高寒山区工业原料林的培育

营造杨树工业原料林已在国内外取得了成功的经验,但是如何在北纬40度以上、海拔700～1100米的长白山高寒区域营造杨树速生工业原料林,在国内仍然没有先例。笔者基于多年探索与实践,针对高寒山区营造杨树速生工业原料林,探索出了一条可行之路。     

山地1号杨育苗、造林技术

山地1号杨是吉林省林科院历经近20a选育、适宜丘陵及高寒山地栽培的杨树良种。在吉林省东部山区多个林业局进行的区域栽培试验表明,10a生试验林,胸径生长     

高寒山区杨树良种的选择

针对高寒山区杨树造林缺乏良种的现状,我们采用多种育种手段获得了一批新的无性系,经多点造林试验,５－７ａ的观察,筛选出具有速生性,抗性强的８２０３号。该品系７ａ生试验林,平均胸径,树高,材积生长量分别超过大青杨的２８％,４６％和１２８％,可在北方高寒山区造林中应用。     

林农复合经营试验初报

通过花椒、杨树与农作物复合经营的试验研究，分析和评价了椒农复合经营和杨农复合经营中几种结构类型的生态效益和经济效益，旨在为今后我省高寒阴湿山区开展林农复合经营，探索生态型林农生产提供理论依据。     

高寒地区杨树引种栽培试验

高寒地区杨树引种栽培试验徐梦龙，王志华（甘南州农林局）（甘南州科协）张友，刘荣枝，张万忠，吴克恭（省森防站）夏河、碌曲、合作地处甘南高寒地区，地势高而气候寒冷，绿化树种杨树的品种单一。为了丰富高寒地区城镇绿化的杨树品种，提高绿化效果，我们于１９７４年...     

山区杨树人工林干部病害的发生原因

杨树具有易于繁殖、成活,适应性强,生长迅速等特点,多年来黑龙江省不仅在西部平原地区大量栽植,而且在东部山区也有引进和大量造林。但在山区杨树造林过程中,杨树干部病害危害极为严重,已成为阻碍山区杨树人工林成林的主要原因。为搞清病原,并探索其发病原因,我们在位于黑龙江省东部山区的杨树重点栽植区苇河林业局,对杨树干部病害进行了调查。一、危害情况为了解山区杨树干部病害的发生及危害情况。     

高寒山区造林技术探讨

指出了高寒山区是我国西部生态建设的主要造林地区,由于高寒山区地理位置特殊,气候条件较差,在造林的过程中容易出现造林成活率低的问题,针对提高造林成活率,保证高寒山区造林质量,根据近年对高寒山区造林的实验和研究,提出了一些较为有效的、在高寒山区环境下人工造林的技术.     

长白山高寒林区营造杨树速生丰产林试验研究

吉林松江河林业有限公司在高寒山区营造杨树速生丰产林技术 ,从树种选择、苗龄确定、整地方式、地膜保水生温、抹芽定干、除草松土、割灌修枝、打药施肥、初植密度等进行了全面探索与实践 ,总结出了一套行之有效的速生丰产林培育技术 ,并指出了营造速生丰产林需要解决的若干问题     

高寒山区造林技术探讨

指出了高寒山区是我国西部生态建设的主要造林地区,由于高寒山区地理位置特殊,气候条件较差,在造林的过程中容易出现造林成活率低的问题,针对提高造林成活率,保证高寒山区造林质量,根据近年对高寒山区造林的实验和研究,提出了一些较为有效的、在高寒山区环境下人工造林的技术。     

高寒山区提高人工造林成活率的技术措施

高寒山区是我国西部生态建设的主要造林地区，由于高寒山区特殊的地理位置和气候条件，容易导致造林成活率偏低。为了保证高寒山区造林质量，提高造林成活率，必须改进高寒山区人工造林的技术措施。一、选择适宜树种 高寒山区造林要坚持适地适树的原则，尽量选择乡土树种，充分考虑造林树种的抗旱、抗寒能力，根据不同的立地条件选择适宜生长的树种和品种，做到针、阔、灌相结合。     

An evaluation of agriculture, forestry and agroforestry practices in a moderately alkali soil in northwestern India

Productivity, sustainability and economics of agriculture, forestry and agroforestry land use practices were compared over a six year period in a split plot experiment on a moderately alkali soil of the Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, India. Three commercial trees of the area formed the main plot treatments and four crop sequences were the sub-plots. The trees were: poplar (Populus deltoides), Acacia (Acacia nilotica) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis), and the crop sequences were (1) rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) for four years followed by guinea grass (Panicum maximum)-oats (Avena sativa) for two years; (2) rice-Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) for four years followed by cowpea (Vigna unquiculata)-Berseem for two years; (3) pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)/sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)-mustard (Brassica juncea) for three years followed by turmeric (Curcuma longa) for three years and (4) no intercrops (only trees). Eucalyptus and poplar gained maximum height, girth and woody biomass in six years when they were intercropped with rice crops in sequences 1 and 2. Acacia attained maximum growth in the absence of intercrops. Protein content in guinea grass was more under tree canopies than in the open. Soil amelioration during five years followed the order: Acacia based system > poplar > Eucalyptus > sole crops. The benefit-cost ratio was heighest (2.88) in poplar based system and minimum (1.86) in Acacia based system. The study indicated that growing trees and agricultural crops together is a better land use option in terms of productivity, maintenance of soil conditions and economics. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

浙江省食用菌重金属背景值及质量安全评价

在浙江食用菌生产基地、超市和农贸市场实地抽样检测,对数据进行统计分析,提出浙江省食用菌重金属背景值.研究结果显示:浙江省鲜食用菌重金属元素背景值为铅0.078 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.036 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.009 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.029 mg·kg~(-1),干食用菌重金属背景值为铅0.452 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.254 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.044 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.150 mg·kg~(-1),鲜香菇重金属背景值为铅0.074 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.122 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.009 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.030 mg·kg~(-1),鲜平菇重金属背景值为铅0.068 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.026 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.008 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.029 mg·kg~(-1),鲜蘑菇重金属背景值为铅0.149 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.019 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.038 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.094 mg·kg~(-1),鲜金针菇重金属背景值为铅0.083 mg·kg~(-1)、镉0.013 mg·kg~(-1)、汞0.008 mg·kg~(-1)、砷0.020 mg·kg~(-1).经与相关标准进行比较,浙江省食用菌重金属含量处于相对较低的水平.鲜食用菌中平菇与金针菇的4种重金属元素背景值非常相近,并且都处于很低的水平.与鲜食用菌相比,干食用菌重金属含量是鲜食用菌的4.9～7.1倍.蘑菇的铅、汞、砷含量明显高于其他食用菌,与鲜食用菌平均值比较,铅高出91.0%、汞高出322.2%,砷高出224.1%;香菇中镉含量明显高于其他品种食用菌,高出鲜食用菌平均值238.9%.蘑菇的铅、汞、砷和香菇的镉含量在生产栽培中要得到特别关注,应作为质量安全控制的重点.     

外源苯甲酸对平邑甜茶幼苗根系膜脂过氧化的影响

大多数果树都存在连作障碍(重茬、再植病、忌地现象)现象,其中苹果(Malus)、李(Prunus salicina)、桃(Prunus)等连作障碍更为严重.杨兴洪等(1991)调查苹果重茬地成活率只有40%～60%,美国华盛顿州10年间苹果产区因重茬每公顷损失4万美元,山东省烟台大量苹果园已经表现并将面临更大面积的苹果连作问题.     

Organic and inorganic sulfur transport in the xylem sap and the sulfur budget of Picea abies trees

Temporal changes in inorganic and organic sulfur compounds (sulfate, glutathione, cysteine, methionine) were analyzed in xylem sap of 40-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees growing on acidic soils at a healthy and a declining stand in the Fichtelgebirge (North Bavaria, Germany). Studies were carried out (1) to quantify glutathione (GSH) transport in the xylem of spruce, (2) to study the significance of reduced sulfur versus sulfate (SO(4) (2-)) transport in the xylem, and (3) to compare total sulfur (S) transport in the xylem with the amount of foliar uptake of SO(2) in an air-polluted environment. Glutathione was the main reduced S compound in the xylem ranging in concentration from 0.5 to 5 &mgr;mol l(-1). Concentrations of inorganic SO(4) (2-) in the xylem sap were up to 50 times higher than those of GSH ranging from 60 to 230 &mgr;mol l(-1). During the growing season, concentrations of all S compounds in the xylem were highest in May (up to 246 &mgr;mol l(-1)) and decreased during summer and fall (up to 21 &mgr;mol l(-1)). On average, SO(4) (2-) concentrations in xylem sap were 30% higher at the declining site compared with the healthy site. Diurnal changes in organic S compounds were significant for GSH and cysteine with high concentrations during the night and low concentrations during the day. Diurnal changes in inorganic concentrations were not significant. Xylem sap concentrations of SO(4) (2-) and cysteine were twice as high and GSH concentrations were tenfold higher in surface roots than in branches. At both sites, transport of organic S was low (up to 3% of total S) compared to transport of SO(4) (2-). Annual transport of total S in the xylem (SO(4) (2-) was the main component) ranged from 60 to 197 mmol tree(-1) year(-1) at the healthy site and from 123 to 239 mmol tree(-1) year(-1) at the declining site. Although gaseous uptake of SO(2) was estimated to be similar at both sites (38 mmol tree(-1) year(-1); Horn et al. 1989), the ratio between annual gaseous uptake of SO(2) and transport of S in the xylem was 1:4 and 1:5 at the healthy and declining sites, respectively.     

An analysis of light effects on foliar morphology,physiology, and light interception in temperate deciduous woody species of contrasting shade tolerance

Maximum Rubisco activities (V(cmax)), rates of photosynthetic electron transport (J(max)), and leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations were studied along a light gradient in the canopies of four temperate deciduous species differing in shade tolerance according to the ranking: Populus tremula L. < Fraxinus excelsior L. < Tilia cordata Mill. = Corylus avellana L. Long-term light environment at the canopy sampling locations was characterized by the fractional penetration of irradiance in the photosynthetically active spectral region (I(sum)). We used a process-based model to distinguish among photosynthesis limitations resulting from variability in fractional nitrogen investments in Rubisco (P(R)), bioenergetics (P(B), N in rate-limiting proteins of photosynthetic electron transport) and light harvesting machinery (P(L), N in chlorophyll and thylakoid chlorophyll-protein complexes). On an area basis, V(cmax) and J(max) (V(a) (cmax) and J(a) (max)) increased with increasing growth irradiance in all species, and the span of variation within species ranged from two (T. cordata) to ten times (C. avellana). Examination of mass-based V(cmax) and J(max) (V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max)) demonstrated that the positive relationships between area-based quantities and relative irradiance mostly resulted from the scaling of leaf dry mass per area (M(A)) with irradiance. Although V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max) were positively related to growth irradiance in C. avellana, and J(m) (max) was positively related to irradiance in P. tremula, the variation range was only a factor of two. Moreover, V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max) were negatively correlated with relative irradiance in T. cordata. Rubisco activity in crude leaf extracts generally paralleled the gas-exchange data, but it was independent of light in T. cordata, suggesting that declining V(m) (cmax) with increasing relative irradiance was related to increasing diffusive resistances from the intercellular air spaces to the sites of carboxylation in this species. Because irradiance had little effect on foliar nitrogen concentration, the relationships of P(B) and P(R) with irradiance were similar to those of V(m) (cmax) and J(m) (max). Shade-intolerant species tended to have greater P(B) and P(R) and also larger V(a) (cmax) and J(a) (max) than more shade-tolerant species. However, for the whole material, P(B) and P(R) varied only about 50%, whereas V(a) (cmax) and J(a) (max) varied more than 15-fold, further emphasizing the importance of leaf anatomical plasticity in determining photosynthetic acclimation to high irradiance. Leaf chlorophyll concentrations and fractional nitrogen investments in light harvesting increased hyperbolically with decreasing irradiance to improve quantum use efficiency for incident irradiance. The effect of irradiance on P(L) was of the same order as its effect in the opposite direction on M(A), leading to either a constant model estimate of leaf absorptance with I(sum) or a slightly positive correlation. We conclude that leaf morphological plasticity is a more relevant determinant of foliage adaptation to high irradiance than foliage biochemical properties, whereas biochemical adaptation to low irradiance is of the same magnitude as the anatomical adjustments. Although shade-tolerant species did not have greater chlorophyll concentrations and P(L) than shade-intolerant species, they possessed lower M(A), and could maintain a more extensive foliar display for light capture with constant biomass investment in leaves.     

广东省林下植物碳含量和热值特征分析

为准确估算广东地区林下植被碳储量和能量,应用湿烧法和氧弹式热量仪法对该地区共计11类林下植物的碳含量和热值进行了测定和分析,结果表明,碳含量大小顺序为杉木(Cunninghamia lance-olata)(下木,505.47 g/kg)>其它灌木(496.36 g/kg)>阔叶类(下木,491.24 g/kg)>岗松(Baeckea frutescens)(491.06 g/kg)>桃金娘(Rhodomyrtus tomentosa)(476.62 g/kg)>竹灌(474.19 g/kg)>大芒(Miscanthus floridulus)(473.60 g/kg)>芒萁(Dicranopteris dichotoma)(469.09 g/kg)>小芒(M.sp.)(452.73 g/kg)>其它草类(411.28 g/kg)>蕨类(387.30 g/kg),总体上遵循下木>灌木>草本的规律;热值大小顺序为下木杉木(19.83 MJ/kg)=下木阔叶类(19.83 MJ/kg)>其它灌木(19.50 MJ/kg)>岗松(19.47 MJ/kg)>桃金娘(19.13 MJ/kg)>芒萁(18.54 MJ/kg)>竹灌(18.11 MJ/kg)>大芒(17.86 MJ/kg)>小芒(17.77 MJ/kg)>蕨类(16.65 MJ/kg)>其它草类(16.35 MJ/kg),同样遵循下木>灌木>草本的规律;植物碳含量与热值之间符合曲线相关,其实验数值大致遵循模型y=0.0003x2-0.1921 x+53.3836,其中x为碳含量(g/kg),y为热值(MJ/kg),R2=0.9077,该模型可用于筛选具有应用潜力的能源植物.     

Analysis of the relationships among O(3) uptake, conductance, and photosynthesis in needles of Pinus ponderosa

We studied the effects of O(3) uptake on conductance (g(wv)) and photosynthesis (A) in needles of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) seedlings exposed for 70 days to one of three O(3) regimes-Low-O(3) (0.1 micro mol mol(-1) daily peak), High-O(3) (0.2 micro mol mol(-1) daily peak), and Low/High-O(3) (alternating 2 days Low-O(3) and 2 days High-O(3)). Seedlings exposed to charcoal-filtered air served as controls. Total O(3) exposures, expressed as ppm-h (the sum of the average hourly concentration in ppm ( micro mol mol(-1)) over the exposure period), were 77, 135, 105 and 4 for the Low-O(3), High-O(3), Low/High-O(3) and control treatments, respectively. Conductance (g(wv)) declined to about 60% of the value in control seedlings by Day 6 in seedlings in the High-O(3) treatment and by Day 37 in seedlings in the Low/High-O(3) treatment, but g(wv) did not decline at all in seedlings in the Low-O(3) treatment. At the end of the 70-day experiment, cumulative O(3) uptake, calculated from measured g(wv) values and assuming an internal O(3) concentration of zero, was 12.2, 13.5, and 14.7 mmol m(-2) for seedlings in the Low-O(3), Low/High-O(3), and High-O(3) treatments, respectively; however, O(3) uptake was reduced by 0, 24, and 36%, respectively, from that expected if there had been no decline in g(wv). With increasing total O(3) exposure, A declined, but the reduction was not strictly cumulative, i.e., A measured on Days 49 and 70 was similar for a given treatment even though both total O(3) exposure and uptake had increased. At the end of the experiment, A at near saturating CO(2) (1000 micro mol mol(-1)) and saturating photosynthetic photon flux density was reduced by about 25, 40 and 50% in seedlings in the Low-O(3), Low/High-O(3) and High-O(3) treatments, respectively, compared to the control seedlings. The ratio of internal to external CO(2) concentrations, an indicator of relative change in stomatal limitation of A, did not change over time and did not differ among treatments, suggesting that A and g(wv) decreased in parallel. After 40-60 days without O(3), A of seedlings in all O(3) treatments was not significantly different. Our data indicate that O(3)-induced stomatal closure was a result of reduced A and that decreased g(wv) reduced O(3) uptake to a rate that needles of ponderosa pine could tolerate without exhibiting further reductions in gas exchange capacity.     

Precommercial thinning as a silvicultural option for treating very dense conifer stands

Lack of available workforce in motor-manual operations has led to increased interest in mechanized precommercial thinning (PCT) treatments. We evaluated 15 years of growth and yield development of a very dense (27,000 stems ha^–1) balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stand after six PCT treatments: (1) motor-manual (MAN), (2) motor-manual with crop tree release (MAN-C), (3) mechanized (MEC), (4) mechanized with residual patches (MEC-P), (5) semi-mechanized (mechanized followed by motor-manual, MEC-S), and (6) unthinned control (CON). Compared to CON, both MAN and MEC-S increased height of balsam fir study trees by 53–56% and diameter at breast height (DBH) by 57–58%. MAN-C and MEC-S increased DBH of black spruce study trees by 15–31% over all other treatments. The proportion of merchantable basal area (BA) was higher in MAN (62%) and MEC-S (56%) than in CON (22%) and MEC (25%), without a reduction in total BA. PCT treatments that provided a uniform distribution of potential crop trees (MAN, MEC-S) performed better than MAN-C and MEC-P, while MEC yielded the poorest responses. Our findings highlight the need to develop new tailored mechanized systems for high wood production and low operational cost.     

Physiological and morphological responses of olive plants to ozone exposure during a growing season

We studied physiological (gas exchange and stomatal aperture) and morphological (individual leaf area and stomatal density) responses in leaves of five-year-old olive plants (Olea europaea L. cvs. Frantoio and Moraiolo) exposed to filtered air containing < 3 ppb O(3) or 100 ppb O(3) for 5 h day(-1) for 120 days in fumigation chambers. After 100 days of treatment, leaf drop and development of necrotic spots were observed in O(3)-fumigated plants of Moraiolo but not of Frantoio. Significant reductions in photosynthetic activity (57%) and stomatal conductance (69%) were detected in O(3)-fumigated plants of Frantoio compared with control plants. In O(3)-fumigated plants of Moraiolo, the decrease in photosynthetic activity (17%) was not statistically significant, but a significant reduction in stomatal conductance (40%) was observed. In both cultivars, leaves that developed after exposure to O(3) showed decreased stomatal aperture (63.6 and 54.8% with respect to the Frantoio and Moraiolo controls, respectively) and one-sided leaf area, and increased stomatal density compared with control leaves. Actual transpiring stomatal surface decreased substantially in both Frantoio (59.8%) and Moraiolo (56.3%) in response to O(3) treatment. Relative transpiring stomatal surface (RTSS) in Frantoio decreased from 0.54 (control) to 0.27% (O(3) treated) of total leaf surface. The corresponding values for Moraiolo were 0.79 and 0.42%. However, because the RTSS of Moraiolo leaves in the O(3) treatment was 0.42 versus 0.27% in Frantoio, the potential uptake of O(3) was higher for Moraiolo plants than for Frantoio plants. The large O(3)-induced reduction in transpiring stomatal surface in both cultivars could have significant effects on olive productivity in the Mediterranean area, where high O(3) concentrations persist for long periods during the year.     

Analyses of delta(13)C and delta(18)O in tree rings of Callitris columellaris provide evidence of a change in stomatal control of photosynthesis in response to regional changes in climate

We examined relationships between stable isotopes of carbon (delta(13)C) and oxygen (delta(18)O) in tree rings of Callitris columellaris F. Muell in the semi-arid Pilbara region of north-western Australia. To test the hypothesis that stomatal control of photosynthesis decreases during drier periods, we developed delta(13)C and delta(18)O chronologies spanning 1919-1999, and used a permutation regression approach to relate a 21-year running correlation between delta(13)C and delta(18)O to rainfall and temperature at Marble Bar and our study site. The relationship between delta(13)C and delta(18)O switched from being always negative before 1955 to being consistently positive after 1976, suggesting an increase in stomatal control of photosynthesis in recent decades. Changes in the delta(13)C-delta(18)O relationship reflected changes in rainfall, which has increased in the region by 30% since 1976. The correlation between delta(13)C and delta(18)O was positively related to the 21-year running mean of normalized rainfall anomalies at both the study site (P = 0.045, Adj. r(2) = 0.47) and Marble Bar (P = 0.046, Adj. r(2) = 0.48). In addition, the delta(13)C-delta(18)O correlation was negatively related (P = 0.047, Adj. r(2) = 0.61) to temperatures at Marble Bar. Our interpretation of the role of changes in climate affecting the relationship between tree-ring delta(13)C and delta(18)O is supported by evidence from the isotope composition of foliage samples: foliar delta(13)C and delta(18)O were negatively correlated with log stomatal conductance (delta(13)C, r = -0.41; delta(18)O, r = -0.42), whereas the correlation between foliar delta(13)C and delta(18)O was positive (r = 0.63, P = 0.027) after the summer wet period. Our data indicate that stomatal control of photosynthesis in Callitris adjusts to region-wide changes in climate and that, in a warmer and drier world, trees might adapt by increasing non-stomatal control of photosynthesis.