Integrating ecosystem services in landscape planning: requirements,approaches, and impacts

Despite growing knowledge of ecosystem services (ES), and heightened awareness of their political and socio-economic relevance, mainstreaming and implementing ES in landscape planning and decision-making are still in their infancy. The objective of this special issue, therefore, is to explore requirements for, approaches to, and potential impacts of, integrating ES in landscape planning and management. The issue includes three key research themes: (i) Requirements and interests of planners and decision-makers for integrating ES in different application contexts, (ii) Approaches to applying ES in (participatory) planning, and (iii) Potential impacts of integrating ES in policy and decision-making. These themes are addressed by 12 papers that refer to case studies in Africa, Australia, and Europe. Four lessons are highlighted: (i) Information on ES is considered useful by many practitioners, but the type, production and communication of ES information need to be adapted to the specific context of a planning case; (ii) A broad range of approaches are available for integrating the ES concept in (participatory) planning with different and complementary contributions to decision-support; (iii) Effectively integrating ES in planning requires careful scoping of the context, objectives and capacities; (iv) Integrating ES in planning can effectively support the co-production of relevant knowledge and the collaboration of diverse actors. A new research field of ‘Planning-for-ES Science’ is emerging which focuses on, among other issues, the critical evaluation of real-world case studies of applying the ES concept in different fields of practice.     

行为心理学在园林设计中的应用

行为心理学在园林景观设计中应用越来越受到人们的重视.在园林景观设计中离不开人的思维活动,因此研究人类的行为心理在设计中必不可少.综述了行为心理学在园林设计中的应用现状,分析了国内外行为心理学在园林设计中的应用特点.发现,国内的研究主要集中在佘园设计、住宅区设计、广场设计、道路设计、商业步行街设计等具体应用方面.而国外的研究则更全面和深入,除了研究其在园林设计中的应用外,还对以人类的行为心理为主的园林设计理论进行了研究.分析国内外的研究进展,为创建合理的景观设计理论知识打下基础.     

Landscape contrast: a solution to hidden assumptions in the metacommunity concept?

The metacommunity concept provides a spatial perspective on community dynamics, and the landscape provides the physical template for a metacommunity. Several aspects of landscape heterogeneity, such as landscape diversity and composition, and characteristics of the matrix between habitat patches such as habitat connectivity, and geometry of habitat patches, may moderate metacommunity processes. These aspects of landscape heterogeneity are rarely considered explicitly in the metacommunity discussion, however. We propose landscape contrast (i.e., the average dissimilarity in habitat quality between neighboring patches) as a key dimension of landscape heterogeneity. The concept of landscape contrast unifies discrete and continuous landscape representations (homogeneous, gradient, mosaic and binary) and offers a means to integrate landscape heterogeneity in the metacommunity concept. Landscape contrast as perceived by the organisms affects several fundamental metacommunity processes and may thus constrain which metacommunity models may be observed. In a review of empirical metacommunity studies (n = 123), only 22 % of studies were explicit about their underlying landscape model assumptions, with striking differences among taxonomic groups. The assumed landscape model constrained, but did not determine, metacommunity models. Integration and explicit investigation of landscape contrast effects in metacommunity studies are likely to advance ecological theory and facilitate its application to real-world conservation problems.     

Urban landscape sustainability and resilience: the promise and challenges of integrating ecology with urban planning and design

The twenty-first century global population will be increasingly urban-focusing the sustainability challenge on cities and raising new challenges to address urban resilience capacity. Landscape ecologists are poised to contribute to this challenge in a transdisciplinary mode in which science and research are integrated with planning policies and design applications. Five strategies to build resilience capacity and transdisciplinary collaboration are proposed: biodiversity; urban ecological networks and connectivity; multifunctionality; redundancy and modularization, adaptive design. Key research questions for landscape ecologists, planners and designers are posed to advance the development of knowledge in an adaptive mode.     

Incorporating biological information in local land-use decision making: designing a system for conservation planning

Human settlement is a formidable agent of change affecting fundamental ecological processes. Decisions governing these land-use changes occur almost exclusively at the local level and, as a result, they are made at many different locations and times. Consequently, it is difficult for ecologists to provide needed scientific support for these choices. We built an information system designed to support conservation decisions at local scales by offering data over the Internet. We collaborated with local stakeholders (e.g., developers, planners, politicians, land owners, environmental activists) to design the system. This collaboration produced several generalizations about effective design of information systems to support conservation. The most important of these is the idea that ecological data and analysis must be understood by those who will be affected by the decisions. Also, planning for conservation is a process that uses scientific data, but that ultimately depends on the expression of human values. A major challenge landscape ecologists face is to extend general landscape principles to provide specific scientific information needed for local land-use planning.     

Landscape Ecology – towards a unified discipline?

Contemporary landscape ecology is not unified at all.There are historical, geographical and biological reasons for the lack of unification, as well as differences between science and application. The search for a unified theory of landscape ecology should consider previous concepts such as ‘landscape diagnosis’ and ‘landscape functions’ which were elaborated in Central Europe. Because of the various aspects in a landscape (components, processes, relations), landscape ecology should be regarded as a multidisciplinary, better a transdisciplinary, science where different views and approaches are involved in a holistic manner. The principle of complementarity is helpful to understand and describe the landscape. As a crucial step, the transformation of natural science categories to categories of the human society is brought out. This is realized by land(scape) evaluation and by the elaboration of goals (visions) of landscape development.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

叶菜类蔬菜在城市景观中的应用

摘要：为了促进叶菜类蔬菜在城市景观中的应用，在对叶菜类蔬菜和城市景观的相关理论、历史发展 的梳理与总结的基础上，阐述了叶菜类蔬菜在城市景观中结合的形式，如治愈性景观、可食地景、城市 生产性景观、城市微空间更新景观、低碳景观、地域景观及公共性景观，表现出丰富多彩的景观效果和 文化特点，探讨了叶菜类蔬菜在城市景观中应用的限制因素，如观赏型品种少、技术人员缺乏等，并指 出未来叶菜类蔬菜在城市景观中应用前景广阔。     

Integrating patterns across multiple genetic markers to infer spatial processes

Landscape geneticists can take considerable advantage of differences in the action of evolutionary forces (mutation, migration, selection, and drift) on different loci within the genome. Appropriate comparisons among loci allow researchers to isolate and study the effects of these processes. For example, the organelles are typically inherited maternally (but occasionally paternally), and so will experience migration only when females or seeds disperse (males or pollen in the paternally inherited organelles). Thus, the comparison with biparentally inherited loci allows inferences about the differential migration rates of male vs. female animals or of seeds vs. pollen in plants. Conversely, all biparentally inherited nuclear loci should experience the same levels of migration and drift. Thus, loci that show unusually large levels of variation across the landscape (as compared with the bulk of loci) may be reflecting the action of spatially varying natural selection (local adaptation). Such comparisons are conceptually straightforward, but are complicated by the high intrinsic variability of stochastic neutral processes. Careful statistical analysis is needed to avoid over-interpreting differences among loci. Inferences will be most robust when both genetic and non-genetic data can be integrated, and the collaboration of landscape ecologists with geneticists promises to be particularly fruitful.     

Thermal infrared remote sensing for analysis of landscape ecological processes: methods and applications

Thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing data can provide important measurements of surface energy fluxes and temperatures, which are integral to understanding landscape processes and responses. One example of this is the successful application of TIR remote sensing data to estimate evapotranspiration and soil moisture, where results from a number of studies suggest that satellite-based measurements from TIR remote sensing data can lead to more accurate regional-scale estimates of daily evapotranspiration. With further refinement in analytical techniques and models, the use of TIR data from airborne and satellite sensors could be very useful for parameterizing surface moisture conditions and developing better simulations of landscape energy exchange over a variety of conditions and space and time scales. Thus, TIR remote sensing data can significantly contribute to the observation, measurement, and analysis of energy balance characteristics (i.e., the fluxes and redistribution of thermal energy within and across the land surface) as an implicit and important aspect of landscape dynamics and landscape functioning.The application of TIR remote sensing data in landscape ecological studies has been limited, however, for several fundamental reasons that relate primarily to the perceived difficulty in use and availability of these data by the landscape ecology community, and from the fragmentation of references on TIR remote sensing throughout the scientific literature. It is our purpose here to provide evidence from work that has employed TIR remote sensing for analysis of landscape characteristics to illustrate how these data can provide important data for the improved measurement of landscape energy response and energy flux relationships. We examine the direct or indirect use of TIR remote sensing data to analyze landscape biophysical characteristics, thereby offering some insight on how these data can be used more robustly to further the understanding and modeling of landscape ecological processes.     

Landscape structure mediates the effects of a stressor on field vole populations

Spatio-temporal landscape heterogeneity has rarely been considered in population-level impact assessments. Here we test whether landscape heterogeneity is important by examining the case of a pesticide applied seasonally to orchards which may affect non-target vole populations, using a validated ecologically realistic and spatially explicit agent-based model. Voles thrive in unmanaged grasslands and untreated orchards but are particularly exposed to applied pesticide treatments during dispersal between optimal habitats. We therefore hypothesised that vole populations do better (1) in landscapes containing more grassland and (2) where areas of grassland are closer to orchards, but (3) do worse if larger areas of orchards are treated with pesticide. To test these hyposeses we made appropriate manipulations to a model landscape occupied by field voles. Pesticide application reduced model population sizes in all three experiments, but populations subsequently wholly or partly recovered. Population depressions were, as predicted, lower in landscapes containing more unmanaged grassland, in landscapes with reduced distance between grassland and orchards, and in landscapes with fewer treated orchards. Population recovery followed a similar pattern except for an unexpected improvement in recovery when the area of treated orchards was increased. Outside the period of pesticide application, orchards increase landscape connectivity and facilitate vole dispersal and so speed population recovery. Overall our results show that accurate prediction of population impact cannot be achieved without taking account of landscape structure. The specifics of landscape structure and habitat connectivity are likely always important in mediating the effects of stressors.     

春色叶树种在植物造景中的应用

通过对春色叶树种的介绍以及植物造景特点的分析,归纳总结了春色叶植物在园林中的应用情况,提出了要注重春色叶植物生物学特性及美学特性等应注意的问题,为以后春色叶树种的园林应用提供指导和借鉴。     

Landscape changes and ecological studies in agricultural regions,Québec,Canada

Most landscape definitions in the western world are based on soil, climatic, or physiographic features and do not integrate humans as an integral part of the landscape. We present an approach where landscape types have been delineated in southern Québec, Canada based on current land use where anthropogenic and agricultural activities are concentrated as a practical application of the holistic approach in landscape definition. Landsat-TM satellite images were classified and the 27 habitat classes were regrouped into 5 general land cover classes (cash crop, dairy farming, forest, anthropogenic, wetlands) and overlaid onto soil landscape polygons to characterize natural boundary units. Cluster analyses were used to aggregate these polygons into seven agricultural types of land scape forming a gradient from urban and high-intensity cash crop farming activities to landscapes dominated by a mosaic of agriculture and forested areas. Multivariate analyses of raw data and of socio-economic and farming practices variables were used to describe the defined types of landscape and these were projected over three established land classification systems of southern Québec (Canadian ecoregions, North American Bird Conservation Initiative regions and Corn Heat Unit regions) to compare their similarity in terms of land cover and for planning of future ecological studies. Because agricultural landscapes are highly dynamic, they are bound to undergo changes in the near future. Our landscape delineation may serve as an experimental setup where land scape dynamics and wildlife populations and community structures could be monitored. Because the information we used to delineate and characterize agricultural landscape types is readily available in other countries, our approach could easily be adapted to similar data sources under and a wide variety of landscape types. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Surface metrics: an alternative to patch metrics for the quantification of landscape structure

Modern landscape ecology is based on the patch mosaic paradigm, in which landscapes are conceptualized and analyzed as mosaics of discrete patches. While this model has been widely successful, there are many situations where it is more meaningful to model landscape structure based on continuous rather than discrete spatial heterogeneity. The growing field of surface metrology offers a variety of surface metrics for quantifying landscape gradients, yet these metrics are largely unknown and/or unused by landscape ecologists. In this paper, we describe a suite of surface metrics with potential for landscape ecological application. We assessed the redundancy among metrics and sought to find groups of similarly behaved metrics by examining metric performance across 264 sample landscapes in western Turkey. For comparative purposes and to evaluate the robustness of the observed patterns, we examined 16 different patch mosaic models and 18 different landscape gradient models of landscape structure. Surface metrics were highly redundant, but less so than patch metrics, and consistently aggregated into four cohesive clusters of similarly behaved metrics representing surface roughness, shape of the surface height distribution, and angular and radial surface texture. While the surface roughness metrics have strong analogs among the patch metrics, the other surface components are largely unique to landscape gradients. We contend that the surface properties we identified are nearly universal and have potential to offer new insights into landscape pattern–process relationships. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

怀化市住宅小区绿化调查

抽样调查和分析怀化市住宅小区绿地及园林植物应用现状,并用AHP法进行景观评价.结果表明:怀化市住宅小区绿地率较低,所用园林植物种类品种较少;住宅小区绿化景观整体AHP评价为A-.问题主要为景观特色、植物多样性与景观多样性方面的不足,尤其是对小区景观与城市绿地系统的关系,小区生态环境与城市生态系统的关系处理方面的不足.最后,就小区绿化建设如何更好地服务于生态宜居城市建设,从植物种类选择、造景理念与生态效益5方面进行讨论.     

景观生态学与风景区旅游规划

景观的结构与功能、生态整体性与空间异质性、景观多样性与稳定性以及景观变化等景观生态学理论,不仅可为风景名胜区的规划设计提供理论和方法,还可以为进一步完善改进规划提供重要的科学依据。文章初步探讨景观生态学在风景区旅游规划中的应用。     

A novel use of the lacunarity index to discern landscape function

Discerning the function of a landscape involves comparing landscape use with spatial patterns. To do this requires both quantification of landscape use and landscape pattern and a means of comparing the two. An index of lacunarity has been used to quantify spatial pattern (specifically, habitat contagion). We demonstrate a new way of using the lacunarity index to quantify landscape function as well. We calculated lacunarity to describe landscape patchiness of experimental landscapes with respect to patterns of habitat and non-habitat areas (the previous use of lacunarity) as well as to describe patterns of patch use by animals in those landscapes, irrespective of habitat-patch patterns (a novel application of lacunarity). We demonstrate a disparity between landscape pattern and landscape use. This finding suggests that drawing generalizations of, and making predictions about, how animals respond to landscape spatial structure may not be straightforward.     

基于食用菌文化的景观设计分析

作为我国传统文化的重要组成部分,食用菌文化在现代景观设计中具备较高借鉴价值,基于食用菌文化主题的景观工程大量涌现。通过分析食用菌文化及其景观价值,并基于景观设计中食用菌文化主题的运用路径,深入探讨地下照明工程景观设计中的食用菌文化主题具体运用。     

Bridging landscape preference and landscape design: A study on the preference and optimal combination of landscape elements based on conjoint analysis

Landscape preference is the focus of landscape research, in which the relationship between landscape elements and landscape preference is an important issue. Most previous studies have analysed correlation between the landscape preference scored by the public and scores on the quality of landscape elements by experts; some have compared the effects of individual landscape elements on landscape preference by photo simulation. In this study, landscape preference is regarded as the selection preference of landscape element combination. The conjoint analysis method is used to further explore the ranking and optimal combination of the significant degrees of impact of landscape elements on landscape preference when multiple landscape element combinations are used. The results show that the influence degrees of landscape elements on landscape preference in urban parks followed the order water, square, openness of the landscape, vegetation, road and seats. The optimal combination of landscape elements is the open landscape with flowing water, a shaded square, rich vegetation, a road and seats. This study demonstrates the advantages of the conjoint analysis method over the univariate method in controlling multiple variables, improving experimental efficiency and obtaining more meaningful results. A combination of urban park landscape elements based on landscape preference is helpful to inspire landscape architects to make choices among multiple landscape elements, provides evidence-based design methods for landscape design and offers basic parameters for the wide application of the parametric design or computational design of landscape architecture.     

Remote Sensing in Landscape Ecology: Experiences and Perspectives in a European Context

That the relationship between remote sensing and landscape ecology is significant is due in large part to the strong spatial component within landscape ecology. However it is nevertheless necessary to have frequent overview of the interface between remote sensing and landscape ecology, particularly in the light of developments in the types of image data and techniques. The use of remote sensing within European landscape ecology provides a rich range of examples of the interface, including application of some of the latest types of image data. This paper is an overview of the interface that remote sensing has with European landscape ecology, with seven examples of the application of image data in European landscape ecology and examination of associated landscape classification issues. These examples are discussed in terms of the trends and the different roles for image data in landscape ecology that they illustrate, and in particular their classificatory and informational implications. It is suggested that with regard to classification there is a need for re-examination of the roles of image data.     

基于SBE法的聊城市公园植物景观量化评价

通过对聊城市公园现有植物景观的调查,摄取相关景观的照片,采用SBE法对聊城市公园植物景观进行量化评价。基于评价结果,对评价高的公园植物景观实例结合园林植物和景观生态学相关理论进行了分析,为公园植物造景提供科学的依据。