨酸含量明显升高,而MDA含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势.     

盐度及胁迫时间对红海榄幼苗保护酶活性的影响

以红树植物红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)幼苗为材料,研究了盐度及胁迫时间对其根、茎、叶中保护酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的影响。结果表明:不同胁迫时间下,随盐度升高,茎中的SOD活性变化小,根和叶片的SOD活性呈先上升后下降再回升趋势;根、茎、叶的POD活性呈先上升后下降趋势;PPO活性在叶片中呈先下降后上升,根、茎中先上升后下降趋势。在100 mmol.L-1、200 mmol.L-1、300 mmol.L-1盐度下,分别由SOD、PPO、POD起主导作用减少活性氧积累。不同盐度下,胁迫30~60 d时,SOD、POD活性达到最大值,PPO活性也迅速上升。120 d时,在100 mmol.L-1和500 mmol.L-1盐度下SOD活性维持较高水平;在低盐度下PPO活性达峰值,500 mmol.L-1高盐度下PPO活性回升,表明红海榄幼苗要60 d适应基质盐分,在长时间盐胁迫下产生更大的适应性。     

俄罗斯桃叶卫矛组织培养苗对盐胁迫的生理响应

采用盆栽方法,以俄罗斯桃叶卫矛组织培养苗为材料,用不同浓度(0,40,80,120mmol/L)的NaCl溶液进行处理,对盐胁迫下俄罗斯桃叶卫矛的形态表现和叶绿素含量、膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性等生理指标进行研究。结果表明:在盐胁迫下植物的株高生长量逐渐受到抑制;叶绿素含量随盐浓度的增加呈现下降趋势;膜透性、MDA、SOD、POD活性均随盐浓度增加而增加;40—80mmol/L的NaCl低浓度溶液胁迫后促进了俄罗斯桃叶卫矛根冠比的增加,而高浓度(120mmol/L)NaCl溶液抑制了根冠比的增加。进一步酶活指标分析表明,在盐胁迫下,植株的叶片质膜结构受到一定的伤害,但MDA含量差异不明显,而SOD和POD活性随着盐浓度升高显著上升。研究认为,俄罗斯桃叶卫矛通过提高植株的抗氧化能力来抵抗盐胁迫造成的伤害,对盐胁迫具有较强的适应能力。     

NaCl胁迫对构树种子发芽及幼苗生理生化指标的影响

研究了不同浓度NaCl(0,25,50,75,100,125 mmol/L)对构树种子发芽和幼苗生长及生理效应的影响.结果表明:低浓度(25 mmol/L)盐胁迫下,构树种子的发芽率比对照升高了7.7%,同时幼苗根长亦有显著增加,比对照高23%,苗高、发芽指数、活力指数虽有所下降但不显著;随着NaCl浓度的增大,构树种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均呈下降趋势,发芽后幼苗的根长、苗高、鲜质量等也呈下降趋势,幼苗生长被抑制.对幼苗的生理指标测定显示:细胞膜透性随着盐浓度的增加逐渐升高,细胞膜稳定性受到破坏;MDA含量、SOD、POD活性随盐浓度的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,膜透性和MDA含量与SOD活性呈极显著相关.     

NaCl胁迫对毛竹幼苗叶绿素荧光特性及生理指标的影响

以毛竹幼苗为材料,通过测定在不同浓度(0、50、100、150 mmol.L-1)NaCl胁迫条件下的幼苗生长、叶绿素荧光参数及生理指标的影响,结果表明:随着NaCl浓度的增加,毛竹幼苗的植株生长量、苗高生长量呈显著下降的趋势;与对照相比,NaCl胁迫条件下,毛竹幼苗叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)显著降低,PSⅡ电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)显著降低。低NaCl浓度(50 mmol.L-1)胁迫下,光化学淬灭(qP)与对照无显著差异,高NaCl浓度(100~150 mmol.L-1)胁迫下,qP显著下降。非光化学淬灭(NPQ)无显著差异;毛竹叶片的叶绿素含量在低NaCl浓度胁迫下,与对照无显著差异,高NaCl浓度胁迫下,显著降低;各个NaCl浓度处理下的毛竹叶片脯氨酸含量均有显著差异。     

3种白刺耐盐性的对比分析

以2年生西伯利亚白刺、齿叶白刺和唐古特白刺苗为材料,设置0、100、200、300、400 mmol.L-1NaCl 5种盐浓度开展胁迫试验,测定并对比分析其对盐胁迫的生长及生理生化响应。结果表明:低盐浓度处理促使白刺生长速度和生物量增加、叶绿素含量增高,高盐浓度处理下这种促进作用降低;在100 mmol.L-1的盐处理下,唐古特白刺、西伯利亚白刺、齿叶白刺叶绿素含量均达最高,分别为0.72、0.78、0.61 mg.g-1;在400 mmol.L-1的盐处理下,唐古特白刺、西伯利亚白刺、齿叶白刺生物量为最低,分别为10.49、12.42、10.19 g.株-1,仅为对照的75%79%;3种白刺中,唐古特白刺的Na+/K+最高,施盐处理下西伯利亚白刺的Na+/K+均高于对照,而齿叶白刺则低于对照;随着盐浓度的增加,3种白刺叶片中可溶性蛋白的含量递增,可溶性糖含量则先增后减;低盐浓度处理的唐古特和西伯利亚白刺叶片中MDA含量比对照低,齿叶白刺却比对照高;3种白刺的POD和SOD活性在盐处理下高于对照,其中唐古特白刺叶片中POD活性最低,齿叶白刺中SOD活性最高;3种白刺在盐胁迫下均能正常生长。     

Changes in freezing tolerance, plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity and fatty acid composition in Pinus resinosa needles during cold acclimation and de-acclimation

It has previously been suggested that plasma membrane ATPase (PM H+-ATPase, EC 3.6.1.3.) is a site of incipient freezing injury because activity increases following cold acclimation and there are published data indicating that activity of PM H+-ATPase is modulated by changes in lipids associated with the enzyme. To test and extend these findings in a tree species, we analyzed PM H+-ATPase activity and the fatty acid (FA) composition of glycerolipids in purified plasma membranes (PMs) prepared by the two-phase partition method from current-year needles of adult red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) trees. Freezing tolerance of the needles decreased from -56 degrees C in March to -9 degrees C in May, and increased from -15 degrees C in September to -148 degrees C in January. Specific activity of vanadate-sensitive PM H+-ATPase increased more than two-fold following cold acclimation, despite a concurrent increase in protein concentration. During de-acclimation, decreases in PM H+-ATPase activity and freezing tolerance were accompanied by decreases in the proportions of oleic (18:1) and linoleic (18:2) acids and increases in the proportions of palmitic (16:0) and linolenic (18:3) acids in total glycerolipids extracted from the plasma membrane fraction. This pattern of changes in PM H+-ATPase activity and the 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3 fatty acids was reversed during cold acclimation. In the PM fractions, changes in FA unsaturation, expressed as the double bond index (1 x 18:1 + 2 x 18:2 + 3 x 18:3), were closely correlated with changes in H+-ATPase specific activity (r2 = 0.995). Changes in freezing tolerance were well correlated with DBI (r2 = 0.877) and ATPase specific activity (r2 = 0.833) in the PM fraction. Total ATPase activity in microsomal fractions also closely followed changes in freezing tolerance (r2 = 0.969). We conclude that, as in herbaceous plants, simultaneous seasonal changes in PM H+-ATPase activity and fatty acid composition occur during cold acclimation and de-acclimation in an extremely winter hardy tree species under natural conditions, lending support to the hypothesis that FA-regulated PM H+-ATPase activity is involved in the cellular response underlying cold acclimation and de-acclimation.     

板栗淀粉表面结合脂中脂肪酸的组成

以不同板栗产区的3个主要中国板栗品种群的25个品种为试材,研究板栗淀粉表面结合脂中主要脂肪酸的组成比例并分析在不同品种群之间的分布规律。结果表明:1)板栗淀粉表面结合脂中含有不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸,其中前者所占比例集中分布在30%～50%和60%～70%2个区域,后者所占比例集中分布在30%～40%和50%～70%2个区域,并与品种密切相关;南方品种群板栗普遍具有较低的饱和脂肪酸/不饱和脂肪酸比值,但品种群之间差异不显著。2)板栗淀粉结合脂中的脂肪酸主要以C16和C182种脂肪酸为主,前者所占比例集中分布在15%～30%之间,并以饱和态的C16:0为主,后者所占比例集中分布在30%～70%之间,并以不饱和态的C18:1,C18:2脂肪酸为主。3)南方品种群板栗淀粉结合脂中具有较高的C16:0,C18:0,C18:1脂肪酸和较低的C16:1,C18:2,C18:3脂肪酸,但品种群间差异不显著;南方品种群普遍具有较高的C16脂肪酸水平和较低的C18脂肪酸水平。4)板栗淀粉表面结合脂中的脂肪酸组成及比例与品种密切相关,在品种群之间差异较小。     

Comparative study of organic solvent and water-soluble lipophilic extractives from wheat straw I: yield and chemical composition

 The chemical composition of six lipophilic extractives from wheat straw by extraction with toluene-ethanol (2 : 1, v/v), chloroform-methanol (2 : 1, v/v), methyl tert-butyl ether, hexane, petroleum ether, and dichloromethane, respectively, in a Soxhlet extractor, and one water-soluble lipophilic extract has been examined. Five main lipid classes (free fatty/resin acids, sterols, waxes, steryl esters, triglycerides) were identified and their individual components quantified by gas chromatography as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) esters (free fatty/resin acids) and TMS ethers (sterols). The abundant saturated fatty acids were palmitic acid (C16:0), myristic acid (C14:0), and pentadecanoic acid (C15:0). Palmitoleic acid (C16:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and oleic acid (C18:1) were the major unsaturated free fatty acids. Abietic acid was detected as the only single component in the resin acids. Of the sterols identified, β-sitosterol was found to be the major compound together with minor amounts of cholesterol, ergosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmastanol. Palmityl palmitate and oleyl palmitate were identified as the major components in waxes. The steryl esters analyzed were composed of steryl laurate, steryl myristate, steryl palmitate, steryl heptadecanoate, and steryl oleate. Tripalmitin, dipalmitoyl-oleoylglycerol, and triolein were the major components of the triglycerides. Received: January 29, 2001 / Accepted: January 30, 2001 Acknowledgments We are grateful for the financial support of this research from the LINK program (fractionation of wheat straw) of the U.K. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, and the prominent young scientist program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 30025036). We also thank Mrs. Jianmin Fang for her help with extraction of the samples. Correspondence to:R.C. Sun     

低温驯化对部分丛生竹种叶片膜脂脂肪酸的影响

丛生竹是我国热带和亚热带地区的重要竹类资源.由于丛生竹笋期较迟,严冬来临之际幼竹尚未充分木质化或仍在生长,故其耐寒性较差,至北纬30°以前仅有孝顺竹(Bambusa multiplex(Lour.)Raeuschel ex J. A. et J. H. Schult.)等少数丛生竹种能够存活[1].     

低磷胁迫下不同杉木家系根系H^+流动态变化

通过分析不同杉木家系在不同供磷处理下根系H^+流变化规律,探讨根系H^+流与杉木适应低磷胁迫调控的关系,为揭示磷高效利用杉木适应低磷胁迫的内在机制提供科学依据。以前期筛选出的不同磷利用效率杉木家系M28与M32为研究对象,通过设计3个供磷处理[正常供磷(H-P),31 mg·L^-1;中度缺磷(L-P),16 mg·L^-1;重度缺磷(N-P),0 mg·L^-1]和3个时间处理梯度(3、8、15 d)室内水培试验,并利用非损伤微测技术(NMT)分别测定两个家系在不同供磷处理和不同时间处理梯度下完整根系及不同部位的H^+动态变化规律。结果表明:不同杉木家系完整根系H^+全程表现为内流,但二者H^+流变化存在显著差异,M28完整根系H^+吸收表现为8 d>15 d>3 d,M32在不同时间处理下H^+的变化无显著差异(P>0.05)。结合根系不同部位H^+流向分析可得,M28与M32仅在L-P和N-P处理3 d时表现出少量H^+外排现象,其中M28对外界磷环境的感应比M32更为敏感,在L-P处理下就发生H^+外排现象,M32在N-P处理才发现H^+外排。随着时间推移,在处理8、15 d后,两个杉木家系均未观测到H^+的外排,可见低磷胁迫下根系H^+外排是一种应激反应。不同杉木家系根系H^+流在低磷环境下表现出不同的适应性变化,其中M28根系的H^+流对外界磷环境的改变更为敏感。     

等渗胁迫及其钙调节下青钱柳幼苗叶肉细胞中ATP酶的细胞化学定位及亚细胞变化

研究了等渗的盐和水分胁迫及其钙调节下,青钱柳幼苗叶肉细胞中ATP酶活性在亚细胞中的分布及其超微结构变化。在人工气候室中采用水培法,将青钱柳幼苗进行5个不同浓度处理：对照,85mMNaCl,85mMNaCl＋12mMCa（NO3）2,PEG（渗透势等于85mMNaCl）及PEG（渗透势等于85mMNaCI）＋12mMCa（NO3）2。结果表明：正常生长条件下,ATP酶活性较低并主要定位在细胞核中 等渗胁迫12d以后,ATP酶活性增大并以液泡中居多。等渗水分胁迫下出现的嗜锇颗粒较等渗盐胁迫下的多。由于外源钙的调节作用,等渗胁迫下ATP酶活性增加并主要转移至细胞核上,且在等渗水分胁迫下的嗜锇颗粒明显减少。ATP酶定位在细胞核中表明幼苗遭受胁迫伤害程度较轻,而定位在液泡中则表明受伤害程度较重。等渗处理4和20d后,等渗胁迫及其钙调节下青钱柳幼苗叶片超微结构被破坏程度较无钙调节处理,尤其是较等渗水分胁迫下的轻。初步认为,等渗盐胁迫下青钱柳幼苗遭受的胁迫伤害程度较等渗水分胁迫下的轻,而钙调节作用则以等渗水分胁迫下的效果较佳。     

Changes of Plasma Membrane H~+-ATPase Activities of Glycine max Seeds by PEG Treatment

The soybean (Glycine max) Heihe No. 23 is sensitive to imbibitional chilling injury. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment can improve chilling tolerance of soybean seeds to a certain extent. The changes of hydrolytic ATPase in plasma membranes and H+-pumping responses in soybean seeds were investigated during PEG treatments. Effects of exogenous calcium and exogenous ABA on the hydrolytic ATPase were also examined in order to understand the mechanism of chilling resistance. Highly purified plasma membranes were isolated by 6.0% aqueous two-phase partitioning from soybean seeds, as judged by the sensitivity of hydrolytic ATPase to sodium vanadate. PEG treatment resulted in a slight increase of the hydrolytic ATPase activity in 12 h. Then the activity decreased gradually, but still higher than the control. The H+-pumping activity increased steadily during PEG treatment. Exogenous calcium had both activating and inhibiting effects on the hydrolytic ATPase, but the activity was inhibited in soybean seeds treated with exogenous ABA. Results suggested that PEG treatment, not the exogenous calcium and ABA, up-regulated H+-ATPase activities in soybean seeds.     

掌叶木不同种源种子的经济性状

【目的】研究掌叶木种子千粒质量、出仁率、含油率和籽油脂肪酸等经济性状在种源间的差异及变异规律,评估并筛选最优生物柴油原料种源。【方法】以广西乐业、田林、凤山、环江和贵州独山5个种源掌叶木种子为试验材料,测定千粒质量和出仁率后,采用索氏抽提法分别测定种子、种仁和种皮含油率,利用气相色谱法分析籽油脂肪酸组成和含量;对种子经济性状间及其与地理-气候因子进行相关性分析,并对各种源进行聚类分析;基于脂肪酸燃料特性因子对各种源进行评估。【结果】1)各种源间的种皮含油率差异不显著,千粒质量、出仁率、种子和种仁含油率差异均极显著(P<0. 01),此5个性状在种源间变异系数均值为13. 7%,其中凤山种源除种皮含油率外,千粒质量(210. 02 g)、出仁率(68. 89%)、种子含油率[43. 23 g·(100 g)^-1]和种仁含油率[56. 56 g·(100 g)^-1]均最高。2)掌叶木籽油含有14种长链脂肪酸,包括6种饱和脂肪酸、5种单不饱和脂肪酸和3种多不饱和脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸平均质量分数高达94. 08%,种源间变异系数仅为0. 53%; 8种主要脂肪酸(质量分数>1%)占籽油脂肪酸组成的98. 19%,它们在种源间的变异系数均值为7. 21%,其中神经酸平均质量分数(7. 8%)排在已知含有神经酸木本植物第4位。3)相关性分析结果表明:种子含油率与种仁含油率呈极显著正相关(P <0. 01,R=0. 997);除亚麻酸外,主要脂肪酸间均呈较多的显著或极显著相关,这些脂肪酸按碳链长度22划分为2大类群,群内各组分相互促进,群间反促进;千粒质量与亚麻酸、出仁率与饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸、种子含油率与棕榈酸、亚油酸、芥酸和单不饱和脂肪酸均呈极显著相关(P <0. 01),相关系数分别为-0. 983、-0. 964、0. 964、-0. 998、-0. 981、0. 995和0. 976;种子经济性状与地理-气候因子间的相关性不显著。4)聚类分析结果显示:5个种源被分为3组,其中,乐业和独山2个种源聚为一组,田林和环江2个种源聚为一组,凤山种源单独聚为一组。5)掌叶木籽油作为生物柴油原料须分离木焦油酸和神经酸,且不能满足冷滤点-10℃要求,凤山种源各项评估数值均为最优。【结论】掌叶木种子千粒质量、出仁率、种子含油率和种仁含油率等经济性状在种源间存在丰富变异;籽油经济利用价值较高,籽油低温流动性较好,主要脂肪酸质量分数在种源间离散程度和变异幅度均较小,性状稳定;种子经济性状受地理-气候因子影响不显著,在种源间具有随机变异的特点,且广西凤山为最优生物柴油原料种源。     

Spatial activity and expression of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in stem xylem of walnut during dormancy and growth resumption

Plasma membrane H+-ATPase (PM H+-ATPase) plays a key role in nutrient transport, stress responses and growth. To evaluate proton motive force differences between apical and basal parts of acrotonic 1-year-old shoots of walnut (Juglans regia L. cv 'Franquette') trees, spatial and seasonal changes in PM H+-ATPase were studied in mature xylem tissues. During both the dormancy and growth resumption periods, and in both the apical and basal parts of the stem, PM H+-ATPase activity showed positive correlations with the amount of immunodetectable protein. In spring, at the time of growth resumption, higher activities and immunoreactivities of PM H+-ATPase were found in the apical part of the stem than in the basal part of the stem. In spring, the decrease in xylem sugar concentration reflected the high sugar uptake rate. Our data suggest that PM H+-ATPase plays a major role in the uptake of carbohydrates from xylem vessels during growth resumption. These results are discussed in the context of the acrotonic tendency of walnut shoots.     

Neutral lipids and phospholipids in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood and heartwood

Variations in the concentration and composition of triacylglycerols, free fatty acids and phospholipids were analyzed in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees at five sites. Disks were taken at breast height or at a height of 4 m from the stems of 81 trees differing in diameter and growth rate. The mean concentration of triacylglycerols in sapwood was 26 mg g(-1) dry mass; however, variation among trees was large (16-51 mg g(dm)(-1)). The concentration of triacylglycerols was slightly larger at 4 m height in the stem than at breast height. Concentrations of triacylglycerols did not differ between the sapwood of young and small-diameter stems (DBH < 12 cm) and the sapwood of old stems (DBH > 36 cm). Concentrations of free fatty acids were negligible in the outer sapwood, but ranged between 5 and 18 mg g(dm)(-1) in the heartwood. The most abundant fatty acids of triacylglycerols were oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2omega6, 18:2Delta5,9), linolenic (pinolenic, 18:3Delta5,9,12 and 18:3omega3) and eicosatrienoic acid (20:3Delta5,11,14 and 20:3omega6). The concentration of linoleic acid comprised 39-46% of the triacylglycerol fatty acids and the concentration was higher in the slow-growing stem from northern Finland than in the stems from southern Finland. Major phospholipids were detected only in sapwood, and only traces of lipid phosphorus were detected in heartwood.