谷氨酰胺、甘氨酰谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长及内分泌的影响

为探讨谷氨酰胺、甘氨酰谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长及内分泌的影响 ,选取 2 1日龄断奶仔猪 72头 (纯种长白仔猪 4 0头 ,纯种大白仔猪 32头 ) ,随机分成 4组。A组为对照组 ,饲喂基础日粮。B、C、D组为试验组 ,饲喂在基础日粮的基础上分别添加 0 .5 %谷氨酰胺、0 .2 5 %甘氨酰谷氨酰胺、0 .5 %甘氨酰谷氨酰胺的日粮 ,饲养期 2 1d。结果表明 ,添加 0 .5 %谷氨酰胺、0 .2 5 %甘氨酰谷氨酰胺能显著提高仔猪的平均日增重 ,改善饲料转化率 ,血液中FT3 、FT4和IGF Ⅰ 水平有提高趋势 ;添加 0 .5 %甘氨酰谷氨酰胺组在 4 2日龄时血清胰岛素水平显著提高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;添加甘氨酰谷氨酰胺的 2个试验组血清中皮质醇水平显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;添加谷氨酰胺和甘氨酰谷氨酰胺均能降低仔猪腹泻率。提示断奶仔猪日粮中添加甘氨酰谷氨酰胺可调节内分泌活动 ,促进仔猪生长。     

谷氨酰胺对免疫应激仔猪肌肉中理化指标的影响

试验研究谷氨酰胺对免疫应激仔猪肌肉中理化指标的影响。采用2×2析因试验设计,选用28 d平均体重7 kg的长白×约克夏断奶仔猪96头,按体重相近原则随机分为4组。对照组(Ⅰ组)、免疫应激组(Ⅱ组)饲喂基础日粮,断奶后7 d分别注射100μg/kg BW生理盐水、LPS;谷氨酰胺组(Ⅲ组)、谷氨酰胺+免疫应激组(Ⅳ组)饲喂含谷氨酰胺浓度为1.2%的日粮,断奶后7 d分别注射100μg/kg BW生理盐水和LPS。试验期14 d。结果表明:LPS应激极显著提高了仔猪肌肉中乳酸含量(P<0.01),极显著降低了总蛋白、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽含量(P<0.01),而谷氨酰胺的添加缓解了这几项指标的显著变化,且日粮类型与LPS应激均存在交互作用(P<0.01),说明日粮中添加谷氨酰胺可缓解免疫应激,对免疫应激仔猪具有保护作用。     

饲粮中谷氨酰胺添加水平对断奶至3月龄獭兔毛皮品质和肠道屏障的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中谷氨酰胺添加水平对断奶至3月龄獭兔毛皮品质和肠道屏障的影响。选用体重相近的断奶獭兔180只,随机分为5组,每组36个重复,每个重复1只兔。各组分别饲喂谷氨酰胺添加水平为0(对照)、0.3%、0.6%、0.9%和1.2%的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期56 d。结果表明:饲粮中谷氨酰胺添加水平对生长獭兔毛皮面积、毛皮重量、被毛长度和被毛厚度无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮中谷氨酰胺添加水平对生长獭兔十二指肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度值有显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,饲粮中添加0.9%谷氨酰胺显著升高了空肠中闭合小环蛋白mRNA的表达量(P0.05),显著降低了空肠中丙酮酸激酶mRNA的表达量(P0.05);此外,饲粮中添加0.9%谷氨酰胺显著增加了十二指肠黏膜中分泌性免疫球蛋白A含量(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中谷氨酰胺添加水平没有影响到生长獭兔的毛皮品质,但改善了肠道机械屏障和免疫屏障功能。在本试验条件下,断奶至3月龄獭兔饲粮中谷氨酰胺适宜的添加水平为0.9%。     

不同营养水平日粮添加包被有机酸对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率及粪便有害气体含量的影响

本文旨在研究不同营养水平日粮添加包被有机酸对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率及粪便有害气体含量的影响。试验选择720头健康、体重一致[(6.55±0.47)kg]的(28±1)d杜洛克×长白×大白断奶仔猪随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复20头猪。采用2(高营养水平和低营养水平)×3(0、0.1%和0.2%包被有机酸)多因子设计试验,试验共进行42 d。结果显示,日粮添加0.2%包被有机酸较其他各组显著提高了断奶仔猪42 d平均日增重(P0.05);高营养水平日粮组较低营养水平日粮组显著提高了试验全期断奶仔猪平均日增重(P0.05),但添加0.1%和0.2%有机酸较其他各组显著提高了平均日采食量(P0.05);在试验1~21 d,22~42 d及1~42 d,高营养水平组断奶仔猪饲料报酬均显著高于低营养水平组(P0.05);日粮营养水平与有机酸对断奶仔猪各阶段生长性能的影响均无显著交互效应(P0.05)。日粮添加0.2%包被有机酸较其他各组显著提高了断奶仔猪21 d干物质和总能的表观消化率(P0.05);高营养水平组断奶仔猪42 d总能的表观消化率显著高于低营养水平组(P0.05)。日粮营养水平和包被有机酸对粪中有害气体含量的影响均无显著的交互效应(P0.05)。日粮添加0.2%包被有机酸较其他各组显著提高断奶仔猪42 d粪中乳酸杆菌的含量(P0.05),显著降低断奶仔猪21 d粪中大肠杆菌的含量(P0.05)。结果提示,在本试验条件下,日粮添加包被有机酸可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能、营养物质消化率及粪中乳酸杆菌的数量。高营养水平较低营养水平日粮提高断奶仔猪生长性能和营养物质消化率。其中日粮添加0.2%包被有机酸对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分利用率优于日粮添加0.1%的包被有机酸。     

谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸对断奶仔猪外周血液免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究甘氨酰谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸对早期断奶仔猪外周血液免疫功能的影响。选择28日龄断奶杜×长×大仔猪为研究对象,通过饲养试验,研究甘氨酰谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸对早期断奶仔猪外周血液活化T、B淋巴细胞的影响。研究结果表明,日粮中分别或同时添加甘氨酰谷氨酰胺和牛磺酸提高了血液中的T、B淋巴细胞阳性率(P＜0.05)。在早期断奶仔猪日粮中分别或同时添加0.25％甘氨酰谷氨酰胺和0.1％牛磺酸对仔猪T、B淋巴细胞免疫功能有一定作用。     

谷氨酰胺二肽对断奶仔猪生长性能、细胞免疫及血液生化指标的影响

选用96头平均体重为(5.27±0.49)kg的杜×(大×长)断奶仔猪,按完全随机区组设计分为4组,每组4个重复,每重复6头(公母各半),各组仔猪分别饲喂含0%、0.125%、0.25%和0.50%谷氨酰胺二肽的试验饲粮,研究不同水平的谷氨酰胺二肽对断奶仔猪生产性能、细胞免疫及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,饲粮中添加0.125%~0.50%谷氨酰胺二肽可改善21日龄断奶仔猪饲料利用率、增强细胞免疫功能、提高血清生长激素水平、降低血清皮质醇水平;高剂量(0.50%)谷氨酰胺二肽可显著提高血清超氧化物歧化酶水平;根据各项测定指标综合结果确定断奶仔猪饲粮中谷氨酰胺二肽适宜添加水平为0.125%~0.25%。     

谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪血清GPT、AKP活性的影响

试验选用80头平均体重为6．16±0．13kg的长白×约克夏仔猪,28±1 d断奶后,按体重相近原则随机分为 5个处理,研究了不同水平的谷氨酰胺(Gln)对断奶仔猪血清中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性的影响。 Gln的添加量分别为0％、03％、0．6％、0．9％和1．2％。试验期为21 d。于试验的第7、14和21天,分别测定血清中 GPT、AKP活性。结果表明,日粮中添加Gln能够显著提高断奶仔猪断奶后7、14、21 d血清中谷丙转氨酶活性(P≤ 0．05)。第7、14天时,在日粮中添加Gln,对碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P≤0．05)。谷氨酰胺在断奶仔猪日粮中最适宜添加量为1．2％。     

谷氨酰胺和甘氨酰谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

选择120头三元杂交仔猪进行饲养试验,研究外源性谷氨酰胺和甘氨酰谷氨酰胺对28日龄断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。结果表明,基础日粮中添加1%谷氨酰胺和0.2%的甘氨酰谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪的平均日增重及料重比均无显著影响,有降低腹泻率的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

谷氨酰胺对免疫应激仔猪肌肉中理化指标的影响

为了探讨谷氨酰胺对免疫应激仔猪肌肉中理化指标的影响,选用（28±2）d的长白×约克夏断奶仔猪96头,按体重相近原则随机分为4组进行试验。结果表明：添加谷氨酰胺使免疫应激仔猪肌肉中乳酸下降;谷氨酰胺的添加显著提高了乳酸、总蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽指数。     

日粮添加谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响。试验将400头生长和健康状况良好、体重相近的三元杂交仔猪随机分为4组,每组10个重复,每个重复10头猪。试验日粮分别在基础日粮中添加0%、0.5%、1.0%和2.0%的谷氨酰胺。试验为期42 d（预饲期7 d,正试期35 d）。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%和2%谷氨酰胺组仔猪终末体重分别提高8%和8%(P <0.05),平均日增重分别显著提高12%和11%(P <0.05),料重比分别显著降低10%和9%(P <0.05),此外,日粮添加谷氨酰胺对仔猪平均日采食量无显著影响（P> 0.05）。日粮添加1%和2%的谷氨酰胺显著提高仔猪血清IgA、IgM和IgG含量（P <0.05）,日粮添加谷氨酰胺可显著提高仔猪血清IL-10含量（P <0.05）。此外,日粮添加谷氨酰胺对仔猪血清IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α无显著影响（P> 0.05）。日粮添加谷氨酰胺显著提高仔猪血清CAT、GPX和Cu-Zn SOD活性（P <0.05）,其中以1%添加量组活性最...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -