鱿鱼鱼精蛋白的提取工艺优化研究

通过单因素和正交试验研究了鱿鱼精巢提取鱿鱼鱼精蛋白的优化工艺,并对优化工艺提取的鱿鱼鱼精蛋白进行了分析.结果表明,最佳提取工艺为硫酸浓度0.3M、硫酸用量为3倍、提取次数2次、冷乙醇用量为3倍;该条件下,鱿鱼鱼精蛋白的得率为3.42％,蛋白质含量达93％,且氨基酸组成齐全,碱性氨基酸占26.20％,其中精氨酸占9.61％,Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳结果分析表明其组成成分比较复杂.     

中国鱿鱼钓机装备研究现状及展望

鱿鱼钓机是远洋鱿钓渔业的重要生产工具。目前鱿鱼钓机装备发展面临的主要问题是机钓产量低。本文介绍了我国鱿鱼钓机装备的研究现状,对钓机运转速度、作业水深控制、抖动模式设置及结构设计等方面的研究趋势进行了探讨。最后,提出了我国鱿鱼钓机发展对策,研究指出需重点解决钓机结构优化设计、控制系统性能优化、运行参数优化等问题,为远洋鱿钓渔业的可持续发展提供参考依据。     

The effect of lunar cycle,tidal condition and wind direction on the catches and profitability of Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus jigging and trap-net fishing

Jigging with artificial lights (squid jigging) and deploying of large scale trap-net (also known as a set-net in Japan), are the major methods to capture Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus in western Japan. Squid jigging is a highly selective fishing method. However, it consumes large amount of energy for steaming to the fishing ground and for lighting. In contrast, trap-net fishing requires substantially less energy but its capture efficiency is strongly influenced by its stationary mode of capture. The primary objective of this study was to analyze how various environmental and biological factors such as the lunar cycle, tidal condition, wind direction and squid abundance affect the capture efficiency of squid jigging and trap-net fishing. We analyzed the effect of these factors on squid catch in five Fisheries Cooperative Associations located on four islands in Nagasaki Prefecture, western Japan. Our analysis shows that squid catch in jigging and trap-net fishing is mainly influenced by the lunar cycle but also tide and wind direction play a marked role. In addition, squid abundance significantly affects the catches in trap-net fishing. Recommendations are made to improve the overall profitability of squid fishing by proper choice of the capture method, location and season.     

国外鱿鱼钓机的开发与应用

鱿鱼钓机是远洋鱿钓渔业中降低劳动强度、提高生产效率实现渔业现代化的重要生产工具。本文概述了鱿鱼钓机系统发展历程中的3种主要类型:机械控制型、基本电控型和电脑控制型。分析了国外鱿鱼钓机装备的研究与应用情况,对几种主流鱿鱼钓机型式的性能水平进行了对比。针对国内鱿钓渔业中机钓产量低的现状,提出鱿鱼钓机的研究方向主要为降低脱钩率和优化抖动模式。本文可以为研制优质高效的国产化鱿鱼钓机提供参考。     

鱿鱼加工副产物综合利用研究进展

综述了近年来国内外利用鱿鱼皮、内脏、软骨、墨汁、鱼眼、精巢等副产物为原料开发胶原蛋白、鱼油、核酸、酶、软骨素、透明质酸、鱼精蛋白等一系列生化制品的研发状况,展望了几种鱿鱼副产物的应用前景和发展趋势.     

Oxidative stability of lipids from squid tissues

ABSTRACT: Oxidative stability of lipids from squid tissues was compared with those of other marine lipids. On the basis of peroxide formation, total lipids (TL) from squid viscera or squid muscle with skin were most oxidatively stable, followed by squid eye TL, trout egg TL, bonito oil, and tuna orbital TL, respectively. This tendency in oxidative stabilities was also confirmed by the decrease in unoxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids during oxidation. Analyses of tocopherol contents and lipid compositions suggested that the higher oxidative stabilities of three kinds of squid tissue TL and trout egg TL compared to those of bonito oil and tuna orbital TL would be mainly because of the presence of phospholipids (PL) in squid tissue lipids and trout egg TL. However, the oxidative stability of lipids containing PL did not always decrease with increasing PL contents and stability was strongly influenced by PL composition. As squid viscera contained more than 25% of TL and these lipids were oxidatively stable, squid viscera may be used as a good resource of functional lipids rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.     

Effects of Freshness and Heating Temperature on the Discoloration of Squid Meat Products

ABSTRACT

Squid processed products such as dried-seasoned squid turn brown during storage, causing a change in quality. The main cause of this browning is melanoidin produced by the Maillard reaction. In this study, four types of squid were processed at different heating temperatures between 50 and 90°C and examined for suppression of the production of D-ribose, the main component of melanoidin. Furthermore, the color change of the squid meat with each heat treatment during storage of 32 days at 30°C was investigated. Bigfin reef squid and cuttlefish with a relatively high freshness decreased D-ribose generation as the heating temperature increased, and the browning during storage also decreased accordingly. In contrast, Humboldt squid with a low freshness did not generate new D-ribose at any heating temperature during storage. Nevertheless, the browning was reduced as the heating temperature increased. It is thought that the Maillard reaction was also reduced by the heat denaturation of muscular proteins. These results suggest that browning due to the Maillard reaction of squid meat is greatly affected by initial freshness and heating temperature.     

小包装鱿鱼丝自动精确称量分析

针对鱿鱼丝这类丝条状物料,分析了带皮鱿鱼丝与脱皮鱿鱼丝单根质量分布情况等物性参数,研究了鱿鱼丝称量过程中丝条的送料状态。通过试验论证实现小包装精确称量的可行性。采用预先整理松散丝条,定量初称结合二次复秤补偿的方法,能够对小包装鱿鱼丝进行精确的自动称量。     

Development and comparative test of squid liver artificial bait for tuna longline

ABSTRACT:   We have been developing an artificial bait for longline tuna fishing using the liver of the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus , a waste product of the squid fisheries industry, as the primary component. Three control test operations using the artificial bait and natural squid were conducted during January 1998, 1999 and 2000. During these operations, we compared the angling performance of the artificial bait with that of the natural squid. Some tuna was caught using the artificial bait; however, the hooking ratio for the artificial bait was less than that for the natural baits. Despite this, there was no significant difference between the hooking ratio by artificial bait and natural squid. In addition, species selectivity in the by-catch, a characteristic particular to this artificial bait, was observed. In the present paper, we discuss the hooking ratio and the reduction in by-catch of the artificial bait compared with natural bait.     

Understanding the accumulation features of POPs in squid from the offshore waters of southeast Korea

In this study we investigated the current contamination status and accumulation features of POPs in Korean offshore waters using Japanese common squid as a biomonitoring organism. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds (OCs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were determined in different organs of squid of both sexes and of various sizes caught in the offshore waters of southeast Korea in July and October, 2005. Most of the compounds showed their highest concentrations in liver among the organs analyzed. The concentrations of PCBs, DDTs, CHLs and HCHs in liver were in the ranges of 116–206 ng/g (mean: 146), 158–325 ng/g (238), 20.6–37.3 ng/g (28.2), and 1.68–12.3 ng/g (7.79) on a dry weight basis, respectively. There was no relationship between squid size and OC concentrations, while the levels of all of the compounds were significantly correlated with lipid content. Due to its relatively high lipid content, the concentration of OCs in squid liver was higher than other organs of the squid. Therefore, OCs in female squid may be redistributed from the liver to the gonad. These results showed that male squid liver is a useful organ for monitoring OCs in Korean offshore waters, regardless of its size.     

Periodic changes in the growth performance and biochemical composition of juvenile red sea bream <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pagrus major</Emphasis> fed non-heated and heated squid and krill meal-based diets

In finfish aquaculture, fish meal is heated during the manufacturing process, which affects the digestibility and protein absorption by fish. However, manufactured fishmeal that is not heated does not undergo thermal denaturation. Few studies have investigated the effects of non-heated animal protein sources on the growth performance of fish. We investigated the effects of heated and non-heated squid and krill meal as diets for red sea bream. Five test diets were formulated to contain heated squid meal, non-heated squid meal, heated krill meal, non-heated krill meal, and fish meal as a control. Fifty fish (initial mean weight?=?3.5 g) were distributed in ten 100-l experimental tanks. Fish were fed one of the five diets 3 times daily until satiation for 5 weeks. Regarding growth performance, fish fed the krill meal diet exhibited better growth than those fed squid meal during the first week of the rearing period. However, the squid meal diet group showed better performance than the krill meal diet group during the third week. Moreover, differences in body weight among treatments were greater during the fifth week. Better weight gain and thermal growth coefficient were recorded in the non-heated diet groups than in the heated diet groups. Higher feed intake was observed in the non-heated diet groups than in the heated diet groups. These results suggest higher performance of non-heated squid and krill meal as the protein source of the red sea bream diet. Further, the suitability of the diet type (e.g., squid and krill) might depend on the feeding period and/or developmental stage of fish.     

An assessment of the west winter–spring cohort of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean

In the Northwest Pacific, the squid jigging fisheries targeted the west winter–spring cohort of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) from August to November. Total annual catch by the Chinese mainland squid jigging fleet during 2000–2005 ranged from 64,100 to 104,200 t. The unique life history of this squid species makes the use of traditional age- or length-structured models difficult in evaluating the effect of intensive commercial jigging on this stock. We fitted a modified depletion model to the Chinese jigging fisheries data to estimate the squid stock abundance during 2000–2005. Monthly biological data were randomly sampled from the five squid jigging vessels during the fishing seasons. Effects of using different natural mortality rates (M) and three different error assumptions were evaluated in fitting the depletion model. Based on sensitivity analyses, the log-normal error model was found to be preferred for the squid assessment. The assessment results indicated that the initial (pre-fishing season) annual population sizes ranged from 199 to 704 million squid with the M value of 0.03–0.10 during 2000–2005. The proportional escapement (M = 0.03–0.10) for different fishing seasons over the time period of 2000–2005 ranged from 15.3% (in 2000) to 69.9% (in 2001), with an average of 37.18%, which was close to the management target of 40%. Thus, the current fishing mortality of the squid jigging fishery was considered to be sustainable. We inferred its annual maximum allowable catch ranging from 80,000 to 100,000 t. This study suggests that the modified depletion model provides an alternative method for assessing short-lived species such as O. bartramii.     

Size selectivity of a trammel net for oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana

ABSTRACT:   The size selectivity of a trammel net for herded oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana in Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture, was estimated by comparison between the mantle length frequency distributions of oval squid caught by a trammel net and by a set net. The measured mesh sizes of the inner net of the trammel net and of the final section of the set net were 85.3 and 11.3 mm, respectively. In the trammel net fishery where oval squid are herded into the net, most of the oval squid are caught in the bag-shaped inner net. Hence, the logistic function was employed for the size selectivity curve of the trammel net. The 'share each length's catch total' (SELECT) model was implemented for the estimation of the selectivity curve. The size selectivity r ( l ) of the trammel net for the oval squid was expressed as a logistic function of the mantle length l : r ( l ) = exp(−18.57 + 0.88  l )/[1 + exp(−18.57 + 0.88  l )]. From these logistic parameter estimates, the 50% selection mantle length and selection range ( L ₇₅– L ₂₅) were calculated as 21.07 and 2.49 cm, respectively. The selection probability of oval squid whose mantle girth was equivalent to the mesh perimeter of the inner net was 0.09. Accordingly, oval squid of a girth smaller than the mesh perimeter were likely to pass through the mesh to escape from the net.     

基于高温非酶途径的秘鲁鱿鱼内源性甲醛的控制

以甲醛(FA)为指标筛选确定了秘鲁鱿鱼抑制剂种类,分析了抑制剂作用特性,采用单因素和正交试验设计优化了FA抑制剂组合和作用浓度。结果表明,柠檬酸(CA)、CaCl2、MgCl2、茶多酚(TP)、桑叶黄酮(MF)能有效抑制秘鲁鱿鱼肌肉和上清液高温FA形成,Na2SO3、Fe2++Asc、Fe2++Cys促进鱿鱼FA的生成。低浓度CA、CaCl2和TP能减少鱿鱼上清90%以上的FA,最佳抑制浓度分别为10mmol/L、10mmol/L和0.1%。抑制剂CA、CaCl2、MgCl2能显著减少鱿鱼高温氧化三甲胺(TMAO)分解生成FA、二甲胺(DMA)和三甲胺(TMA),而TP和MF能有效结合鱿鱼高温生成的FA。通过正交试验确定了最佳FA抑制剂组,即为0.04%TP、10mmol/CaCl2。该复合抑制剂能显著降低鱿鱼片中的FA和DMA含量,对蛋白含量无显著影响。结果表明,复合抑制剂对鱿鱼等水产品加工中FA控制具有一定的应用前景。     

Ocean climate effects on the relative abundance of short-finned (Illex illecebrosus) and long-finned (Loligo pealeii) squid in the northwest Atlantic Ocean

An unusually high abundance of long‐finned squid (Loligo pealeii) was observed around southern Newfoundland in August–September 2000. The prevalence of maturing females and mature males, along with the collection of a single viable egg mop, provide the first evidence of spawning of this species at the northern limit of its geographic range of distribution. Northward expansion of the long‐finned squid population may be related to a general warming trend in Newfoundland near‐shore waters. However, trends in size and abundance of short‐finned squid (Illex illecebrosus) suggest that this expansion may also be related to reduced competition. We hypothesize that these two squid species share, to a large extent, a common niche on the eastern USA shelf and that opposing responses to ecosystem variation affect their relative abundance. We address this hypothesis by applying time‐series analysis of species‐specific fishery‐ and survey‐based abundance indices with biologic and environmental input variables. Our models indicate that direct competition is not important, but that variation in atmospheric forcing, as well as latitudinal position of the Shelf‐Slope Front (SSF), are closely related to direct oceanographic processes that exert opposing effects on these two species. While the direct oceanographic mechanisms that regulate year‐class strength remain unknown, we present a hypothesis to account for opposing population responses to oceanographic variation that operates early in the life history of both species. For the oceanic and highly migratory short‐finned squid, variation in the latitudinal position of the SSF is related to efficiency of downstream dispersal by the Gulf Stream and survival of young stages. For the neritic long‐finned squid, variation in local inshore temperature affects the time exposed to intense predation through its effect on rates of embryonic development and growth. The expansion of long‐finned squid population abundance in 2000 was associated with both warm local water temperatures and an unusual eastward displacement of the atmospheric features associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). These conditions may have resulted in an unfavorable oceanic regime for short‐finned squid but a favorable regime for long‐finned squid on the continental shelf as far north as southern Newfoundland.     

Thermal denaturation and autolysis profiles of myofibrillar proteins of mantle muscle of jumbo squid Docidicus gigas

ABSTRACT:    Jumbo squid was very similar to Japanese common squid in terms of myofibrillar Ca²⁺-, Mg²⁺- and K⁺(EDTA)-ATPase activities. Myofibrils of jumbo squid were significantly stabilized upon addition of Ca²⁺ and destabilized by increasing KCl concentration for heating. Incubation of muscle homogenate of jumbo squid induced a selective cleavage of myosin into two major fragments and the cleavage was inhibited by EDTA. Autolysis was prominent at and above 0.3 M NaCl where myosin filaments dissolve. The enzyme involved in the autolysis was proved to be unstable showing maximal autolysis rate at 25°C. Washing the homogenate partially reduced the autolysis activity.     

Growth performance,survival and body composition of southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae fed different formulated microdiets

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of micro‐bound diets (MBD) on southern flounder larvae. In experiment 1, four MBDs were formulated with different protein sources as follows: MBD 1: herring meal, MBD 2: menhaden meal, MBD 3: menhaden and squid meal; MBD 4: menhaden, squid and herring meal. In experiment 2, four MBDs were formulated as follows: MBD 5: menhaden, squid and herring meal; MBD 6: menhaden, squid, herring and attractants; MBD 7: menhaden, squid, herring and casein, and MBD 8: menhaden, squid, herring, casein and attractants. In experiment 3, three groups were maintained as follows: Group 1: live feed; Group 2: co‐fed with MBD 6; and Group 3: MBD 6. In experiment 1 on 35 dph, survival and body weight (BW) of the fish fed MBD 4 was significantly higher than the MBDs 1 and 2. In experiment 2 on 34 dph, fish fed MBD 6 had significantly higher BW than the commercial microdiets. In experiment 3 on 21 dph, fish receiving only MBD had significantly lower survival than the other groups. Growth, survival and larval fatty acid composition suggested that co‐feeding MBD 6, a mixture of marine protein sources plus attractants was more effective than the other MBDs.     

东太平洋不同海区茎柔鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成分析与比较

茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是一种广泛分布在东太平洋的大洋性头足类,具有重要的经济价值。本研究以捕获自3个作业海区的茎柔鱼为研究对象,对其肌肉脂肪酸含量进行测定、分析和比较。结果显示,各海区茎柔鱼肌肉脂肪酸种类和组成存在显著差异。秘鲁外海样品所含脂肪酸种类最多(共28种),中东太平洋赤道海域样品含有脂肪酸27种,而智利外海样品所含脂肪酸种类最少,只检测出24种。脂肪酸均以多不饱和脂肪酸为主(59.68%~69.28%),其次是饱和脂肪酸(20.71%~27.28%)和单不饱和脂肪酸(10.01%~13.04%)。各海区茎柔鱼肌肉中C16:0、C18:0、C20:1n9、C18:2n6、EPA和DHA含量较高,均占脂肪酸总含量的81%以上。脂肪酸组成的空间异质性主要是由各海区C16:0、C18:2n6、C20:4n6和DHA的含量不同造成的,这种差异可能与各海区海洋环境、食物来源和个体能量需求的差别有关。本研究说明了脂肪酸分析在茎柔鱼食性研究中的潜在作用,对分析不同海区茎柔鱼营养成分和资源合理利用有一定的应用价值。     

无磷品质改良剂对阿根廷鱿鱼冷冻变性的影响

通过考察阿根廷鱿鱼（Sepiaiuex argentinus）在冻藏过程的浸泡增重率、自由液滴损失率、蒸煮损失率、盐溶性蛋白、肌原纤维蛋白钙ATP酶（Ca^2＋-ATP酶）活性、pH、总挥发性盐基氮（TVB—N）以及色泽的变化,试验分别比较了蒸馏水、常用的含磷保水剂及无磷品质改良剂对阿根廷鱿鱼冷冻质量的影响。结果表明,鱿鱼经无磷品质改良剂或含磷保水剂处理后,在冻藏过程中较用蒸馏水处理的具有更好的保水性,浸泡增重率达到26％～35％,但无磷品质改良剂较含磷保水剂能更好地减少鱿鱼自由液滴损失率和蒸煮损失率,且盐溶性蛋白减少率和Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性损失率分别比含磷保水剂组少6％和5％,TVB—N变化缓慢且小于0．30mg·g^-1,而对鱿鱼pH和色差值影响不大。因此,无磷品质改良剂能有效防止冻藏鱿鱼冷冻变性,且效果优于含磷保水剂,值得在鱿鱼冷冻加工中推广应用。     

Seasonal potential fishing ground prediction of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the western and central North Pacific

We explored the seasonal potential fishing grounds of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) in the western and central North Pacific using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models fitted with squid fishery data as response and environmental factors from remotely sensed [sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), eddy kinetic energy (EKE), wind stress curl (WSC) and numerical model‐derived sea surface salinity (SSS)] covariates. The potential squid fishing grounds from January–February (winter) and June–July (summer) 2001–2004 were simulated separately and covered the near‐coast (winter) and offshore (summer) forage areas off the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition and subarctic frontal zones. The oceanographic conditions differed between regions and were regulated by the inherent seasonal variability and prevailing basin dynamics. The seasonal and spatial extents of potential squid fishing grounds were largely explained by SST (7–17°C in the winter and 11–18°C in the summer) and SSS (33.8–34.8 in the winter and 33.7–34.3 in the summer). These ocean properties are water mass tracers and define the boundaries of the North Pacific hydrographic provinces. Mesoscale variability in the upper ocean inferred from SSH and EKE were also influential to squid potential fishing grounds and are presumably linked to the augmented primary productivity from nutrient enhancement and entrainment of passive plankton. WSC, however, has the least model contribution to squid potential fishing habitat relative to the other environmental factors examined. Findings of this work underpin the importance of SST and SSS as robust predictors of the seasonal squid potential fishing grounds in the western and central North Pacific and highlight MaxEnt's potential for operational fishery application.