核盘菌菌核萌发多样性的研究

在15、20、25和28℃条件下培养核盘菌菌核,再在20℃下诱导菌核萌发,结果将不同来源的50个菌株分成5类:①菌核易进行菌丝型萌发;②4种温度下形成的菌核均易进行子囊盘型萌发;③高温(25和28℃)下形成的菌核进行子囊盘萌发,而低温(15或20℃)下形成的菌核则不易萌发;④15℃下形成的菌核易产生子囊盘,而其它温度下形成的菌核都不能萌发;⑤4种温度下形成的菌核都不能萌发。5类菌株各占2％、6％、22％、6％和64％。对第2、3类菌株而言,形成菌核时温度越高,菌核越易萌发。进一步分析说明菌核萌发多样性和菌株来源有一定的关系。对其中3个菌株的21个单子囊孢子后代菌核萌发特性的研究结果表明,菌核萌发特性具有遗传稳定性。这说明核盘菌菌株间菌核萌发习性存在着明显的多样性,且具有遗传稳定性,可用于研究这一病菌的群体结构。     

核盘菌菌核培养方法的研究

比较了培养基种类、培养方法及不同自然基质对核盘菌菌核形成的影响。结果表明,核盘菌在麦麸葡萄糖琼脂培养基上25℃黑暗培养2 d后转至25℃光照培养,所产菌核的数量和质量均显著优于其它培养基和其它培养方法。自然基质以马铃薯和甘薯所产菌核数量和质量最高,胡萝卜次之,西葫芦最差。     

人参核盘菌菌核的菌丝型萌发特性研究

人参核盘菌菌核在自然环境及人工培养条件下很难产生子囊盘,主要通过菌核进行菌丝型萌发侵染寄主。为明确人参核盘菌菌核的菌丝型萌发特性,对人参核盘菌菌核的萌发历程和影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,人参核盘菌菌核吸水性强,前期吸水速度较快,菌核吸水饱和后,是吸水前菌核平均质量的1.99倍。菌核吸水后3 d开始菌丝型萌发,8 d时菌核的菌丝型萌发率到达97.8%,而未吸水的菌核则不能萌发产生菌丝。菌核在干燥的土壤环境中的菌丝型萌发率极低,土壤湿度越大越利于菌丝型萌发。菌核龄越大所需的菌丝型萌发时间越长。15.0～22.5℃为菌核菌丝型萌发的适宜温度。pH为6.0时,其菌核的菌丝型萌发率最高。     

核盘菌菌核围微生物群落分析及其对盾壳霉重寄生的影响

重寄生真菌盾壳霉(Coniothyrium minitans)是核盘菌的一种生防菌,它通过寄生核盘菌菌核,减少初侵染来源,从而达到防病效果.但在田间自然土壤中,核盘菌菌核围微生物对盾壳霉寄生菌核的影响还不清楚.本研究对核盘菌菌核围微生物进行了分离鉴定,并评估了菌核围细菌对盾壳霉重寄生的影响.结果 表明,不同取样时间和不...     

菌核净对烟草赤星病的防治效果

通过两个不同产地的菌核净对烟草赤星病的大面积防治效果的比较，证明两个产地的菌核净的防治效果虽有差异，但差异不显著，施药后２周菌核净的相对防效以达６０％以上，还研究了菌核净对烟草产量和产值的影响。     

链孢粘帚霉寄生核盘菌菌核差异表达基因的筛选及分析

为克隆和研究链孢粘帚霉Gliocladium catenulatum寄生核盘菌菌核的相关基因,应用抑制消减杂交技术构建了cDNA消减文库并进行了筛选。通过PCR技术从文库中共筛选到1315个阳性克隆,克隆中插入片段大小主要集中于300～600bp之间。随机挑取120个克隆,经测序和同源性分析,获得60条有效序列,其中部分序列所编码的血红素加氧酶、核糖体蛋白L11、细胞色素P450及热激蛋白等均参与机体对胁迫条件的应答反应。11条序列在NCBI数据库中未找到显著匹配的序列,可能为新基因片段。分别将寄生于核盘菌菌核上的粘帚霉cDNA和粘帚霉与核盘菌纯培养的cDNA混合物经RasⅠ酶切后进行标记作为探针,利用反向Northern杂交技术验证了所选取的25条序列全部为差异表达基因片段。     

呼盟农区核盘菌寄主范围的研究

 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum是世界范围内分布的重要病原菌。我地近几年由核盘菌引起的菌核病普遍发生,陈申宽1991年报道了17种野生花卉新寄主。     

几种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂对核盘菌的抗菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了5种阳离子表面活性剂对从染病黄瓜植株上分离的核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum菌丝生长的毒力,及其对菌丝形态、生物量、菌核形成及萌发和菌体细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明,十二烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵抑制菌丝生长的毒力较高,EC50值为3.92 μg/mL,与杀菌剂乙霉威毒力相当;经阳离子表面活性剂处理后,菌丝粗壮且呈念珠状;随药剂浓度的增大,菌丝生长受抑制的程度增加,菌丝生物量降低率可达90%以上;在阳离子表面活性剂的作用下,菌核的数量与空白对照相比有所减少,但质量略有增加,而腐霉利处理菌核数量无明显变化,但质量明显减少;5种阳离子表面活性剂在10 000 μg/mL浓度下均不能完全抑制菌核萌发,而对照药剂腐霉利和嘧霉胺在200 μg/mL即可完全抑制菌核萌发。     

核盘菌侵入油菜超微结构及侵染机制的研究

 通过电子显微镜观察核盘菌在油菜叶片上侵染过程,发现该菌首先在叶片上形成复合附着器。每个分枝末端一般生出一个侵染钉。侵染钉侵入叶表面腊质、角质层和表皮细胞壁时.不仅靠附着器产生的压力,而且供助于酶对寄主表面的软化、消解作用。该菌通过角质层和表皮细胞壁侵入油菜叶片,尚未发现通过气孔侵入的现象。侵入叶片后,该菌的继续生长,导致了油菜组织的溃烂。然后菌丝在腐烂的叶片上集结形成菌核。     

核盘菌致病性分化研究

为了解核盘菌的致病性分化,本研究用活体定位穿刺接种法,以油菜为供试寄主,对采自四川省10个地区23个县、9种寄主的108个菌株进行了致病性测定,结果表明,所有菌株对供试油菜品种均能致病,但各菌株所致病斑长度差异很大(2.7～82.0 mm),说明核盘菌种群内存在明显的致病性分化,这种分化与地理来源和寄主来源没有明显的关系。     

Resistance of peas to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the Pisum core collection

In this study, 497 pea accessions from the Pisum core collection located at the USDA-ARS, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS), Pullman, WA and seven woody-stem pea lines from a private collection in the UK, were screened for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , the cause of white mould. All of the Pisum genotypes screened were susceptible to infection, and 237 of the 504 genotypes were highly susceptible since these did not survive 2 weeks post-inoculation. However, 22 pea accessions and one woody-stem line were identified with quantitative partial resistance to white mould. Pea accessions 103709, 166084, 169603, 240515 and 270536 from the core collection demonstrated the greatest quantitative partial resistance to S. sclerotiorum based on nodal resistance and plant survival in replicated greenhouse and laboratory tests. Only five of the 504 genotypes screened had a mean lesion length of between 0 and 1 cm when assessed 3 days post-inoculation. Pea stem diameter was significantly ( P  ≤ 0·03) negatively correlated with stem lesion length in replicated greenhouse and laboratory experiments, and was determined to be the best predictor of quantitative partial resistance to S. sclerotiorum based on lesion length.     

戊唑醇和菌核净复配对油菜菌核病的田间防效及抗性风险研究

本实验研究了戊唑醇·菌核净复配制剂对油菜菌核病的田间防效及抗药性风险,结果表明,戊唑醇·菌核净50%可湿性粉剂复配制剂20.0~25.0g(a.i.)/667m2对油菜菌核病的防效达到67.1%~88.7%,优于对照药剂菌核净40%可湿性粉剂20g(a.i.)/667m2的64.9%防效,且在试验浓度范围内无药害发生,对油菜安全。在室内利用含药PDA培养基对复配药剂和菌核净单剂的抗药性进行了连续20代的筛选,结果表明菌核净单剂和戊唑醇·菌核净复配药剂对油菜病菌核病的抑制率均有明显的下降,复配后与菌核净单剂相比抗药性风险没有降低。     

向日葵菌核病接种方法及品种抗病性鉴定

为建立有效的向日葵菌核病田间接种鉴定方法,以核盘菌菌丝体悬浮液和孢子悬浮液作为接种物,分别对抗、感向日葵品种在现蕾期、始花期和盛花期进行人工接种,并对接种后保湿材料和保湿时间进行比较。试验结果表明:两种接种物均可使向日葵抗、感品种产生盘腐症状。用菌丝体悬浮液和孢子悬浮液接种时,浓度分别为10.0~15.0g/L和200~500个/mL,始花期接种,牛皮纸袋保湿2~4d,即可区分出向日葵品种间抗感性差异。用此方法鉴定出13个对盘腐型菌核病表现抗病的向日葵品种。     

8种杀菌剂对西兰花菌核病的防治效果及对制种产量的影响

本文开展了8种杀菌剂对制种西兰花菌核病的防治效果试验。结果表明8种杀菌剂均有防治效果,以40%菌核净可湿性粉剂的防治效果最好,防效为99.19%,比空白对照增产167.05%,千粒重最高,达到5.38g;其次为2亿活孢子/g木霉菌可湿性粉剂和50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂,防效分别为82.39%和81.69%,比空白对照分别增产147.44%和151.70%,千粒重分别为5.34和5.36g。其他杀菌剂的防治效果为51.06%~73.23%,比对照增产76.99%~107.39%,千粒重为4.73~5.28g,空白对照的千粒重为3.23g。综合分析认为,制种西兰花菌核病的防治可选用40%菌核净可湿性粉剂、2亿活孢子/g木霉菌可湿性粉剂和50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂等3种杀菌剂,并交替轮流使用。     

粉红粘帚霉67-1菌株寄生核盘菌研究

 用诱捕法从海南乐东县菜园土壤中获得一株对核盘菌菌核具有强寄生能力的粉红粘帚霉(Gliocladium roseum)菌株67-1,寄生频率为100%。该菌的PDA平板回接核盘菌菌核,一周后寄生率可达100%。对峙培养发现其对核盘菌有明显的抑菌带。保湿条件下,该菌孢子在24h内成功侵入核盘菌菌核。切片显微观察证明该菌能高效侵染菌核,造成组织溃解。寄生过程中菌核内蛋白组成发生明显变化。这一菌株在22~35℃均能很好生长,菌丝及产孢最适温度为24℃,产孢量大。认为这一菌株具有良好的菌核病生防应用潜力。     

Predicting field diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: A review

Predicting diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in field crops remains difficult, and published literature is largely inconsistent in finding significant relationships with environmental and agronomic factors for various life stages of the fungus. A scoping review was performed to synthesize the current quantitative insights into the role of the environment on the life cycle of S. sclerotiorum and the relationships between various life stages of the fungus and final disease expression under field conditions. For most variables, relationships with stages of the life cycle showed a wide range of responses ranging from closely related (high correlations or r² values) to not related at all. The effects were often moderated by year, location and/or the presence of another variable such as irrigation, soil type, row spacing or cultivar. Studies that based analysis on a more nuanced understanding of pathogen biology rather than looking only at linear relationships tended to find stronger associations between variables. Yield was consistently negatively associated with disease levels, but cultivar, year, location and planting density were all important determinants of yield. Suggestions for improvement to future research in predictive model development of S. sclerotiorum diseases are discussed.     

核盘菌对油菜、向日葵和大豆的侵染及其致病性分化研究

 通过对从陕西大荔采集的油菜及其后茬向日葵上的核盘菌和从新疆阿勒泰的向日葵上采集的核盘菌样品进行单菌核分离、培养和纯化,比较其菌丝生长速度、菌丝干重、菌落形态、致病力强弱及菌株的草酸累积等,将两地的核盘菌分成A、B、C三种类型,其中A类来源于陕西大荔的油菜和向日葵,B、C类来源于新疆阿勒泰的向日葵。不同类型核盘菌对于不同寄主的致病力存在着分化现象,A、B类菌株生长正常、菌落均匀旺盛,B类对油菜、向日葵和大豆的致病力较强,草酸产量较高;而A类仅对油菜和向日葵的致病力较强对大豆的致病力很弱,但草酸产量最高。C类菌株生长异常,菌落稀疏不均匀,对3种作物的致病力均弱,草酸产量较低。2001年田问调查亦表明:A类菌株可导致油菜、向日葵菌核病的发生,但未见其使大豆致病,由此提出油菜茬后,不宜种植向日葵,二者应与小麦、玉米等实行较长周期的轮作。本文也同时对各菌株进行了RAPD分析和菌丝体亲和性研究,结果表明,菌株间的遗传多样性表现丰富但未发现与其致病性分化相关。     

Induced tolerance of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to isothiocyanates and toxic volatiles from Brassica species

The response of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum , the causal agent of stem rot of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ), to toxic volatiles produced by the glucosinolate-myrosinase system was studied. Mycelium plugs were exposed to inoculated leaf discs of oilseed rape cultivars and two related species, black mustard ( Brassica nigra ) and white mustard ( Sinapis alba ). Growth of exposed colonies was inhibited by more than 87% compared with controls. Despite inhibition of exposed fungal colonies, the fungus continued to grow in infected tissue. Repeated exposure of the fungus to hydrated mustard powder (which contains both glucosinolates and myrosinase) or synthetic isothiocyanates (ITCs) resulted in growth inhibition decreasing from initial levels of up to 80% to insignificant levels after 2–3 days, suggesting that S. sclerotiorum has the ability to adapt to volatiles during the infection progress. This adaptation was studied by investigating induction of glutathione S-transferase-like genes identified from the S. sclerotiorum genome. Three genes, with locus numbers SS1G_07195.1, SS1G_01918.1 and SS1G_10295.1, appeared to be up-regulated following exposure of S. sclerotiorum to mustard powder or allyl ITC. A fourth gene, SS1G_07319.1, appeared to be down-regulated. In addition, glutathione S-transferase catalytic activity in crude mycelium extracts was doubled following 48 h of exposure to mustard powder volatiles. This adaptation could allow S. sclerotiorum to parasitize tissues of Brassica species despite the production of toxic metabolites.