Evaluation of malting barley quality using exploratory data analysis. II. The use of kernel hardness and image analysis as screening methods

This paper presents an exploratory investigation of the use of image analysis and hardness analysis of barley kernels for characterisation and prediction of malting quality. A sample set of fifty barley samples representing 15 spring barley and 10 winter barley varieties grown at two locations in Denmark was used. The samples were micro-malted and mashed and analysed for 13 quality parameters according to the official methods of the European Brewery Convention. A sub-sample of the barley samples was analysed on two different single kernel instruments: (1) Foss Tecator GrainCheck was applied for non-destructive recording of single kernel size and shape (width, length, roundness, area, volume and total light reflectance) and (2) Perten Single Kernel Characterization System 4100 was applied for single kernel hardness and weight determinations. The eight variables from these single seed analyses have been used in two different ways, either as means and standard deviations, or as appended histogram spectra representing 250 kernels from each bulk sample. By the two methods, it has been possible to obtain reasonable Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) models for the structural and physical part of the malting quality complex associated to malt modification, but it was as expected impossible to predict the biochemical parameters associated with nitrogen chemistry and enzymatic power. The best model was achieved for (1→3, 1→4)-β-D-glucan in barley. The hardness of the barley kernels is by far the most important variable for describing malting performance. The additional use of the morphological data as acquired by fast non-destructive image analysis, however, also reveals some malting quality information by improving the calibration models based on hardness alone. The brightness of the kernels is by far the most important GrainCheck variable but also kernel size and shape is associated to malting performance. In general, the utilisation of the single kernel readings (used as histogram spectra), compared to sample mean and standard deviation, did not provide additional information for an improved prediction of the malting quality parameters.     

基因型和环境对以色列野生二棱大麦籽粒营养品质的影响

为探讨基因型和生长环境对野生二棱大麦营养性状的影响,对源自以色列不同地区的9个群体60个基因型野生二棱大麦材料在3个环境条件下的籽粒可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸、植酸、无机磷和淀粉含量及粒重进行测定,并对检测数据进行了单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)、相关性网络分析(correlation-based network analysis,CNA)和斯皮尔曼秩相关分析(Spearmanp’s Rho Correlation)。结果表明,野生二棱大麦各被测性状与生长地土壤成分存在显著相关性(P0.01);以色列野生二棱大麦籽粒中无机磷、总淀粉含量和粒重受生长环境和基因型的共同影响,而植酸、可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸含量等性状则主要受生长地环境的影响。     

Application of image analysis for the varietal classification of barley:: Morphological features

This paper presents an exploratory investigation of the application of morphological features in image analysis for varietal classification of Polish spring barley. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of morphological features for classifying individual kernels of five varieties of barley. Furthermore, this study was performed to find the best method to classify kernels of barley with the lowest error of classification. Image processing consisted of several steps: image acquisition, segmentation, external and internal image feature extraction, classification and interpretation. Each barley kernel was described using 74 morphological features. The selection was carried out using three methods based on: Fisher's coefficient, probability of error and average correlation coefficient and mutual information. Principle component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and non-linear discriminant analysis (NDA) were used throughout this paper as the classification methods. The results confirmed that the method using morphological features may be successfully employed in image analysis for preliminary varietal identification of barley kernels. Furthermore, LDA was found to be the method which best separated different varieties of objects.     

大麦HD-Zip基因家族密码子偏好性分析

同源异型域-亮氨酸拉链(homeodomain-leucine zipper,HD-Zip)蛋白在植物生长发育和适应性抗逆过程中发挥着至关重要的调控作用,而密码子偏好性分析是大麦HD-Zip转录因子家族分子进化及功能研究的重要补充。为探究大麦HD-Zip转录因子家族密码子偏好性特征,利用CUSP、CHIPS及CodonW等软件(程序)对32个大麦HD-Zip基因进行了分析。结果显示,大麦HD-Zip家族基因偏好以C或G结尾的密码子,使用频率最高的密码子是CUG,最优密码子为AUC和AGG。该家族基因GC3值分布较分散(0.48~0.98),有62.5%的基因ENC值小于35;GC12与GC3的相关性较强,大多数ENC值频数处于0.03~0.11的范围内,实际ENC值与预期ENC值相近,证明大麦HD-Zip家族基因密码子偏好性较弱,且在进化过程中主要受突变压力的影响。聚类分析表明,基于相对同义密码子使用度的HD-Zip基因聚类与物种进化关系没有必然相关性。对大麦HD-Zip家族代表基因HD-Zip IV 5进行最适受体分析发现,大肠杆菌更适合作为其异源表达受体,遗传转化模式植物中水稻更适合作为该基因的表达受体。本研究为大麦HD-Zip转录因子家族进一步功能研究奠定基础。     

西汉河西走廊谷物及其籽粒特性考证

了解河西走廊农作物种类、食物结构和饮食文化有助于认识东西方物质和文化交流历史。西汉时期,汉王朝大力开发河西走廊地区的农业资源,特别是绿洲农业资源,以满足士兵和移民的粮食和饲料需求,固疆戍边。笔者对甘肃省敦煌市敦煌藏馆提供(由黑河流域牧民收集)的谷物籽粒进行特性分析以及同位素测年,发现敦煌藏馆保留的谷物籽粒形态完整、色泽清晰,直观可辨。这些籽粒包括大麦(Hordeumvulgare L.)、青稞(Hordeumvulgare Linn.var.nudum Hook. f.)、糜子(Panicum miliaceum)和谷子(Setariaitalica)。两批大麦样本的单籽粒平均粒重为0.029 g和0.030 g,最大单籽粒粒重达到0.041 g,但大麦籽粒已无发芽能力。两批青稞单籽粒平均粒重为0.025 g和0.028 g,最大单籽粒粒重达到0.048g。经碳同位素(¹⁴C)测年鉴定,大麦距今2 063～1 898年,青稞距今2 010～1 885年,糜子距今1 994～1 865年,均为西汉时期的谷物籽粒。这一结果对研究东西方物质和文化交流具有重要的历史和学术...     

寒地不同玉米品种影响机收质量关键因素研究

2016年选用本地区主栽的30个品种,开展玉米子粒机收试验,研究寒地玉米子粒机收质量的现状和影响玉米子粒直收质量的关键因素,分析当前寒地不同玉米品种子粒机收质量并分析不同品种子粒机收产量损失与含水率、破碎率、杂质率、落穗损失、落粒损失的关系。结果表明,供试品种收获平均子粒含水率为26.88%,机收破碎率平均为5.24%,杂质率为0.96%,产量损失率为5.20%,其中落穗损失平均为4.39%,落粒损失平均为0.47%。破碎率和产量损失率偏高是当前寒地玉米子粒直收主要问题。各因素相关分析结果表明,含水率与破碎率呈极显著正相关,其中破碎率(y)与子粒含水率(x)符合一元一次方程y=0.268 8x-1.979 4(R~2=0.439 5**,n=90)。寒地玉米宜机收品种应具有早熟、收获子粒含水率低、脱水快且稳产的特性。     

节节麦大穗大粒相关农艺性状的遗传分析

节节麦(Aegilops tauschii,DD)是六倍体普通小麦D基因组的祖先,其自然类群中含有丰富的抗逆、高产基因,利用其与四倍体硬粒小麦合成的六倍体小麦在现代小麦育种中得到了愈来愈多的应用。本课题在野生节节麦类群中发现了大穗、大粒材料AT462,利用其作母本与节节麦材料AT18(强分蘖)杂交;构建了F2、F3群体,通过调查亲本和群体单株的穗长、小穗数、粒长、粒宽和粒重等表型,对这些穗部性状进行了相关性分析和遗传分析。结果表明:(1)在F2和F3群体中,粒重、粒长与穗长之间不存在显著相关性,而且穗长与粒宽之间在两个群体中的平均相关系数绝对值小于0.1,粒重与小穗数之间的相关系数绝对值小于0.2,表明节节麦大粒相关性状不受穗长的影响,受小穗数影响也较小;(2)采用F2单世代分离分析的方法对节节麦AT462×AT18的F2群体大穗、大粒相关性状进行遗传分析,其中穗长受2对具有加性效应的主效基因控制;粒重和小穗数均同时受2对基因的加性效应、显性效应以及互作效应控制,其中加性效应占主导地位;粒长、粒宽均受2对基因的加性效应、显性效应以及互作效应控制,且三种效应较为均衡。这说明控制节节麦粒重、穗长、小穗数等产量性状相关基因的加性效应在遗传中占主导地位,在育种中较易利用,且其主效基因的遗传力达0.9。     

Measurements of reference ISO nozzles by high-speed imaging

Agricultural spray characteristics determine the efficiency of a pesticide application because size and velocity affect droplet trajectory and impact behavior. At present, the relevance of different characterization techniques remains controversial since discrepancies may be significant between measurements performed in different laboratories.A digital image acquisition technique and analysis algorithm is proposed for droplet size and velocimetry measurements as an alternative to well-established techniques such as the Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) or laser diffraction spectrometry (LDS). The algorithm requires double exposed shadow images acquired in a back-lighted arrangement with a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) camera and a pulsed light emitting diode (LED). Spatial illumination heterogeneities are corrected by subtracting from each image a mean background acquired on several images without any particle. The algorithm accuracy is ensured by the rejection of out-of-focus particles using a focus parameter depending on gradient intensity at the particle edges. Thresholds for focus particle selection were determined by studying the evolution of the focus parameter and the error on particle size measurements from images containing droplets with uniform size at various distance of the object plane. Selected droplets were identified on both pairs of images to determine their size and velocity. Droplet size distributions were corrected to account for the uneven sampling probability caused by the volumetric method.Droplet size distributions of a set of reference nozzle/pressure combinations defined in the ISO/DIS 25358 were measured. The image technique was able to distinguish each of the reference sprays well. Comparison with PDPA measurements showed that the imaging technique tends to measure an equivalent Dv₅₀, a lower Dv₁₀ and a higher Dv₉₀ leading therefore to a higher relative span factor. Velocity measurements showed good agreement between both techniques except for one nozzle/pressure combination.     

转ABP9基因冬小麦的抗旱性评价

为了解转ABP9基因冬小麦材料的抗旱性,在雨养和灌溉条件下,对32份转ABP9冬小麦株系及其受体亲本石4185的主要农艺性状和抽穗期部分生理指标进行了测定,并采用隶属函数值法和抗旱性度量(D)值法对其抗旱性进行了综合评价,利用灰色关联度法对相关抗旱性状与抗旱指数之间的关联度进行了分析。结果表明,采用隶属函数值法和D值法评价时,分别有6和10份转基因小麦材料的抗旱性较受体亲本石4185增强。各农艺性状和生理指标依照与抗旱指数的关联度从高到低依次为单穗粒重、结实小穗数、千粒重、穗粒数、叶绿素含量、POD活性、MDA含量、SOD活性、株高、有效分蘖。因此,在对转ABP9基因抗旱小麦进行鉴定筛选时,应主要以单穗粒重、结实小穗数、千粒重、穗粒数等农艺性状作为参考,适当考虑生理指标的影响;由于不同指标或性状对小麦抗旱性的贡献不同,采用抗旱性度量值较平均隶属函数值进行抗旱性综合评价更为可靠。     

Comparison of color techniques to measure the color of parboiled rice

A combination of digital camera, computer and graphic software can provide a less expensive and more versatile technique to determine the surface color of parboiled rice compared to instrumental color measurement. The instrument was used to measure rice powder and whole rice. Pearson correlation coefficients and sample paired t-test on total color difference (ΔE), L and b values were calculated. The value of ΔE of samples from the instrumental technique was 0.69–4.61 (powder), 4.7–10.2 (whole rice) with a coefficient of variance (CV) ranging from 3.5 to 25.3% and from 15.4 to 46.6%. Meanwhile, the digital image technique gave a ΔE value ranging from 4.2 to 13.77 with a CV from 6.3 to 21.2%, respectively. A highly significant correlation (R² = 0.7451, R² = 0.8074, R² = 0.7518,) was obtained for ΔE between instrumental (powder and whole rice), Vision Builder and instrumental (powder), and instrumental (whole rice) and Vision Builder. The chromatic b value of instrumental for powder had a significant correlation with the Vision Builder data (R² = 0.7741). The results suggest that although the digital image provided the surface color of parboiled rice, it was less accurate than the instrumental for powder. Therefore results from the digital image should be interpreted with caution.     

小麦粒重相关分子标记Xgwm46等位变异的鉴定与评价

为评价粒重相关SSR标记Xgwm46在小麦分子育种工作中的应用效果,以442份黄淮麦区小麦品种(系)为材料,鉴定了Xgwm46标记等位变异类型及其分布频率,分析了Xgwm46标记等位变异类型与千粒重、粒长、粒宽和籽粒面积的关联性,并进一步探讨了各种等位变异的育种价值。结果表明,Xgwm46标记可以检测出A、B、C三种类型的等位变异,分布频率分别为31.90%、55.20%和12.90%。关联分析表明,B类型与C类型材料的千粒重(P0.001)、粒长(P0.05)、粒宽(P0.001)和籽粒面积(P0.001)等粒重性状的差异都达到显著水平,而且B类型与粒重性状均呈显著正相关,C类型与粒重性状均呈显著负相关。B类型比C类型的材料平均粒长长0.16mm,粒宽宽0.10mm,籽粒面积大0.81mm2,千粒重重1.98g,其等位变异效应较突出。总之,Xgwm46标记适合用于小麦粒重农艺性状的鉴定与筛选,其中,B类型是粒重性状优异的等位变异,可应用于小麦分子标记辅助选择育种。     

大麦在网斑病菌侵染后的转录组学分析

近年来,由子囊菌亚门真菌网斑病菌(Pyrenophora teres)引起的大麦网斑病在我国大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.)主产区大面积发生并流行,导致大麦产量和品质下降。为探索大麦响应网斑菌侵染的分子机制,以抗网斑病种质材料BYT-CYA3（B）和敏感型材料美41/I（M）为研究对象,利用转录组测序技术（RNA-Sep）,分析了2个材料在接种网斑病菌后不同时间点的基因表达差异。结果表明,对比网斑病菌侵染后不同时间点的转录组测序数据,共鉴定出35 545个差异表达基因;网斑病侵染大麦3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h和72 h时,抗病材料与敏感型材料间富集到GO和KEGG途径的差异表达基因数目有明显区别;共获得435个网斑病菌侵染诱导表达基因;共筛选出182个主要参与过氧化物酶体（peroxisome）、代谢途径（metabolic pathways）、MAPK信号传导途径-植物（MAPK signaling pathway-plant）、植物-病原体相互作用（plant-pathogen）、植物激素信号转导（plant hormone signal transduction）、次生代谢物生物合成（biosynthesis of secondary metabolites）等生物学过程的差异表达基因,推测这些基因与大麦响应网斑病菌侵染有关。随机从中选取10个基因进行了荧光定量PCR检测,并对其转录组测序结果进行定量分析,发现荧光定量PCR结果与转录结果趋势一致。本试验从分子水平初步探索了大麦对网斑病菌侵染的响应机制,为深入研究抗病基因提供了候选基因。     

Barley (1→3; 1→4)-β-glucan and arabinoxylan content are related to kernel hardness and water uptake

Harder kernels in barley are thought to be a factor affecting the modification of the endosperm during malting by restricting water and enzyme movement within the endosperm. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between kernel hardness, water uptake and the endosperm composition in barley. A range of barley samples from 2003 and 2004 crops were analyzed for kernel hardness by the Single Kernel Characterization System, water uptake during steeping and chemical composition of the endosperm including (1→3; 1→4)-β-glucan, arabinoxylan and total protein. Both (1→3; 1→4)-β-glucan and arabinoxylan content of the endosperm were correlated significantly with kernel hardness in barley samples from both 2003 (r=0.873 and 0.601, respectively, p<0.01) and 2004 seasons (r=0.764 and 0.501, respectively, p<0.01). Hardness of the kernel was highly correlated with its water uptake in both 2003 and 2004 samples (r=−0.853 and −0.752, respectively, p<0.01). β-Glucan content of the endosperm was also correlated significantly with the kernel water uptake for both years (2003: r=−0.752, p<0.01; 2004: r=−0.551, p<0.01). Arabinoxylan content of the endosperm was correlated significantly with the kernel water uptake for the 2003 barley but not for 2004 barley (2003: r=−0.523, p<0.01; 2004: r=−0.151, p>0.01). Protein content of the endosperm was not correlated with the kernel hardness in either year. These results demonstrate that endosperm cell wall components may have significant impact on kernel hardness as well as water uptake of barley.     

大麦ARF基因家族的全基因组分析

生长素响应因子(auxin response factor,ARF)基因家族是植物特有的转录因子家族,在调控植物生长发育过程中起到重要作用。而关于大麦ARF基因家族全基因组分析的研究尚未见报道。为进一步探讨大麦ARF基因的功能,以公布的大麦栽培品种Morex的基因组数据为基础,采用生物信息学方法鉴定了大麦ARF基因,并对其结构、染色体分布、蛋白保守结构域、系统进化树及表达谱进行了分析。结果表明,共鉴定出了17个大麦ARF基因,除4号染色体外,其余6条染色体上均有分布,片段复制事件是大麦ARF基因家族的主要扩张方式;HvARF蛋白均具有保守的B3结构域和Auxin_resp结构域,而Aux/IAA结构域仅存在于12个HvARF蛋白中,且不同蛋白所含该结构域1~2个不等;不同植物中ARF基因在功能上具有保守性;不同组织器官中HvARF基因的表达存在明显的差异。     

大麦耐盐相关性状的全基因组关联分析

为挖掘控制大麦耐盐相关性状的重要位点及候选基因,以国内外不同遗传背景的164份大麦品种为材料,在大麦萌发期,用200 mmol·L^-1NaCl处理种子,测定大麦相对发芽率、生根数、根长、芽长、鲜重5个指标并分析其相关性。结果发现,200 mmol·L^-1NaCl处理显著影响了大麦的生长,5个被测指标的变异系数为20.29%~63.00%。除相对发芽率外,其他性状间均呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.41~0.68。通过全基因组关联分析,发现148个SNP位点与大麦耐盐性显著关联;筛选出5个可靠SNP位点,分别分布在1号、 2号、3号、6号、7号染色体上。通过比较大麦基因组,挖掘出26个可能与大麦耐盐性状密切相关的候选基因,包括HORVU7Hr1G097370和HORVU7Hr1G097390编码碱性亮氨酸拉链域转录因子家族蛋白、HORVU7Hr1G096920编码高亲和K⁺转运体、多个基因家族编码过氧化物酶超家族蛋白等。这些候选基因可为大麦耐盐品种选育提供参考。     

Effect of particle size on kinetics of starch digestion in milled barley and sorghum grains by porcine alpha-amylase

The influence of milled grain particle size on the kinetics of enzymatic starch digestion was examined. Two types of cereals (barley and sorghum) were ground, and the resulting grounds separated by size using sieving, with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 3 mm. In vitro enzymatic digestion was performed, using pancreatic alpha-amylase, amyloglucosidase and protease, to determine fractional-digestion rates over 24 h. The resulting glucose production rate data were well fitted by simple first-order kinetics. For each sieve screen size, the digestion rate of barley was always higher than that of sorghum. The rate coefficients for digestion showed a decrease with increasing size, and could be well fitted by an inverse square relationship. This is consistent with the supposition that starch digestion in these systems is controlled by diffusion of enzyme through the grain fragment. Apparent diffusion coefficients of alpha-amylase obtained by fitting the size dependence were 0.76 (sorghum) and 1.7 (barley) × 10⁻⁷ cm² s⁻¹, 9 (sorghum) and 4 (barley) times slower than predicted for a molecule of the size of alpha-amylase in water.     

大麦转录因子基因 HvNAC1的克隆及功能初探

NAC转录因子家族是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物的生长发育及植物参与生物与非生物胁迫过程中起重要作用。本研究通过分析感染大麦温和花叶病毒(Barley mild mosaic virus,BaMMV)的大麦转录组测序结果,获得表达上调的基因 HORVU5Hr1G011650,基因注释为 HvNAC1。通过生物信息学分析发现该基因全长915 bp,编码304个氨基酸,分子量为33.3 kDa,理论等电点为9.21,在14～141位氨基酸之间含有NAC转录因子家族保守结构域。系统进化分析发现,该基因与小麦、拟南芥中的NAC转录因子同源性较高。组织表达分析发现,该基因在大麦的不同生长时期均有表达,在结实后期和外颖壳中表达量较高。农杆菌介导的烟草亚细胞定位实验表明,该基因定位于细胞核中。在酵母实验中,发现 HvNAC1具有完整的转录因子活性。     

广义复相关系数及其在小麦育种上的应用

为了解决多个因变量Y和多个自变量X之间的相关分析,假设X与Y的联合正态分布已知,而且X与Y存在线性相依,提出广义复相关系数的定义、估计和检验。广义复相关系数是简单相关系数和复相关系数的自然推广,应用上更为方便。     

100份大麦种质资源成株期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

为了筛选大麦抗旱新种质及成株期抗旱性指标,以100份大麦种质为材料,连续2年在大麦生长期降水量不足40 mm的甘肃省敦煌试验站种植,试验设置正常灌水和干旱胁迫2个处理,通过测定100份大麦种质材料的株高（PH）、穗长（SL）、穗粒数（GNS）、分蘖数（TN）、有效分蘖（ET）、单株生物量（IB）、千粒重（TGW）和产量（Y）,采用抗旱性度量值（D）、综合抗旱系数（CDC）、加权抗旱系数（WDC）、相关分析、频次分析、灰色关联分析、主成分分析等方法,鉴定了100份大麦种质的抗旱性,并进行了抗旱指标的筛选。结果表明,干旱胁迫对大麦成株期株高、穗长、单株生物量、分蘖数、有效分蘖数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均有极显著影响。通过对大麦成株期抗旱能力的综合评价指标进行分析,发现D值与WDC值相结合可以较为准确地评价大麦成株期的抗旱性;单株生物量、穗粒数、分蘖数、有效分蘖和株高可作为评价大麦成株期抗旱性的指标;成株期抗旱性较强的种质有S-130、BNOC168、LL-53、资源160-早熟3号、IL-18、Z16、沾益红毛大麦和资源21-6B98-9339。     

Use of Aspergillus flavus to evaluate relative nutritive value of barley cultivars intended for incorporation in animal diets

Thrity-six barley cultivars were analyzed for relative nutritive value, using the fungusAspergillus flavus. The protein content ranged from 7.8 to 14.7% and dye-binding capacity (DBC) ranged between 180 to 260. When additional glucose was not supplied in the medium containing barley samples at equal nitrogen level the biomass was low (76.3 mg average) and the correlation between the biomass and protein % and DBC were r=–0.97** and –0.65** respectively. When additional glucose was provided, theAspergillus biomass increased significantly (114.5 mg average) but the correlation between the biomass and protein % or DBC was reduced. When extra glucose was supplied at the start of the experiment, some native starch was left unutilized and this was avoided by incorporating glucose 43 h after the start of the experiment. In such experiments the biomass improved significantly in some samples and a better correlation between the biomass and protein % and DBC was noticed (r=–0.70** and –0.53**) respectively.

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Zusammenfassung Unter Verwendung des PilzesAspergillus flavus, wurden 36 Kultursorten der Gerste auf ihren relativen Nährwert analysiert. Der Proteingehalt variierte zwischen 7,8 und 14,7%, die Farbbingungs-Kapazität (Dye-binding capacity, DBC), zwischen 180 und 260. Wenn zum Medium keine Glucose zusätzlich gegeben wurde, enthielten die Gerstenproben — auf gleiche Stickstoffbasis bezogen — eine geringere Biomasse (76,3 mg im Durchschnitt). Die Korrelation zwischen Biomasse und Protein in Prozent sowie der DBC war r=0,97** bzw. –0,65**. Wenn zusätzliche Glucose verabfolgt wurde, stieg die Aspergillus-Biomasse signifikant auf 114,5 mg im Durchschnitt an. Jedoch verminderte sich die Korrelation zwischen Biomasse und Protein in Prozent und DBC. Wenn bei Beginn des Versuchs Glucose zusätzlich bereitgestellt wurde, blieb etwas native Stärke ungenutzt zurück. Dies war die Ursache dafür, daß Inkorporierung von Glucose 43 Stunden nach Beginn des Experiments vermieden wurde. In solchen Versuchen vermehrte sich die Biomasse in einigen Proben signifikant. Dabei wurde eine bessere Korrelation zwischen Biomasse und Protein in Prozent sowie DBC beobachtet (r=–0,70** bzw. –0.53**).