基于混合像元分解的庐山及周边林地遥感图像分

由于传感器分辨率的限制以及地物的复杂多样性,混合像元普遍存在于遥感影像中,在一定程度上影响到地物提取精度。以江西省庐山及周边地区2019年4月9日的ETM+影像为例,使用线性混合模型和非线性的BP神经网络方法对图像进行混合像元分解,利用2019年5月的SPOT数据及其与ETM+影像融合的分类结果对分解结果进行验证。结果表明,非线性的BP神经网络分解精度高于线性分解精度。对比使用BP神经网络分解图像提取林地面积的精度提高了1%~5%。     

基于高光谱数据(Hyperion)混合像元分解的研究

本文以高光谱(Hyperion)数据为数据源,借助遥感手段对数据进行坏线修复、大气校正和几何校正等处理,通过有约束条件和无约束条件线性混合模型对像元对研究区域进行分类研究.研究结果表明:无约束条件和有约束条件进行混合像元的分类精度分别为90.1%和90.4%,两者的分类精度相差不是太大;就裸地而言,有约束条件的线性像元混合分解的精度要远高于无约束条件;从冗余的数据中提取有用信息和如何利用高光谱遥感的今后遥感图像分类研究的难点和热点.     

线性混合像元分解及其在林业中的应用

由于地表覆盖的复杂性,在遥感影像中存在混合像元现象。文中对混合像元分解模型进行梳理,并针对线性混合像元分解在林业中的应用做了分类总结。目前混合像元分解模型主要有线性、概率、几何光学、随机几何与模糊模型5种,不同模型所需参数与输出结果也存在一定差异。其中线性混合模型在林业中的应用最为广泛,主要有土地利用分类与变化监测、森林灾害监测、稀疏植被探测、城市植被丰度估算、不均匀冠层参数估算等方面。     

Erf-BP混合像元分解及在森林遥感信息提取中应用

提出一种新的基于高斯误差函数(Gaussian error function,Eft)作为激活函数的BP神经网络(Erf-BP),并用于林区TM影像进行混合像元分解.研究表明:Erf-BP模型的精度高于线性无约束最小二乘法模型及最大似然法.通过在高分辨率影像上选取验证样区精度检验得出:1)各端元总分解精度为89.2%,RMSE比线性无约束最小二乘法模型降低了近39%;2)该方法能够较高精度地提取森林遥感信息,精度达到86%,RMSE比线性无约束最小二乘法模型降低了近40.6%.将3种不同方法估计的整个研究区各端元面积百分比与森林资源二类调查数据作对比得出:Erf-BP模型精度略高于最大似然法,RMSE分别为4.18%和7.90%,两者精度明显高于线性无约束最小二乘法模型(RMSE=18.75%).Erf-BP算法能够较高精度地对TM影像进行混合像元分解,尤其在森林信息提取上,为基于混合像元分解提取不同森林类型甚至树种遥感信息提供一种可行的方法.     

基于Landsat 8-OLI的荒漠化地区植被覆盖度反演模型研究

基于Landsat 8-OLI影像数据,利用植被指数逐步回归分析和线性混合像元分解的方法,结合134个野外样地调查数据,将线性混合像元分解结果(植被丰度)导入影像植被指数逐步回归模型,建立康保县荒漠化地区植被覆盖度反演混合模型,并进行精度检验。结果表明:(1)在所选16种影像植被指数中,采用单一植被指数进行荒漠化地区植被覆盖度反演建模,与植被覆盖度拟合优度最高的是归一化植被指数(NDVI)和土壤调节植被指数(SAVI),利用植被指数逐步回归分析建模,筛选出的3种最佳影像植被指数是土壤调节植被指数(SAVI0.5),比值植被指数(SR_(N-R))和增强型植被指数(EVI);(2)通过线性混合像元分解建立的植被覆盖度反演模型,分解所得植被丰度与植被覆盖度的决定系数为0.673,模型精度低于利用植被指数逐步回归分析法反演的模型精度,但高于单一植被指数与植被覆盖度反演模型的精度;(3)精度检验显示植被指数逐步回归分析法反演的植被覆盖度模型的决定系数(R~2)和精度分别为0.719和86.70%,而混合像元分解和植被指数逐步回归分析综合所建的混合模型的决定系数(R~2)和精度分别为0.807和92.37%,表明植被指数逐步回归分析与混合像元分解相结合能较好地提高荒漠化地区植被覆盖度反演精度。     

混合像元分解研究综述

混合像元是遥感领域研究的热点,混合像元的问题若得不到很好的解决,将会给遥感的后续应用研究带来较大的误差.本文简要介绍目前国内混合像元的主要分解方法:有线性光谱混合模型、非线性光谱混合模型、模糊监督分类法和神经网络模型分类法,并对其优缺点进行了简要说明.     

基于混合像元分解方法的康保县植被覆盖度估测

以康保县为研究区,使用Landsat8 OLI数据,结合134个野外样地调查数据,通过像元二分法、完全约束最小二乘法和随机森林三种方法来进行混合像元的分解,探讨混合像元分解方法对提取地表植被覆盖度的可行性。结果显示:基于随机森林的混合像元分解方法结果最优,F为0.664,RMSE为0.127;三种方法都能较为精确地估测出康保县的植被覆盖情况,且与实测数据较为拟合,因此采用混合像元分解的方法进行植被覆盖度估测是完全可行的。     

基于Landsat 8的云南松光谱混合分析研究

通过中低分辨率遥感影像进行土地覆盖分类精度一般不高,且分类到具体树种存在较大困难。基于Landsat 8 OLI影像、61个外业调查样点建立昆明市主城区周围云南松波谱库,采用PPI方法进行端元提取;应用波谱角填图法对端元光谱进行识别并进行林地覆盖分类。利用森林资源二类调查数据进行精度检验,研究区总体精度为75.78%,Kappa为0.69,其中,云南松用户和生产者精度分别为67.70%和71.17%;对典型样区像元分解与精度检验后,云南松覆盖精度有一定的提高。因此,采用PPI和SAM波谱识别方法对云南松信息提取是有效的;应用混合像元分析进行云南松信息提取具有一定的可靠性,适用于中低分辨率的影像,划分典型区域可提高森林树种识别精度。     

考虑地形因素的像元均方差抛物线拟合高山松丰度研究

基于香格里拉地区Landsat 8影像、外业调查和森林资源二类调查数据,采用坡度匹配法对遥感数据进行了地形校正,使用线性波谱分离(LSU)、匹配滤波(MF)、最小能量约束(CEM)、像元均方差抛物线(PMVP)等4种方法,提取了高山松丰度图。分析丰度结果,4个典型样区平均均方根误差值排序为LSUPMVPCEMMF,PMVP能较好地分出高山松边界信息,丰度提取效果较好。使用上述4种不同方法将4个不同的地物混合类型提取的高山松丰度与真实丰度(0.557 7)进行对比,接近程度依次为PMVP,LSU,CEM,MF。利用像元均方差抛物线方法提取高山松丰度精度较高,后期还可以探索更合适的拟合曲线方法,使其能应用到森林树种的丰度提取和林地覆盖分类中。     

基于元胞自动机和BP神经网络算法的Landsat-TM遥感影像森林类型分类比较

【目的】针对森林资源遥感监测效果往往受森林类型识别分类方法的影响,提出一种基于元胞自动机的遥感影像森林类型分类方法,以提高Landsat-TM遥感影像的分类精度,为森林资源遥感监测提供技术支持。【方法】以小兴安岭带岭林业经营管理局为研究区,基于2010年Landsat5-TM影像数据和2012年森林资源二类调查数据,采用窗口法获取TM第5波段各待分类别的像元均值作为聚类中心,以元胞自动机的Moore模型为框架,以元胞为基本单位,以像元均值为对象,利用最小距离法求取进化规则(判断准则是中心元胞周围的8个元胞距每类聚类中心的距离最近且像元数量最多,则中心元胞属于该类别),充分考虑影像及地物之间的空间特征,采用元胞自动机分类方法进行森林类型的识别分类。同时,以相同的样本数,采用3层BP神经网络模型对TM遥感影像进行分类试验,并比较2种方法的分类效果。【结果】基于元胞自动机的分类方法总体分类精度为88.712 1%,Kappa系数为0.829 1,针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林的用户精度分别为73.60%,92.94%和94.13%,达到了区分针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林的分类目的。BP神经网络算法的总体分类精度为86.671 3%,Kappa系数为0.798 4,针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林的用户精度分别为69.22%,93.37%和90.76%。2种分类方法均可有效识别森林类型信息。【结论】元胞自动机模型应用于遥感影像森林类型识别分类可弥补因TM影像空间分辨率较低造成的遥感影像分类精度过低的问题,提高分类精度。在森林分布破碎、种类类型多样且结构复杂的带岭林区,该研究结果有助于森林资源监测与管理,可为大区域尺度的森林动态信息监测提供更好的数据及技术支持。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.