一种新型发酵乳的工艺配方优化研究

对双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌发酵生产凝固型发酵乳的工艺配方进行研究。结果表明,二次发酵生产新型发酵乳中的最佳工艺配方为双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌混合发酵剂接种量5.5%,菌种比例1∶1.5,37℃条件下发酵4.0 h,二次加入4.0%混合发酵剂(保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌比例为1∶1),发酵温度42℃,发酵时间2.5 h。采用该工艺生产的发酵乳凝乳状态良好、口感细腻、酸甜适中、奶香味纯厚,产品酸度88°T,活菌数可达3.88×10~(10)CFU/m L。     

胡萝卜菠萝酸奶的研制

以鲜牛乳和胡萝卜、菠萝为主要原料,以保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和双歧杆菌作为发酵剂,采用感官品质评价和正交试验方法,研究胡萝卜菠萝酸奶的加工工艺。结果表明,胡萝卜菠萝酸奶加工制作的最佳配方及工艺条件为:在鲜牛乳中添加10%的胡萝卜和菠萝汁(胡萝卜汁∶菠萝汁=1∶2),8%的白砂糖,菌种添加量为4%(保加利亚乳杆菌∶嗜热链球菌∶双歧杆菌=1∶2∶1),在42℃下发酵4 h,经冷却后熟后,制得的胡萝卜菠萝酸奶具有均匀的橙红色和独特的胡萝卜菠萝风味,其凝块均匀一致,表面细腻光滑,硬度、黏度适中,酸甜可口,清爽润喉,无异味,无或有少量的乳清析出,符合酸奶标准。     

龙眼发酵乳酸饮料工艺优化研究

以新鲜龙眼肉为主要原料,用川秀乳酸菌酸奶发酵粉(内含保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌)进行乳酸发酵,通过L9(34)正交设计法进行发酵条件优化。通过感官评定的分析方法得出最佳工艺将龙眼浆(龙眼∶水=1∶8质量比)121℃灭菌20 min,脱脂奶粉与龙眼浆1∶5(W/W)混合,冷却,添加0.15%(W/W)发酵剂,于42℃下发酵8 h,快速破乳同时将龙眼酸奶与水按照1∶1(体积比)混匀,并添加柠檬酸0.2%,蔗糖0.9%,复合型稳定剂(琼脂∶果胶∶单甘酯=4∶1∶1)0.3%,混合均匀。配制成具有龙眼风味、营养性突出的发酵型饮料,为工业化生产提供参考。     

果汁大豆酸奶的研制

果汁大豆酸奶是以果汁、大豆、白砂糖、鲜牛奶为原料,经保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌发酵而制成的一种高蛋白、低脂肪的营养保健品。研究内容包括接种量的大小、豆乳和牛乳配比、果汁添加量等对果汁大豆酸奶形成的风味变化及其影响。实验结果表明,接种量5%最适合豆乳和牛乳的混合原料液发酵;豆乳与牛乳的配比为2∶3,蔗糖添加量8%,果汁添加量10%较好。     

南瓜汁乳酸发酵饮料工艺的研究

以南瓜为主要原料,采用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜链球菌(1∶1)进行发酵制作南瓜发酵饮料,通过正交实验确定发酵最优工艺条件与配方,结果表明,南瓜浆∶水(W/W)为1∶1.75、蔗糖添加量为7%、蛋白糖为0.05%、乳酸菌接种量为5%、发酵温度为40℃、发酵时间为8h,所得到的南瓜汁乳酸发酵饮料产品,其外观均一稳定,口感酸甜适中,风味独特。     

植物乳杆菌发酵法制取香菇柄膳食纤维的研究

以香菇柄为原料,植物乳杆菌为发酵菌种,以接种量、发酵时间、发酵温度、料液比和初始p H对水溶性膳食纤维(SDF)产率的影响为考察指标,通过单因素和正交试验优化植物乳杆菌发酵法制取香菇柄膳食纤维的工艺,分析发酵前后香菇柄中膳食纤维的主要成分和理化性质差异。结果表明,发酵法制取香菇柄膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件为:植物乳杆菌接种量1.5%,发酵时间48 h,发酵温度37℃,初始p H 6.5,料液比1∶12(g/m L)。在此条件下得到香菇柄SDF产率为(3.64±0.08)%,所制取的香菇柄膳食纤维的膨胀力、持水力、持油力和阳离子交换力分别为(15.55±0.07)m L·g~(-1)、(14.16±0.12)g·g~(-1)、(6.22±0.19)g·g~(-1)和(0.16±0.01)mmol·g~(-1),与原料相比,膳食纤维的纯度和理化性质均得到一定提高。利用乳酸菌发酵法提取香菇柄中的膳食纤维,能有效提高膳食纤维的品质指标,具有较好的市场开发前景。     

乳酸菌谷物发酵食品——酸粥发酵工艺的研究

以糯米、糜米、小米、玉米碴为原料,利用从内蒙古地区传统自然发酵酸粥中分离鉴定、筛选出的性状优良的乳酸菌,人工接种发酵生产酸粥。通过对发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量的研究,确定发酵酸粥生产工艺的最佳参数。结果表明,以糯米、糜米、小米、玉米碴的混合谷物作为原料(混合比例1∶1∶1∶1),以干酪乳杆菌NSZL-1和鼠李糖乳杆菌NSZL-2为发酵剂(NSZL-1与NSZL-2的混合比例为2∶1),接种量为5×106cfu/g,发酵温度35℃,发酵时间30h,制得的酸粥酸度适口,谷香味突出,具有独特的风味。     

牛羊乳乳酸发酵过程中流变性变化比较

探讨牛羊乳乳酸发酵过程中流变特性。对牛羊乳分别发酵6 h,测定其乳酸发酵0、1、3和6 h的剪切粘度、酸度和蛋白质含量。结果表明：牛乳发酵0、1、3和6 h的剪切粘度和蛋白质含量均高于羊乳,而羊乳发酵酸度均高于牛乳。蛋白质是影响牛、羊乳乳酸发酵乳流变性的重要因素。     

响应面法优化乳酸菌发酵黑米饮料工艺研究

以发芽黑米为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过四因素三水平的响应面分析法对乳酸菌发酵黑米饮料工艺进行优化。结果表明,响应面法优化的乳酸菌发酵黑米饮料最佳工艺条件为∶水和米的比例为10∶1(m L/g),乳酸菌接种量(嗜热链球菌∶保加利亚乳杆菌为2∶3)3%,发酵时间11 h,蔗糖添加量8%,按此工艺条件制得的乳酸菌发酵黑米饮料呈均匀一致的红色,澄清透明,流动性好,无分层和沉淀现象,酸甜适中,柔和爽口,有黑米特有香味,无异味,感官品质评分达86.68分,说明该工艺适合乳酸菌发酵黑米饮料的制作。     

响应面法优化白果发酵乳的工艺研究

以新鲜白果及全脂乳粉为主要原料,探讨了白果发酵乳的加工工艺。以白果浆酶解液透光率为评价指标,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验得出最佳酶解工艺为:酶解温度60℃,酶解时间110 min,中性α-淀粉酶添加量0.014%。以白果发酵乳产品的感官品质及黄酮含量为评价依据,在单因素试验的基础上,经响应面法优化得到最佳发酵工艺为:16%白果汁酶解液(料水质量比1∶3)、11%全脂乳粉、6%白砂糖、0.4%复合稳定剂(m_(羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯)∶m_(黄原胶)∶m_(瓜尔豆胶)=3∶1∶1)、0.1%乳酸菌冻干菌粉、发酵温度42℃以及发酵时间4.5 h。经此工艺制成的白果发酵乳产品感官评分为39分(满分40分),组织均匀细腻,口感丝滑适口,营养丰富,具有银杏的风味,银杏黄酮含量为47.14 mg/100 g,银杏酸残留量1.56 mg/kg,符合国家药典(2015版)规定。     

黑豆混合酸乳的研制

以黑豆和鲜牛乳为主要原料,黑豆经浸泡、磨浆、灭酶、调配、杀菌和发酵而成黑豆酸乳。确定的最佳发酵条件为:白砂糖80gL,豆浆∶鲜奶(质量比)=60∶40,接种量30gL,发酵温度44℃。     

鹰嘴豆浆液蛋白发酵与酶解效果的对比分析

为对比观察国产蛋白酶酶解和益生菌发酵降解鹰嘴豆浆液蛋白的效果,比较酶解法、发酵法降解鹰嘴豆浆液蛋白为小分子蛋白肽的能力,采用碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶分别酶解,纳豆芽孢杆菌、植物乳酸菌、蛹虫草分别发酵鹰嘴豆浆液蛋白,测定不同处理时间时的可溶性氮、DH、电泳条带等的变化情况。研究结果发现,国产碱性蛋白酶酶解鹰嘴豆浆液蛋白240 min,上清液的可溶性氮含量可达到0.1389%,DH为6.43%;木瓜蛋白酶酶解240 min 时的上清液可溶性氮含量达到0.0972%,DH为4.41%;而发酵法处理以纳豆芽孢杆菌效果最显著,纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵处理鹰嘴豆浆液蛋白8 h时的上清液可溶性氮含量为0.0895%,DH为4.03%。本研究表明,酶解法降解鹰嘴豆浆液蛋白的效果要比微生物发酵法处理时间短,降解效果更好。     

Dry Matter Production and Productivity as Influenced by Staggered Sowing of Mustard Intercropped at Different Row Ratios with Chickpea

In a 2‐year experiment on Typic Ustochrept soils of the North Plain Zone of India, the effect of different row ratios (3 : 1, 6 : 2, 4 : 1 and 8 : 2) and staggered sowing of mustard (simultaneous and 15 days later) was studied in intercropping of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Nodule number, dry weight, grain yield, protein content and yield were higher in monocrop chickpea compared with intercropping. Among row ratios, except for protein content in grain, all the above parameters were significantly higher in the 4 : 1 intercropping of chickpea + mustard. Similarly, delayed sowing of mustard by 15 days also gave higher plant dry weight (1.80–2.36 g plant^?1), nodule number (0.41–1.56 and 0.5–3.0 at 55‐ and 70‐day stages, respectively), protein yield (63 kg ha^?1), grain yield (290 kg ha^?1) and biological yield (1104 kg ha^?1) than sowing with chickpea. Widening the row ratio and pairing of the rows of mustard were also found to be beneficial in increasing chickpea growth and yield. Like chickpea, sowing of mustard as a monocrop gave higher growth and yield. Delayed sowing by 15 days reduced the growth and yield of mustard drastically. Productivity, measured in terms of land equivalent ratio, was higher for intercropping of chickpea and mustard in the 4 : 1 row ratio than for sowing of chickpea and mustard in sole stands. Interestingly, the land equivalent ratio was also higher in the simultaneously sown crop than for staggered sowing.     

凝固型双歧杆菌酸奶的研制

对凝固型双歧杆菌酸奶的生产工艺进行了研究。通过试验,确定采用分步发酵法生产酸奶最佳工艺条件为双歧杆菌发酵剂接种量5％、蔗糖8％、39℃条件下培养8h后,接入接种比例为1：1、接种量为4％的保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌混合发酵剂,42℃条件下培养3h。在此工艺条件下生产的酸奶风味纯正,凝乳状态良好,双歧杆菌活菌数达3．9×10^8cfu／mL、酸度96°T、乙醛含量16．90mg／L,可以4℃条件下保存6天。     

The Effects of Temperature and Soil Moisture on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotype Sensitivity to Isoxaflutole

Isoxaflutole at 75 g ai ha^?1 is registered in Australia for the control of several broadleaf weeds in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Although isoxaflutole provides satisfactory control of problematic weeds, under certain conditions crop injury can occur. Higher air temperature and moisture content of soil are reported to affect the metabolism of soil applied herbicide. Controlled environment experiments were used to determine the tolerance of chickpea to isoxaflutole under a range of temperature and soil moisture levels. For the soil moisture study, the variables examined were two desi chickpea genotypes (Kyabra as a tolerant cultivar and Yorker as a sensitive cultivar), three soil moisture levels [50 % field capacity (FC), 75 % FC and FC] with three herbicide rates [0, 75 (recommended rate) and 300 g ai ha^?1]. For the temperature by soil moisture study, the variables examined were two other desi chickpea genotypes (97039‐1275 as a tolerant line and 91025‐3021 as a sensitive line), three temperature regimes (20/5, 30/15 and 35/25 °C), two soil moisture conditions (50 % FC and FC) with the same three herbicide rates. The results demonstrated that the chickpea genotypes exhibited differential tolerance to isoxaflutole, but that differences in response were affected by rate, temperature and soil moisture. Increasing temperature and soil moisture content made the susceptible chickpea genotype more vulnerable to isoxaflutole damage. Injury to the susceptible genotype in terms of increased leaf chlorosis and reduction in shoot height and dry matter production increased as soil moisture increased from 50 % FC to FC and temperature increased from 20/5 to 35/25 °C. Overall damage of the sensitive genotype from increasing rates of isoxaflutole also increased when soil moisture content increased from 50 % FC to FC within the fixed temperature regime of 30/15 °C. The sensitivity of chickpea to isoxaflutole depends on existing temperature and moisture content and the chances of crop damage were enhanced with increasing temperature and moisture levels.     

Inheritance of resistance to Botrytis cinerea Pers. in Cicer arietinum L.

Summary Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) line ICC 1069 was selected as resistant parent after screening for resistance to grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) under artificial inoculation conditions. It was crossed with four high yielding susceptible varieties of chickpea. Crosses ICC 1069 × BGM 413 and ICC 1069 × BG 256 showed monogenic dominant resistance in ratio of 3R (resistant): 1S (susceptible). However, in crosses, ICC 1069 × BGM 419 and ICC 1069 × BGM 408, a ratio of 13S (susceptible) : 3R (resistant) was obtained indicating the presence of epistatic interaction. The results pointed towards the presence of a type of major gene resistance to grey mould in chickpea.     

荞麦酸奶加工工艺的研究

以荞麦和乳粉为主要原料,配以蔗糖和稳定剂,采用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热乳酸链球菌混合菌种发酵,制成风味独特、营养丰富的保健饮品。通过正交试验优选出最佳发酵工艺条件为:荞麦糖化汁中加入7%乳粉,5%蔗糖,接入3%的保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌(1∶1),在42℃下发酵4 h。     

番木瓜酸奶的加工工艺研究

番木瓜酸奶除具有普通酸奶的生物学价值外,还有番木瓜特殊的芳香,且果料的添加使酸乳制品更易消化吸收、更富色香味、更具吸引力。以优质奶粉与成熟的番木瓜为原料,以保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌1∶1混合为发酵剂,在均质、杀菌、冷却后加入发酵剂进行液态发酵生产番木瓜酸奶。在相同的稳定剂条件下,以不同的番木瓜浆添加量、蔗糖用量、发酵时间、发酵剂的接种量进行发酵的正交试验,对产品进行感观评价,以此来确定最佳的工艺参数及配比,为番木瓜酸奶最佳生产工艺的研究提供依据。结果表明,采用保加利亚杆菌和嗜热链球菌(1∶1)混合菌为发酵菌种,取番木瓜浆与牛奶的体积比2∶3,蔗糖用量20 g,发酵时间4 h,发酵剂的接种量6 mL,加糖量为10%,稳定剂CMC 0.02%,发酵温度为42℃,以此工艺条件制备的番木瓜酸奶,具有独特的风味和较高的营养价值。     

毛酸浆果酒的发酵工艺研究

以新鲜毛酸浆为原料,采用液态发酵法,研究酵母接种量、初始糖度、初始pH值和发酵温度对毛酸浆酒理化指标和感官评价的影响,采用正交试验方法优化并得到最佳发酵工艺条件,最终获得具有毛酸浆独特风味的毛酸浆果酒。结果表明,毛酸浆酒最佳发酵工艺条件为:发酵温度28℃,酵母接种量0.1%,初始pH值3.5,初始糖度18 Brix。