不同工作姿态下立式双曲面网板水动力及周围流场特性研究

网板是单拖网中实现网具扩张的重要属具,其稳定状态直接决定拖网网口扩张程度,进而影响渔获效率和经济效益。该研究以立式双曲面网板为研究对象,利用水槽模型试验和数值模拟(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)探究立式双曲面网板在不同倾斜状态(内、外倾斜,前、后倾斜)和冲角下的水动力性能变化,并对网板周围流场和表面压力进行可视化。结果显示:1)模型试验和数值模拟的网板升力系数均在倾角为0°,冲角为25°时达到最大值,分别为1.69和1.88;而两者的阻力系数均随倾角增大逐渐减小。2)模型试验和数值模拟的升阻比均随倾角增大逐渐减小;当内倾角为5°时,两者的升阻比均达到最大,分别为3.27和3.69。3)压力中心系数Cpb随倾角变化基本保持不变;但当网板处于前倾状态时,Cpc随倾角增大而增加;而网板处于后倾状态时,Cpc随倾角增大逐渐减小。4)CFD结果显示,网板中心面后部旋涡随倾角增大逐渐减小;当网板处于内、外倾状态时,前端流速衰减区随倾角增大逐渐增加;但当网板处于前、后倾状态时,衰减区随倾角增大逐渐减小;网板处于前倾状态时,压力中心随倾角增大逐渐向网板上端翼弦移动,网板处于后倾状态时则出现相反结果。研究结果可为今后研究网板稳定性和合理使用及调整网板提供科学参考。     

Study on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the rectangular V-type otter board using computational fluid dynamics

The hydrodynamic performance of the rectangular V-type otter board is studied by two kinds of numerical simulation methods. The model tests are conducted in the flume tank as well as a comparison to the numerical results. It is found that the CFX analysis is better at simulating the forces, especially for predicting the maximum lift coefficient and the maximum lift-drag ratio. On the other hand the FLUENT analysis is better at simulating the velocity field. The full-scale otter board is then studied by means of CFX simulation to investigate their hydrodynamic performance. The results show that the otter board will be optimized when the aspect ratio is set to 0.490 with a dihedral angle (Г) of 17°. It is confirmed that the numerical simulation is a powerful tool in studying the hydrodynamic characteristics of the otter board and is useful in designing and optimizing otter boards.     

Fundamental studies on the hydrodynamic resistance of small pot traps

ABSTRACT:   The hydrodynamic resistance of small pot traps has been conducted in order to establish some basic information. The specific objectives of the study was to measure the hydrodynamic force and estimate the critical setting condition for traps. Five types of traps with different materials were used in the experiment: a netted semi-cylinder shape, a wire semi-cylinder shape, a heart shape, a box shape, and a cylinder shape. The hydrodynamic force of each trap was measured in a flume tank. Flow speeds in the flume tank were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 m/s. Attack angles for this study were 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 degrees. At an attack angle of 0 degrees the main axis of the trap was parallel to the water flow and at 90 degrees it was vertical. The values of the hydrodynamic drag coefficient varied with traps: netted semi-cylinder shape, 2.75–5.96; wire semi-cylinder shape, 2.81–4.49; heart shape, 2.77–3.66; box shape, 2.39–2.97; and for cylinder shape, 3.57–3.67. The flow speed (0.5 m/s) was effective to set the netted semi-cylinder, wire semi-cylinder, box, and cylinder shaped traps. The same flow speed applied to the heart-shaped trap was only effective to a maximum of 30 degrees attack angles and below.     

Strategies for improving fuel efficiency in the Portuguese trawl fishery

The recent rise in oil prices has brought renewed attention to energy savings in the fishing industry, and particularly in trawling. Coastal trawlers spend most of their time on fishing grounds near the coast. In such cases, the most successful energy-saving modifications ought to result from changes in the fishing gear and towing conditions. The purpose of this study was to identify the energy-economy potential for Portuguese fish trawlers after altering a vessel's operating conditions and improving its trawl gear performance. Two trawlers, named Tricana de Aveiro and João Macedo were selected as subjects in this project. Both vessels work with gear of similar design and size. Experimental sea trials were carried out to elucidate the actual vessel and gear performance. A model trawl was then built and tested in a flume tank, which provided the basis for improving the gear design. Full-scale trials were then carried out with both vessels using the modified trawls in order to assess changes in gear performance. The new trawls maintained their previous ability to catch species of different ecological groups and consumed less fuel at the same commercial trawling speed. An economic study showed potential increases in the net cash flow (NCF) of up to 27% over the range of operational navigation and trawling speeds. Having demonstrated the performance of the new trawls, the skippers of both vessels subsequently adopted the new design for commercial fishing.     

Experimental study of the drag on fine-mesh netting

The hydrodynamic forces on netting have been investigated by many researchers. They proposed equations to estimate the drag and lift coefficients of the netting, taking the effects of the Reynolds number and solidity ratio into account. However, there are few studies on the hydrodynamic forces on netting with a fine mesh, which is sometimes used in Japan for farming small fish, such as young sardines. The size of the fine mesh is a few millimeters, whereas the solidity ratio of the netting is similar to that of standard netting. The drag on fine-mesh netting may increase because of the effects of blocking. In the present study, the drag on fine-mesh netting was examined by means of a towing experiment in a water tank. The experiment included an investigation of the drag on a planar net, a half-circular net, a circular net, and a circular net with a bottom, to understand the effect of the attack angle of the water current and wake. As a result, the drag coefficient of the plane net was in the range of those proposed in the previous studies. The effect of the attack angle of the water current was approximately reproduced by the cosine function. The reduction factors for the water current velocity through the circular net also agreed with those proposed in the previous studies, whereas it was approximately at the maximum among the previous estimations. Consequently, the drag on fine-mesh netting could be well explained by the estimates from the previous studies. However, the drag at the bottom of the net, parallel to the water current, was overestimated if hydrodynamic forces act on each transverse twine normal to the flow direction. The effects of the interactions among the twines, which are aligned parallel to the flow direction, should be specifically examined as a future study.     

扩张帆布对大型中层拖网性能的影响

针对我国引进的大型中层拖网所使用的扩张帆布,通过拖网模型试验,设计了三种面积和三种不同冲角的扩张帆布调整试验,并比较了使用扩张帆布与使用塑料浮子对网具性能的影响。结果表明：网口拉紧长度1040m,网口网目为a=20m六角形网目的大型中层拖网,使用长度为100m手纲、长度为48m叉纲、重锤重量为320kg×2、下袖端间距68．4m时,在帆布面积调整试验中,当冲角前纲长度为17．2m,冲角后纲长度为17．6m,拖速为2．57m·s^-1条件下,使用5．0m^2的扩张帆布比4．0m^2网口高度可提高11．92％,网具阻力上升6．74％,能耗系数下降6．5％。在冲角调整试验中,使用5．0m^2的扩张帆布,当冲角后纲的长度固定为17．6m,冲角前纲的长度从17．2m缩短为16．4m时,网口高度下降26．36％,网具阻力下降11．22％,能耗系数上升24．1％。大型中层拖网使用扩张帆布比使用塑料浮子在不同的拖速下网口高度变化幅度小,在高拖速时,有网口高、能耗系数低的优势,但在拖速低于2．06m·s^-1时,网口垂直扩张和能耗系数没有优势。试验的长宽比为20的扩张帆布的升力系数Cy可达1．16左右。     

Dynamic simulation of tuna longline gear using numerical methods

ABSTRACT:   The underwater shape and hook depth of tuna longline gear are important factors determining fishing performance. In this study, how the shape of tuna longline gear changes in response to sea conditions and gear rigging is explained. Physical models of underwater gear shape were made to simulate fishing gear and analyzed according to the direction and velocity of currents. Then experiments with small-scale models were conducted in a flume tank to confirm the accuracy of the simulation analysis. Finally, the simulation was examined relative to actual longline fishing gear. This approach provided an improvement over previous analytical methods that did not consider fishing gear shape in response to different sea conditions. A useful result is an improved understanding of the relationship between ocean currents and the configuration of longline gear (the shortening ratio, and number of hooks per basket). These factors affect hook depth which, in turn, affects selectivity. Application of these results could lead to more effective and efficient fishing under different sea conditions.     

Analysis of the hydrodynamic characteristics of chain-link woven copper alloy nets for fish cages

Copper alloy nets have drawn attention from researchers and fishermen as an alternative to fabric nets for fish cages, due to such advantages as protection from predators, better cage volume retention, and good resistance to bio-fouling. The drag and lift coefficients of nine chain-link woven copper alloys and three knotless fabric nets were derived using a circulating water channel and structural analysis of the nets. The flow through one copper alloy net was visualized using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to understand better the hydrodynamic characteristics necessary for the use of the net in a fish cage. The trends in behavior of the drag and lift coefficients for the copper alloy nets based on various attack angles and current speeds were highly similar to those of the fabric nets. The coefficients of the copper alloy nets were larger than those of the fabric nets for attack angles less than 30°. For angles greater than 30°, the coefficients of the fabric nets were larger than those of the copper alloy nets. These results might be attributed to structural differences between the two nets, as well as the roughness of the surfaces. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the alloy nets were illustrated using PIV, and a difference in the structure of the net was observed to reduce the resistance when the net was set against the current with an attack angle of 90°.     

南麂列岛海域两种框型人工鱼礁水动力性能试验

为改良南麂列岛海域投放的人工鱼礁礁体存在的沉陷、位移现象,试验研究了人工鱼礁水动力性能,并进行对比验证.采用水槽试验方法,对两种框型人工鱼礁模型在5种水流速度(0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35 m/s)和4种迎流角(0°、15°、30°、45°)条件下的阻力进行测定,并计算阻力系数.以水槽试验所测得的阻...     

立式V型曲面网板的水动力性能

采用正交优选法来考察网板板面折角、展弦比以及后退角对立式V型曲面网板水动力性能的影响。试验结果证明影响网板水动力性能的最重要的因素是网板板面折角,其次是展弦比和后退角。当网板的板面曲率为14%、板面折角为12°、展弦比为1.60、后退角为10°时,网板具有较高的水动力性能。当冲角为25°和28°时,网板的升力系数均为1.68。另外,通过对优选网板添加模拟海底的试验证明,网板在底层作业时,其临界冲角从28°减小为25°;在常用工作冲角范围内,网板在底层时的扩张性能要高于中层,同时,网板的升阻比也略有上升,并能在较宽的冲角范围内持续保持较高的扩张性能。     

The development of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) for aquaculture

A prototype remotely operated vehicle (ROV) is being developed for use in aquaculture. The initial task for which the ROV has been built is to carry video cameras to provide pictures of fish for automatic image analysis. This paper explains the constraints on the design of the ROV, arising from hydrodynamic and practical considerations, and how these have been accommodated. The results of tank tests and field trials are reported.     

Flume tank and in situ trials for verification of static and dynamic methods for gear depth and underwater behavior of hairtail trolling lines

We investigated the underwater shapes of trolling lines for the improvement of hairtail fishing efficiency. Two sets of experiments were carried out, one on a small scale, where flume tank tests of four models were scaled down by a ratio of 1:10 and trolled at different speeds, and another at full scale, comprising a survey on board a commercial fleet. In situ trials were conducted off the coast of Jeju Island, South Korea, at 33°27′57.528″N, 126°55′48.846″E, a potential fishing ground for hairtail fishing. The full-scale gear was set by altering sinker weights whilst changing the length of the warp line at different towing speeds. A dynamic method using a mass-spring technique and full-scale gear was developed. External and internal forces that govern the motion of the gear were considered. A non-linear differential equation of motion was developed, solved by a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method at a time step of 5?×?10^?4 s for each trial. A static method was also developed using full-scale gear to predict the equilibrium gear configuration under all fishing conditions. The dynamic method better predicts the actual underwater performance of trolling line gear in real time.     

Acoustical monitoring of fish density,behavior, and growth rate in a tank

A challenge for the aquaculture community has long been the development of harmless techniques for monitoring fish in a tank. Acoustic telemetry has been used to monitor fish swimming behavior, and passive acoustics have been used to monitor fish feeding, but new techniques are needed to monitor non-invasively their numbers and growth rates. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the acoustical total scattering cross section of fish swimming in a tank can be measured from multiple reverberation time series. These measurements have been used successfully to estimate the number of fish in a tank in laboratory conditions, and to characterize their acoustical signatures. Here, we introduce a novel method for acoustically monitoring fish numerical density and behavior, and measuring their growth rates over long periods of time. These measurements can be performed remotely, without human interaction with the fish, and are harmless. To demonstrate the efficiency of these techniques, the number of sea bass, as well as the behaviors of sardines, rockfish and sea bass, in different tanks were monitored. Also, the growth rates of a group of starved sardines and a group of fed sardines were measured acoustically, over 1 month. For comparison, their average weight was measured once per week.     

Fluid dynamic resistance for the trolling depressor

ABSTRACT: The mechanism of deciding a posture of the trolling depressor in the towing was investigated. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the trolling depressor, which has been widely used by Japanese coastal fishermen, were investigated using models with a 394.5 cm² plane form area in different shapes and cambers. These models were rigged for an attack angle from −10° to 90°. The lift, drag and moment were measured by a three-component load cell in the circulating water tank. The difference in the shape of the trolling depressor did not affect the drag coefficient. Superior efficiency of the trolling depressor is considered to be due to the effect of camber. The position of the pressure center very near the front edge makes the trolling depressor move downward. Disagreement of points between the towing point and the pressure center accelerated the swinging movement of the trolling depressor.     

Induction of Spawning in the Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

With the advent of sea cucumber aquaculture in the South Pacific region, a reliable method is needed to induce large numbers of animals to spawn in captivity. Broodstock of the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra , collected from Stradbroke Island, Moreton Bay (27°90'N, 153°24'E) Australia, during the reproductive season from October to January, were used in spawning trials. During the 1997–1998 summer between one to five weeks of captivity, 100% of animals were induced to spawn in four trials at dusk on or close to a new or full moon, using nine males and nine females contained in a Reln tank and 30 cm of filtered sea water, using a 3–5 C temperature shock. H. scabra was induced to spawn in small numbers during the 1996–1997 summer despite a marked degree of weight loss, and all animals spawned during 1997–1998 with minimal loss of weight. The difference in the number of spawned eggs between animals of similar size and mean numbers of spawned eggs in consecutive trials decreased the longer animals were held in captivity before spawning. The hatch rate of eggs was reduced significantly for broodstock held for more than one month. Hatch rate and numbers of spawned eggs are important indicators of egg viability of broodstock maintained in captivity for an extended period.     

基于SIMA的重力式网箱阻力性能计算

近年来，深远海渔业养殖装备已引起国内外相关领域的广泛关注，其中网衣系统是渔业平台的重要组成部分。网衣属于小尺度柔性构件，在水动力作用下会产生变形，其阻力性能预报归于水弹性问题的范畴。目前，出现了1种较先进的基于非线性有限元的网衣水动力计算方法，该方法将势流理论与有限元方法相结合，用于求解网衣受力和变形。文章采用该方法计算一型重力式网箱的阻力性能，并将计算结果与试验数据进行比较，结果表明，采用该方法可以较好地预报网衣阻力性能，从而为开展大型深远海渔业平台网衣系统的阻力计算夯实基础。     

Response of offshore cultivated Laminaria saccharina to hydrodynamic forcing in the North Sea

The aim of the presented investigation was to test the sensibility of macroalgal aquaculture in offshore wind farms in the North Sea and to find arguments for the choice of appropriate sites among the planned wind farms. Based on experience with an offshore aquaculture farm of Laminaria saccharina conducted in 2002, we assessed the maximum hydrodynamic forces affecting farmed algae by applying the model software “WaveLoad”. Drag measured in a towing tank was considerably higher on algae with a more ruffled margin and wider blade collected from sheltered environments than on flat and narrow farmed Laminaria despite comparable blade areas. Drag varied according to frond size, current velocity and acceleration reaction. Dislodgement of laminarian holdfasts and the forces necessary to break the stipe depended on blade length and surface area. Neither did our measured nor our calculated values of drag exceed those forces, provided the algae had been grown in a current > 1 m s^− 1. Even in storm conditions with maximum current velocities of 1.52 m s^− 1 and wave heights of up to 6.4 m can cultivated L. saccharina withstand the high energy environment.     

不同强度和颜色的光对仿刺参幼参聚集行为的影响

在水温9.0~16.0℃下,进行了2个室内受控实验,研究不同强度和颜色的光对仿刺参幼参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenka（）体质量0.10~0.17 g）聚集行为的影响。实验1：将仿刺参幼参放在覆以黑色塑料布的白色塑料水槽（50 cm×40 cm×30 cm）中,在距水槽7 cm的一端分别放置15 W、25 W、40 W、60 W和100 W的白炽灯泡,连续照射24 h,每隔2 h观察、记录仿刺参在水槽中不同区域的分布。实验2：在微流水的循环水槽中央的大方槽中放50头大小均一的健康仿刺参幼参,水槽底部有1.5 cm高的空隙与两侧的6个小方槽相通。5个小方槽中上方分别放红、黄、绿、蓝、白色的节能灯,波长分别为639、587、548和435 nm,另一个小方槽中无光照作对照。在循环水槽上方加盖不透光的厚纸板,12 h光照＋12 h黑暗,每隔3 h观察记录仿刺参在各小方槽中的数量,4 d为一个实验周期,重复8次。结果表明：在实验光照强度下,仿刺参均在距光源最远的Ⅳ区域中数目较多,其中40 W（光照强度为12~19 lx）时聚集的最多。仿刺参在红色光区的聚集数目明显高于其它光色区,其中红光与蓝光、白光差异极显著（P〈0.01）,红光与黑暗对照差异显著（P〈0.05）,白光与绿光差异显著（P〈0.05）。实验发现,红色光为仿刺参敏感的光色。     

欧洲地区选择性虾拖网渔具的研究进展

为减少副渔获物的兼捕,提高拖网渔具选择性,栅型兼捕减少装置已在底拖网渔业中得到广泛应用。兼捕减少装置水动力变化影响着鱼类接触后的行为反应,从而决定着装置的分隔效率和选择性效果。实验通过动水槽模型探究3种不同规格的栅栏 (Grid-0.3栅、Grid -0.4栅、Grid -0.5栅)分别在倾角30°、45°和60°,3种状态下对网囊网目张开程度、空间形态和阻力的影响效果。结果发现,① 无栅栏网囊的网目平均张开角度22°±5°。设置Grid-0.4栅和Grid-0.5栅网囊的网目平均张开角度较无栅栏网囊分别增大了3.3%和18.8%;而设置Grid-0.3栅网囊的网目平均张开角度减少了9.2%。②Grid-0.4栅对网囊形态影响程度最小,贴合网囊流线型;Grid-0.3栅和Grid-0.5栅使网囊发生扭曲形变。③设置Grid-0.3栅的网囊,不同倾角下的阻力差异较小,与无栅栏网囊的阻力相近。以不同倾角设置Grid-0.4栅和Grid-0.5栅的网囊,平均网囊阻力分别比无栅栏网囊的阻力高12.7%和24.4%。除Grid-0.3-A-30°栅外,有模拟渔获物条件下,网囊阻力均随栅栏倾角和规格的增大而增加。本研究对我国底拖网选择性研究和对保护近底层渔业资源具有重要意义。

     

西非海域单船底拖网的试验研究-Ⅰ四片式拖网的设计与试验

以1029 kW六片式拖网为母型,设计四片式拖网,并进行水槽模型试验,分析其水动力性能。研究结果表明:通过改进上下纲结构形式、调整上下纲比例和背侧网比例,四片式拖网的水动力性能得到了较大的提高。当拖速为3.5 kn时,四片式拖网的阻力仅为44.57 kN,网口高度达5.9 m,水动力性能系数为2.32 m2/kN,能耗系数为1.20 kW.h/104m3。