Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield,taste, and nutritional quality of tomatoes

In a greenhouse experiment, tomato plants were grown in sand culture to test whether different fertilization regimes (mineral or organic fertilizers) at low (500 mg N plant^–1 week^–1) and high (750 mg N plant^–1 week^–1) nitrogen levels affected yield, nutritional quality, and taste of the fruits. In the mineral‐fertilizer treatments, nitrate‐ or ammonium‐dominated nutrient solutions were used. Organic fertilizer was supplied as fresh cut grass‐clover mulch (a total of 2.4 kg and 3.6 kg were given per plant at low and high N level, respectively) without (orgN) and with additional sulfur fertilization (orgN+S). Yields of red tomatoes from the organically fertilized plants were significantly lower (1.3–1.8 kg plant^–1) than yields from plants that received mineral fertilizer (2.2–2.8 kg plant^–1). At the final harvest, yields of green tomatoes in the organic treatment with extra sulfur were similar (1.1–1.2 kg plant^–1) to the NO ‐dominated treatments at both nutrient levels and the NH ‐dominated treatment at high nutrient level. Organic fertilizers released nutrients more slowly than mineral fertilizers, resulting in decreased S and P concentrations in the leaves, which limited growth and yield in the orgN treatments. Analysis of tomato fruits and plants as well as taste‐test results gave no conclusive answer on the relationship between sugar or acid contents in the fruits, macronutrient content of plant leaves and fruits, and perceived taste. Sugar contents were higher in the fruits given mineral fertilizer, whereas acid contents were higher in the fruits given organic fertilizer. Preference in taste was given to the tomatoes from plants fertilized with the nitrate‐dominated nutrient solution and to those given organic fertilizer with extra sulfur. Thus, a reduction in growth, which was expected to lead to a higher concentration of compounds like sugars and acids, did not result in better taste. Overall, it can be concluded that an appropriate nutrient supply is crucial to reach high yields and good taste.     

硝基复合肥对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响

通过大田试验,研究了不同硝基肥品种对马铃薯生长发育、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在氮磷钾等量的条件下,施用硝硫基复合肥和硝氯基复合肥较氯基复合肥、硫基复合肥能明显地促进马铃薯生长发育,增加单薯重、单株重以及肥料利用率。与硝氯基复合肥、硫基复合肥和氯基复合肥处理相比,施用硝硫基复合肥处理的马铃薯增产率分别为2.96%~3.06%、5.19%~5.51%和10.05%~10.37%;同时能够改善马铃薯的果实品质,增加果实的淀粉、可溶性糖和Vc含量,是较为理想的复合肥。     

Improvement of yield,yield components and oil quality in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) by N-fixing bacteria fertilizers and urea

Experiments were conducted in 2009–2010 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Yazd, Iran, to study the effect of nitrogen levels and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. on seed yield, its components and quality traits of sesame cultivars. Treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with nitrogen rates (0 (control), 25 and 50 kg N ha^?1), cultivars (Darab-14, GL-13 and local) and N-fixing bacteria levels (non-inoculation and inoculation) were applied with three replications. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased yield and yield components, but reduced oil content in 2010. Inoculating seeds with PGPR increased yield and yield components of sesame cultivars compared to the control treatment. Seed yield in PGPR inoculation with half a rate of N fertilizer treatment was more than seed yield in the full rate of N fertilizer without a PGPR inoculation treatment. N fertilizer and PGPR application significantly decreased saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid) while it significantly increased unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acid). Oleic acid had a significant negative correlation with linoleic acid (r = ?0.79). The result showed that an application of PGPR could be usefully applied to reduce use of chemical fertilizer.     

Effect of nitrogen application on seed yield,pod and seed characteristics of okra

Four okra cultivars [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] were cultivated for two growing periods at nitrogen (N) application rates of 150, 300 and 450 mg N L^?1. There was no effect of N on pod size (length and diameter) or on the number of seeds per pod and seed size (mean 1000 seed weight), all these characteristics of which related to the genotype. High N application (450 mg N L^?1), increased the seed yield of the cultivar with the lowest flower induction (Boyiatiou), but only in experiment 2. In Veloudo, seed yield was highest at 300 mg N L^?1, whereas in Pylaias and Clemson 450 mg N L^?1 reduced seed yield. In all cultivars, seeds produced at an N rate of 450 mg N L^?1 exhibited a significantly higher percent germination N, possibly by reducing the incidence of seed hardness.     

有机肥无机肥配施对温室黄瓜生长、 产量和品质的影响

蔬菜生产过量使用有机肥也会影响蔬菜的生长、 降低蔬菜的品质。本项目在保护地栽培条件下,研究了一定养分量投入中,在黄瓜上有机肥和无机肥的最佳配比。试验采用泡沫槽栽培,所有供试肥料均以底肥形式一次性施入。结果表明,施有机肥30 t/hm2+无机肥0.9 t/hm2的处理和施有机肥45 t/hm2+无机肥0.45 t/hm2的处理严重抑制了黄瓜定植初期的生长,降低了前期单株产量和果实中Vc、 可溶性糖含量,增加了硝酸盐含量。单施有机肥60 t/hm2的处理肥害相对较轻,植株恢复生长较快。单施无机肥1.8 t/hm2的处理和施有机肥15 t/hm2+无机肥1.35 t/hm2的处理植株生长势强,前期单株产量、 果实中Vc、 可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量较高,硝酸盐积累量较低,但这两个处理在结果后期发生早衰,导致中后期产量下降。综合生长、 产量和品质指标,最优的底肥组合应该是施有机肥15 t/hm2+无机肥1.35 t/hm2的处理,但要注意生长中后期进行追肥,以满足果实生长的营养需求,以期获得较高的产量。     

两种野生绿肥对小白菜生长和营养品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了夏秋两季连续施用野生绿肥植物,即:罂粟科博落回属（Macleaya）（GMⅠ）和壳斗科栎属（Quercu）（GMⅡ）,对小白菜生长及其营养品质的影响。结果表明,与夏季绿肥与尿素配施相比对照显著提高小白菜产量,秋季绿肥Ⅰ的所有处理比对照和单施尿素都能显著提高小白菜的产量;两种绿肥与尿素配施及绿肥Ⅰ单独施用能显著提高小白菜全年的产量。与单施尿素和绿肥加倍单施处理相比,夏季秋季绿肥单施和绿肥尿素配施能显著降低小白菜可食部分硝酸盐含量;秋季各绿肥处理都增加维生素C含量,但夏季差异不明显;夏季秋季各绿肥处理都增加可溶性糖含量,且秋季增加更显著。两种野生绿肥在夏秋季连续施用条件下,秋季能比尿素更有效的提高小白菜产量和营养品质,尤以绿肥Ⅰ的效果最好。     

控释肥料对花生产量、品质以及养分利用率的影响

以普通单质肥料(尿素、磷酸二铵、氯化钾和硫酸钾等)为原料,制备了N-P2O5-K2O分别为18-11-11和14-8-8的5种控释肥料,于2005年在福建省龙岩市进行田间试验,研究了控释肥料品种对花生产量、品质以及养分利用率的影响。结果表明,在等NPK比例和等养分量处理下,控释肥料可以减小肥料对花生结瘤的抑制作用,改善花生主要的农艺性状。与普通肥料1次性施用相比,控释肥料处理增加荚果产量2.5%1～0.8%,增加生物量1.3%6～.9%,氮、磷、钾当季利用率分别提高3.9%1～5.8%、0.6%4～.2%和2.6%1～4.2%;与普通肥料分2次施用相比,控释肥料处理的荚果增产-0.6%7～.5%,生物量增加-2.6%2～.8%,氮、磷、钾当季利用率分别提高了-5.5%5～.7%、2.7%6～.3%和-2.2%9～.4%。此外,控释肥料还可以改善花生的品质,提高花生仁的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量。     

不同氮肥用量对石榴果实产量和品质的影响

以‘秋艳’石榴为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥用量对其果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可显著提高石榴果实产量,适量施用氮肥可增加石榴果实可溶性固形物、Vc、糖含量,降低石榴果实酸含量,提高石榴果实糖酸比,改善石榴果实的风味;施用氮肥对石榴百粒重、籽粒硬度无显著影响;石榴籽氮元素含量高于石榴皮,石榴汁中氮含量很低,中高氮处理的石榴汁中氮元素含量显著降低,石榴皮和石榴籽中氮元素含量变化不显著;本试验5年生石榴树纯氮施肥用量宜以0.4 kg·株~(-1)为宜。     

新型包膜缓释肥对大白菜生理特性、产量及品质的影响

以粉煤灰和有机黏结剂为包膜材料,对普通复合肥料(N-P2O5-K2O:15-15-15)进行包膜,制备了N-P2O5-K2O分别为14.25-14.25-14.25、13.5-13.5-13.5和12.75-12.75-12.75的3种包膜缓释肥料。通过田间试验,研究了包膜缓释肥料对大白菜生理特性、产量以及品质的影响。结果表明,在施肥水平相同的情况下,与普通复合肥相比,3种包膜缓释肥料可以提高大白菜生长后期叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,有效地降低叶片气孔限制值Ls;3种粉煤灰包膜复合肥处理能有效地改善大白菜单株参数,单株结球质量增加0.10~0.33 kg,产量提高9.72%~33.1%;同时,施用粉煤灰包膜缓释肥可以显著降低大白菜功能叶的NO3--N含量,也一定程度上降低了有机酸含量,提高了收获期大白菜球叶中可溶性糖含量、糖酸比以及Vc含量。     

锌腐酸肥料对冬小麦群体、产量及品质的影响

通过大田微喷灌节水灌溉方式研究锌腐酸肥料对冬小麦群体、产量及品质的影响。采用磷肥种类为锌腐酸磷酸二铵和普通磷酸二铵;氮肥种类为锌腐酸尿素和普通尿素;不施肥为对照。结果表明:底施普通尿素和磷酸二铵处理的拔节期总茎数和单株茎数均较高;底施普通尿素和磷酸二铵,拔节期追施锌腐酸尿素产量最高,达6 730.5 kg/hm~2。拔节期追施锌腐酸尿素处理的籽粒产量均高于追施普通尿素,增产主要与成穗数和穗粒数增加有关;底施锌腐酸尿素和锌腐酸磷酸二铵,追施锌腐酸尿素的小麦籽粒品质指标最高,拔节期追施锌腐酸尿素的提质效果优于普通尿素。     

海藻叶面肥对菠菜和不结球白菜产量和品质的影响

海藻叶面肥是以海藻为原料,经不同加工工艺制成的一类叶面肥品种。采用塑料大棚和露地种植方式,研究了8种海藻叶面肥对菠菜和不结球白菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明,8种海藻叶面肥对菠菜和不结球白菜都有不同程度的增产效果,大多数叶面肥增产10%以上,其中增产效果最明显的是海带浆型叶面肥,其次是甘露醇型和赤霉素型叶面肥。叶面喷施海藻叶面肥对菠菜和不结球白菜中的可溶性蛋白基本没有影响,可明显提高其可溶性糖和Vc含量,降低其硝酸盐含量。     

沼肥对无土栽培生菜产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验研究沼肥对无土栽培生菜产量和品质的影响。试验以1∶1的泥炭和珍珠岩混合物为栽培基质,设施沼肥组、施化肥组和不施肥组(对照组)。施肥组设置3个施肥水平,相同施肥水平的沼肥组和化肥组栽培基质含等量的氮、磷、钾。结果表明,与施用化肥相比,在2 L栽培基质中施用100、200、300 g沼肥,可使生菜产量分别提高58.55%、108.08%和99.12%,还原糖分别提高11.59%、9.87%和74.48%,总糖分别提高4.31%、65.22%和72.56%,Vc分别提高106.67%、95.24%和47.62%,硝酸盐分别降低85.37%、82.63%和87.61%。沼肥用于无土栽培不仅可以提高作物产量,还可显著改善其品质,对发展无公害绿色农业具有重要的意义。     

有机肥化肥配施对冬油菜养分吸收、籽粒产量和品质的影响

以杂交冬油菜湘杂油763为供试材料,采用大田小区试验研究了有机肥配施化肥对油菜养分吸收、籽粒产量和品质及土壤养分变化的影响。结果表明:在本试验条件下,各处理籽粒产量大小顺序为10%OM﹥0%OM﹥30%OM﹥50%OM,10%OM(10%有机氮替代化肥氮)产量达2 055.00 kg/hm2,显著高于其它处理,比0%OM(纯化肥)增产8.26%,3个有机肥处理中,籽粒产量随有机肥施用量的增加逐渐下降;产量构成因素中每角果粒数和千粒重、籽粒品质中氨基酸和蛋白质含量变化规律与产量一致,且有机肥施用量较多的处理(50%OM)籽粒氨基酸和蛋白质含量较低,油分含量最高;氮、磷、钾、硼素积累量的变化规律与产量基本一致;土壤速效养分变化规律不明显。在本试验中,油菜植株养分吸收、土壤速效养分变化等都可反映籽粒产量,10%OM为较合适的有机肥配施比例。     

钼磷配合施用对甘蓝型油菜产量和子粒品质的影响

利用酸性黄棕壤进行连续2年的盆栽试验,研究了钼肥和磷肥配合施用对甘蓝型油菜产量和子粒含油量、油产量、蛋白质含量、硫甙和芥酸含量以及脂肪酸组分等品质指标的影响。钼肥和磷肥各设置3个水平,分别为Mo 0、0.15、0.30 mg /kg土和P2O5 0、0.20、0.40 g /kg土,共9个处理。结果表明:施钼能够显著（P0.05）提高油菜子粒产量和生物学产量,显著增加油菜子粒含油量、油产量及油酸、亚油酸含量,降低子粒硫甙、亚麻酸和硬脂酸的含量;施磷则能够极显著提高子粒产量和子粒油产量,显著增加生物学产量和亚油酸含量,降低芥酸、硫甙及二十碳烯酸的含量;钼肥和磷肥对提高油菜子粒产量、油产量和油酸含量,降低芥酸含量存在显著（P0.05）的协同效应。因此,钼肥和磷肥在提高油菜产量、改善油菜子粒品质方面均具有良好的作用,且两者配合施用效果更好。     

氮磷钾肥单施和配施对石榴产量、品质和经济效益的影响

以石榴(Punica granatum L.)品种净皮甜为材料,在陕西临潼连续3年(2007～2009年)进行大田试验,共设氮、磷、钾肥单施和配施及不施肥13个处理,研究单施和配施对石榴产量、品质和经济效益的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾单施和配施均可不同程度增加产量,提高籽粒含汁率、汁液的可溶性固形物、总糖以及Vc含量,降低其总酸含量,同时也提高了经济效益。单施提高产量和经济效益以氮最好,改善品质以钾最好,磷肥效果均较差。配施效果优于单施,且以处理N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为360、135和180 kg/hm2最佳。     

花后人为模拟倒伏对超级稻生长、产量和品质的影响

倒伏是水稻实现高产优质的主要限制因子之一。以‘南粳9108’为材料,研究人为模拟倒伏对超级稻物质生产和分配、产量和产量构成因素以及稻米品质的影响及其与倒伏发生时期的关系,探讨倒伏对水稻生长、产量和品质的影响,为超级稻抗倒栽培提供依据。试验设3个处理,分别为正常植株(CK)、抽穗后15 d倒伏(AL15)和抽穗后30 d倒伏(AL30),成熟期测定水稻物质积累与分配、产量和产量构成以及稻米主要品质性状。结果表明,与正常生长水稻相比,AL30和AL15处理使水稻地上部各器官生物量下降,总生物量分别显著降低7.3%和24.3%。从物质分配看,AL15处理使水稻生物量在生殖器官中的分配比例显著下降,而AL30处理植株响应不显著。AL30和AL15处理使水稻产量分别显著下降8.3%和36.4%。抽穗后倒伏造成的产量损失主要与饱粒率和饱粒千粒重下降有关。AL30处理使饱粒率和饱粒千粒重分别显著下降5.6%和3.3%,AL15处理分别极显著下降30.8%和6.7%。水稻结实期倒伏导致饱粒重下降主要与糙米变小,稻谷充实程度明显降低有关。从稻米品质看,AL30和AL15处理使水稻整精米率分别下降7.5%和14.7%,达显著和极显著水平;AL30处理对稻米蛋白质和直链淀粉含量均无显著影响,但AL15处理使稻米蛋白质含量极显著增加20.2%;RVA谱数据表明,结实期倒伏水稻崩解值减少而消减值增加,但均未达显著水平。以上结果表明,结实中后期发生倒伏对超级稻‘南粳9108’籽粒产量和稻米品质影响较小,但结实早期倒伏将使物质生产和籽粒灌浆均受到抑制,最终导致产量大幅下降,同时稻米加工和食味品质亦呈变劣趋势。     

施用氮钾肥对设施蔬菜产量和品质影响的研究

The application of large amounts of fertilizers, a conventional practice in northern China for the production of vegetable crops, generally leads to substantial accumulation of soil nutrients within a relatively short period of time. A fixed field experiment was designed to study the effects of nitrogen （N） and potassium （K） fertilizers applied to optimize the yield and quality of typical vegetable crops. Application of N and K fertilizers significantly increased the yields of kidney bean. The largest yields were obtained in the first and second years after application of 1 500 kg N and 300 kg K20 ha^-1. In the third year, however, there was a general decline in yields. Maximum yields occurred when intermediate rates of N and K （750 kg N and 300 kg K20 ha 1） were applied. However, no significant differences were observed in the concentrations of vitamin C （VC） in kidney bean among different years and various rates of fertilizer treatments. Yields of tomato grown in rotation after kidney bean showed significant responses to the application of N and K in the first year. In the second year, the yields of tomato were much lower. This suggested that the application of N fertilizer did not have any effect upon tomato yield, whereas application of K fertilizer did increase the yield. Application of K fertilizer was often associated with increased sugar concentrations.     

有机-无机肥配施对水稻产量、品质及氮素吸收的影响

通过田间试验,研究氮施用量相同的条件下,有机肥和化肥不同比例（有机肥氮分别占100%、70%、40%、20%和0%）,对早稻、晚稻及单季稻施用对水稻产量、品质和氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,有机肥氮为40%、20%、40%时,早稻、晚稻和单季稻产量最高,分别比单施化肥区增8.5%、2.8%和4.6%。有机肥氮在20%～40%之间,稻米品质较佳,比例过高则稻米易碎、垩白上升和蛋白质含量下降。有机肥氮为20%水稻氮素累积量最高,有利于氮素的吸收、利用。     

营养水平对马铃薯块茎发育中激素、产量和品质的影响

以台湾红皮（Cardinal）为试验材料,研究了不同营养水平对马铃薯块茎发育过程中内源激素行为的影响及对产量和品质形成的影响。结果表明,过低、过高的营养供给,降低了块茎发育前期细胞分裂素（ZT）的含量,中期细胞生长素（IAA）的含量以及促进块茎发育的脱落酸（ABA）、茉莉酸（JA）含量,增加了各时期促进匍匐茎发生的赤霉素（GA）含量,导致在块茎形成和膨大的关键时期,GA/ABA和GA/JA比值失衡,抑制了块茎的正常发育。而合理营养水平供给,保持了前期较高水平的ZT含量,中期较高的ABA、IAA、JA含量和较低的GA含量,保证了块茎发育各时期对重要激素的需要,GA/ABA和GA/JA在块茎发育各时期也保持在合理的水平。结果还表明,过低、过高的营养供给,有利于马铃薯可溶性糖的形成,但不利于后期淀粉的形成,同时缩短了块茎快速增长期的时间。     

含锌钢铁渣肥对番茄产量和品质的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了含锌钢铁渣肥对番茄产量和营养成分的影响。结果表明,施用氮磷钾化肥添加含锌钢铁渣肥能够促进番茄的生长发育,可使番茄产量比单施氮磷钾化肥增产2.78%~17.03%,可溶性糖含量提高4.74%~7.11%,Vc含量降低,对蛋白质含量影响不大。