Utilization of tea grounds as feedstuff for ruminant

Researches on tea have been developed for decades, which prove that tea, especially green tea, has multiple functional components. With the rapid development of beverage industry, the resultant large amounts of tea grounds attract great attention. However, unreasonable utilization of tea grounds would lead to great waste and environmental pollution, especially in summer. In view of the high nutritive value and multiple functional components, tea grounds could be used as feedstuff. By now, researches of tea grounds as feedstuff are mainly on ruminant, as the utilization on other animals is limited to lower level due to high fiber content. Therefore, the following review will begin with a brief introduction of tea grounds and the possible utilization of tea grounds as feedstuff, and then elaborate on the application of ensiling and total mixed ration on ruminant. Apart from the fermentation quality, nutritive value is also provided to assess feasibilities of using tea grounds as feedstuff resources. Finally, a summary on the utilization situation and future direction of using tea grounds as feedstuff is provided in this review.     

中国反刍动物饲料营养价值评定研究进展

本文在查阅357篇相关度比较高的公开发表论文和学位论文的基础上,从中筛选出有代表性的、测定信息较为完整的饲料营养价值评定文献67篇。归纳和总结了中国近年来在反刍动物饲料常规养分、瘤胃有效降解率、小肠消化率等指标评定上具有代表性的成果。此外,本文还提出了目前反刍动物饲料营养价值评定中存在的问题和针对这些问题的一些建议,为该领域的广大科研工作者和生产者提供参考。     

笋壳作为动物饲料利用研究进展

笋壳是竹笋加工过程中产生的副产物,鲜笋壳年产量1 570万t,产量巨大。笋壳营养价值较高,且含有多种生物活性物质,是良好的饲料原料。经适当加工处理后可用作反刍动物饲料,少部分也可作为育肥猪的饲料原料。本文综述了笋壳的营养价值、加工方法及其在动物饲养中的应用进展,为笋壳的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

东祁连山高寒草甸灌木和牧草营养成分含量季节变化动态

比较分析了高寒草甸和灌丛草甸中分布的几种优势牧草和灌木的营养成分，发现灌木蛋白质含量高，利用价值大，是一种重要的蛋白质饲草资源。     

ASAS Centennial Paper: utilization of pasture and forages by ruminants: a historical perspective

Pastures, forages, and grasslands dominate the landscape across the United States and support a large ruminant population that supplies the nation with value-added animal products. A historical perspective is presented of the innovations as they occurred in the Journal of Animal Science over the past 100 yr in pasture and forage research. Consideration was given to both animal and pasture perspectives. Areas given consideration from the animal perspective were schemes for feedstuff analysis, experimental design and statistics, forage sample preservation, indirect methods of measuring intake and digestion, TDN and energy, nutritive value, harvested forage, and innovations in the grazing environment. Areas given consideration from the forage perspective were a framework for forage-animal interface research, determining pasture yield, choice of stocking method, grazing management, partitioning of forage DM, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy technology, antiquality constituents, and forage sample preservation. Finally, the importance was discussed of applying research results from the forage-animal interface to general ruminant nutrition research beyond the interface that is focused on altered diets.     

西藏山南地区6种野生牧草营养价值评定

选用6只装有瘘管的西藏澎波半细毛羊,用尼龙袋法对采于西藏山南地区的6种野生禾本科牧草的营养成分含量及其在绵羊瘤胃内的降解特性进行了测定,分析评价其营养利用价值。结果表明:6种牧草的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解消失率和降解特征存在很大差异;随着样品在瘤胃内停留时间的延长,降解消失率也随之提高,在3-48 h时,增加的幅度较快,48h后,增加的速度放缓;到72 h,狗尾草(Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.)的降解消失率最大,其DM、CP和NDF的降解消失率均超过60%;蛋白质较高、纤维含量较低的狗尾草和白草(Pennisetum centrasiaticum Tzvel.),其DM、CP、NDF和ADF的快速降解部分、慢速降解部分及有效降解率均比其他4种牧草高;而白茅(Imperata cylindrical (L.) Beauv.)和沙生针茅(Stipaplareosa P.Smirn.)营养成分表现出比其他4种牧草差的降解特征。综合考虑6种牧草所含营养成分及其在绵羊体内的降解能力,狗尾草和白草利用价值较高,白茅和沙生针茅利用价值较低。     

体外产气法在动物营养学中应用的研究进展

动物生产中饲料营养价值的高低直接影响动物的生产性能及畜产品的品质,实验室常用体外法来评价和估测饲料降解率。体外法主要通过测定底物如饲料降解后的残余量和发酵产物生成量(微生物数量、挥发性脂肪酸)或气体的产量来评价饲料营养价值。体外产气法是基于瘤胃发酵与产气高度相关的一种瘤胃体外模拟技术,该法具有简便、经济、快速、费用低等优点,目前在国内外多用于评价反刍动物饲草的饲用价值。作者主要综述了体外产气法在反刍动物生产中的应用及体外产气法中较为经典的发酵动力学模型。     

甜高粱作为优质饲草在我国草牧业发展中的潜力分析

随着我国节粮型畜牧业结构调整和不断发展,以粮换畜逐渐转变成以草换畜,因此对优质粗饲料的需求日渐增加。甜高粱作为一种新兴的高能非粮作物,因其生物产量高、营养丰富、光合效率高、抗逆能力强等特性,成为我国干旱、半干旱和高盐碱地区畜牧业的优质饲草来源。动物养殖中使用甜高粱,不仅可以缓解畜多草少的压力,还可以充分利用盐碱地和其他滩涂地,增加一定的经济效益。针对甜高粱作为优质饲草在我国草牧业发展中的潜力进行了综述,系统地阐述了其利用概况、利用技术开发进展、未来的发展方向,为甜高粱作为优质饲草在我国的利用和发展提供参考。     

纤维类饲料的阳离子交换量的研究动态

本文对国际上通过测定阳离子交换量(CEC)来阐明纤维类饲料的营养特性进行了综述,重点对阳离子交换量的测定方法以及该指标与瘤胃缓冲性能的相互关系作了介绍。研究结果认为不同饲料的CEC值不同,且与饲料中的氮素、酸性洗涤纤维和木质素含量密切相关,其实质是纤维类多聚物表面上的许多功能性基团与金属阳离子结合能力大小所致。     

红豆草单宁的研究概况

红豆草是豆科红豆属多年生草本植物,因其营养价值高、适口性好,又具有抗寒、抗旱等特性,故有＂牧草皇后＂之美誉,在世界上被广泛种植。目前,关于红豆草的饲用价值、病害、栽培技术等方面的相关研究和综述已有报道,而对其次生代谢产物的研究相对零散。主要从红豆草含有的多酚类物质——缩合单宁出发,系统综述了不同品种、物候期的红豆草缩合单宁在含量和结构上的差异性,同时整合阐述了红豆草缩合单宁在调控反刍动物营养过程中的应用,尤其是其对养分消化吸收、生产性能、泡沫性瘤胃臌胀病和胃肠道寄生虫等生理过程的影响和作用。     

A comparison between the nutritive value of short-cutting cycle, high temperature-dried alfalfa and timothy hay for horses.

The objective was to evaluate the nutritive value of short-cutting cycle, high temperature-dried (SCCHTD) alfalfa compared to timothy hay. This was achieved by carrying out 4 x 4 Latin Square digestibility trial using 4 Thoroughbred (one three-quarter Thoroughbred) horses (mean liveweight, 531 kg). The four dietary treatments were 0AA (timothy hay only), 33AA (0.33 alfalfa: 0.67 timothy hay), 67AA (0.67 alfalfa: 0.33 timothy hay) and 100AA (alfalfa only). Digestibility data were obtained by using acid-insoluble ash to estimate apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients. Rate of passage of the feedstuff was determined using chromium-mordanted hay. Plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were estimated. The digestibilities of organic matter (0.63), energy (0.57) and crude protein (0.74) of the alfalfa were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than those for the hay (0.45, 0.43 and 0.36 respectively). The fibre components of alfalfa and hay were digested to the same extent but the ether extract of alfalfa was less well digested. Alfalfa saponins had no consistently significant effects on plasma cholesterol and triglyceride values but may contribute to the negative digestibility of alfalfa ether extract. We conclude that SCCHTD alfalfa is of much higher nutritive value than timothy hay when fed to Thoroughbred horses.     

糊化淀粉尿素在反刍动物中的应用

糊化淀粉尿素是新型高效的尿素缓释产品,用其饲喂反刍动物,能减缓尿素氮的释放,提高反刍动物对尿素氮的代谢率,增强菌体蛋白的合成量,提高尿素氮在反刍家畜日粮中使用的适口性及生产性能。本文就其在反刍动物上的使用,尤其是对泌乳牛产奶水平及使用糊化淀粉尿素产品饲喂反刍动物的配方要求等进行生产性验证,对于解决使用尿素的适口性、安全性、利用率等问题具有参考意义。     

不同秸秆处理技术及在反刍动物中的应用研究进展

本文介绍了秸秆的特性、饲用价值以及目前生产中应用的不同秸秆处理方法,并概述了各种秸秆饲料化处理方法在反刍动物中的应用。     

用CNCPS体系评定安徽及其周边地区非常规饲料的营养价值

试验旨在评定安徽及其周边地区非常规饲料的营养价值,应用康奈尔净碳水化合物—蛋白质体系(CNCPS)提出的碳水化合物和蛋白质分类方法,对安徽省的合肥市、六安市、安庆市、铜陵市、亳州市、宿州市和河南省信阳市及甘肃省、黑龙江两省采集的21个非常规饲料样品进行常规营养成分分析,并通过CNCPS方法计算出饲料碳水化合物和蛋白质组分。结果显示,宿州花生桔秆可溶性蛋白占粗蛋白质(SCP/CP)比例最高(55.92%),合肥麦秸最低(6.85%);合肥油菜秸秆木质素(ADL)最高(23.16%),合肥稻草ADL最低(4.14%)。蛋白质中真蛋白的含量以合肥笋壳最高(99.83%),以宿州麦秸最低(44.96%);碳水化合物中不可利用纤维(CC)以宿州花生壳最高(47.94%),以合肥笋兜最低(10.74%)。结果表明,CNCPS体系较全面的评定了非常规饲料的营养特性,反映了非常规饲料的优劣程度,可作为安徽地区饲料营养价值评定方法。     

Evaluation of Nutritive Value of Unconventional Feed in Anhui Province and the Surrounding Areas Using CNCPS

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of unconventional feed in Anhui province and the surrounding areas using Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS).Total 21 unconventional feeds were collected from different sites in Anhui (Hefei, Lu'an, Anqing, Tongling, Bozhou and Suzhou citys), Henan (Xinyang city), Heilongjiang province as well as Gansu province, and the carbohydrate and the protein ingredients of feeds were calculated respectively using the provided formula in CNCPS.The results showed that, SCP/CP of peanut stalk from Suzhou was the highest (55.92%) and that of wheat stalk from Hefei was the lowest (6.85%); Rape stalk from Hefei had the highest value of ADL (23.16%) while straw from Hefei had the lowest value (4.14%).As to the true protein, shoot shell from Hefei was in the highest level (99.83%), while wheat stalk from Suzhou had the lowest value (44.96%); In terms of unavailable fiber content, oray from Suzhou was the highest (47.94%), and takenoko pocket from Hefei was the lowest (10.74%).The experimental results showed that the CNCPS could comprehensively evaluate the nutritive value of unconventional feed and reflecte the pros and cons of unconventional feed in Anhui province and the surrounding areas.It was suggested that the method of CNCPS could be used in the evaluation of feedstuff in Anhui province.     

蛋白质评价方法在饲料原料营养价值评定中的应用与探讨

饲料原料中蛋白质的质量直接影响着动物的营养吸收与饲料的利用效率，目前对饲料原料蛋白质的评价多采用生物价法，利用蛋白质评分法的研究则很少。因此，作者对现今国际上通用的6种蛋白质营养评价方法进行概述，并以50~75 kg生长猪营养需要量（NRC，2012）为参考蛋白，运用氨基酸评分（AAS）、化学评分（CS）、必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）、必需氨基酸相对比值（EAARR）、氨基酸比值系数分（SRCAA）和模糊评分法（FCM）作为评价标准，对9种常用饲料原料（玉米、小麦、大麦、大豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕、玉米蛋白粉、鱼粉、乳清粉）蛋白质营养价值进行评价，进而得到6种蛋白质营养评价方法在饲料营养价值评定分析中的应用结果。经综合分析探讨，EAARR与FCM对饲料原料蛋白质的评价较其他方法更为科学合理，可为生长猪饲料配方设计提供参考。     

In Vitro assessment of the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal for dairy cattle

ABSTRACT: Little information is available about the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal, which is produced by expansion of soybeans prior to solvent extraction of the oil. During processing, expanded soybean meal is subjected to additional heat, which might increase the concentration of ruminally undegraded protein. Processing of soybeans with heat during oil extraction could affect lysine availability by increasing ruminally undegraded protein or by impairing intestinal digestion. Our objective was to compare solvent and expanded soybeans with regard to chemical composition and nutritive value for dairy cattle. Samples of expanded soybean meal (n = 14) and solvent-extracted soybean meal (n = 5) were obtained from People's Republic of China to study effects of the expansion process on nutritive value for dairy cattle. Solvent-extracted soybean meal (n = 2) and mechanically extracted (heated) soybean meal (n = 2) from the United States served as references for comparison. Samples were analyzed for crude fat, long-chain fatty acids, crude protein, amino acids, chemically available lysine, in situ ruminal protein degradation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility. No differences were found between solvent-extracted soybean meals from China and expanded soybean meals from China for crude fat, crude protein, amino acids, or chemically available lysine. In situ disappearance of nitrogen, ruminally undegraded protein content, and in vitro intestinal digestion of the ruminally undegraded protein were generally similar between solvent-extracted soybean meals made in China and expanded soybean meals made in China; variation among soybean meals was small. Results indicate that the additional heat from the expansion process was not great enough to affect the nutritive value of soybean meal protein for ruminants. Although expansion may improve the oil extraction process, the impact on the resulting soybean meal is minimal and does not require consideration when formulating ruminant diets.     

In Vitro assessment of the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal for dairy cattle

Little information is available about the nutritive value of expanded soybean meal, which is produced by expansion of soybeans prior to solvent extraction of the oil. During processing, expanded soybean meal is subjected to additional heat, which might increase the concentration of ruminally undegraded protein. Processing of soybeans with heat during oil extraction could affect lysine availability by increasing ruminally undegraded protein or by impairing intestinal digestion. Our objective was to compare solvent and expanded soybeans with regard to chemical composition and nutritive value for dairy cattle. Samples of expanded soybean meal (n = 14) and solvent- extracted soybean meal (n = 5) were obtained from People’s Republic of China to study effects of the expansion process on nutritive value for dairy cattle. Solvent-extracted soybean meal (n = 2) and mechanically extracted (heated) soybean meal (n = 2) from the United States served as references for comparison. Samples were analyzed for crude fat, long-chain fatty acids, crude protein, amino acids, chemically available lysine, in situ ruminal protein degradation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility. No differences were found between solvent-extracted soybean meals from China and expanded soybean meals from China for crude fat, crude protein, amino acids, or chemically available lysine. In situ disappearance of nitrogen, ruminally undegraded protein content, and in vitro intestinal digestion of the ruminally undegraded protein were generally similar between solvent-extracted soybean meals made in China and expanded soybean meals made in China; variation among soybean meals was small. Results indicate that the additional heat from the expansion process was not great enough to affect the nutritive value of soybean meal protein for ruminants. Although expansion may improve the oil extraction process, the impact on the resulting soybean meal is minimal and does not require consideration when formulating ruminant diets.     

反刍动物蛋白质营养价值的评定方法研究

蛋白质是动物的必需营养素,对单胃动物而言,蛋白质营养实质上是氨基酸(小肽)营养;反刍动物由于具有瘤胃特殊消化生理结构和微生物消化方式,蛋白质营养更加复杂。蛋白质营养价值的评定方法是研究动物蛋白质营养的基础和前提,针对反刍动物消化生理特点,综述了尼龙袋技术、微生物标记技术、同位素法、嘌呤衍生物法和人工瘤胃等反刍动物蛋白质营养价值评定方法,这对于理论研究和实践生产具有一定参考与指导作用。