Effects of foliar spray of two kinds of zinc oxide on the growth and ion concentration of sunflower cultivars under salt stress

This study investigated the effects of foliar application of normal and nano-sized zinc oxide on the response of sunflower cultivars to salinity. Treatments included five cultivars (‘Alstar’, ‘Olsion’, ‘Yourflor’, ‘Hysun36’ and ‘Hysun33’), two salinity levels [0 and 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)], and three levels of fertilizer application. Fertilizer treatments were the foliar application of normal and nano-sized zinc oxide (ZnO). Foliar application of ZnO in either forms increased leaf area, shoot dry weight, net carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation rate (A), sub-stomatal CO₂ concentration (Ci), chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm, and Zn content and decreased Na content in leaves. The extent of increase in chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm and shoot weight was greater as nano-sized ZnO was applied to the normal form. The results show that the nano-sized particles of ZnO compared to normal form has greater effect on biomass production of sunflower plants.     

Effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soil by sunflower

This paper describes the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria on sunflower growth and its phytoremediation efficiency under Cd-contaminated soils. Four levels of bacteria inoculation (non-inoculation, inoculation by Bacillus safensis, Kocuria rosea and co-inoculation by Bacillus safensis+Kocuria rosea) and four Cd concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg Cd per kg soil) were arranged as factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that Cd significantly decreased growth by decreasing the shoot and root length and biomass (p < 0.01). In addition, Cd dramatically decreases photosynthetic pigments, Fe transport to shoot and Zn uptake (p < 0.01). Bacterial inoculation increased Fe and Zn uptake by plants, Cd concentration in the aboveground part of plants and Cd uptake by the enhancement of Cd concentration in plant tissue and biomass production. Results showed that the highest shoot Cd uptake was ?observed in ?inoculated plants by Bacillus safensis at Cd100 (20.35 mg pot^?1). However, in average of Cd treatments, the performance of co-inoculation in Cd uptake (13.04 mg pot^?1) was better than singular inoculation (10.68 and 12.58 mg pot^?1 for Bacillus safensis and Kocuria rosea, respectively). Results revealed that bacterial inoculation increased the Cd uptake performance in shoot and total biomass by 30% and 25%, respectively.     

Response of sunflower hybrids to nitrogen application grown under different agro-environments

A wide gap exists between production and consumption of vegetable oils in Pakistan. Thereby, a significant proportion (2.28 million tons) of vegetable oils is being imported at the cost of 2257 million US$. Therefore, the present study was conducted to quantify the comparative performance of various sunflower hybrids as influenced by various levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer under different agro-environments. The experimental treatments consisted of three sunflower hybrids (Hysun33, Hysun38, and Pioneer-64A93) and five levels of N fertilizer (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 kg N ha^?1), arranged in a randomized complete block design in a split plot with four replications. The field trials were conducted for two consecutive crop seasons under three different agro-ecologies (arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid) in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The results of the study demonstrated that the productivity of sunflower hybrids varied greatly in response to N fertilization and different ecologies. Maximum achene yield of 3177 kg ha^?1 was harvested under sub-humid environment, followed by the semi-arid one. Among the hybrids, Hysun38 excelled the other two hybrids with a production of 3083 kg ha^?1 and 41% oil contents. Generally, the productivity of hybrids increased with the increasing doses of N fertilizer. Maximum achene yield was obtained by addition of 180 kg N ha^?1. The findings of the study revealed that yield potential of Hysun-38 could be exploited by addition of N fertilizer at the rate of 180 kg N ha^?1 under sub-humid environment.     

Response of wheat genotypes to foliar spray of ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles under salt stress

This study evaluated the effects of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) and zinc oxide (ZnO) on two wheat genotypes (Kavir and Tajan) at three levels (0, 75, and 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)) of salinity. Spray treatments included two forms of normal and nanoparticles of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO, a mixture of nanoparticles of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO (2 g L^?1) and a non-spray treatment. The pot experiment was arranged as factorial in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two forms of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO significantly accelerated plant height, leaf area, shoot dry weight, and the concentration of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in comparison with non-spray treatment. The highest plant height and leaf Fe concentration belonged to Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles; however, it seems that the spray of nanoparticles may not be superior compared with normal forms in alleviation of salinity impacts.     

Mobilization of seed reserves pretreated with H2O2 during germination and establishment of sunflower seedlings under salinity

Abstract

Several studies have shown hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as a metabolic messenger that increases plant tolerance to various stress conditions. However, little is known about its effect on the mobilization of seed reserves in the establishment of seedlings. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of pretreatment with H₂O₂ in salt-tolerance and mobilization of reserves during the germination of seeds and establishment of sunflower seedlings. Seeds were pre-imbibed for 24?hr in solutions containing: deionized water (control); H₂O₂ (1?mM); NaCl (100?mM). Subsequently, seeds were distributed on germitest paper, moistened with deionized water or saline solution (100?mM NaCl). In seedlings not pretreated with H₂O₂, the salinity increased Na⁺ and Cl^? ions contents and reduced the growth of sunflower seedlings. However, pretreatment of seeds with H₂O₂ reduced the negative effect of salinity, promoted an increase in salt-tolerance by the reduction of Na⁺ and Cl^? uptake, lower energy cost for osmoprotection by compatible solutes accumulation, and by the higher equilibrium in the mobilization of the cotyledon reserves for the development of the embryonic axis.     

Effect of indigenous mycorrhizal colonization on phosphorus‐acquisition efficiency in soybean and sunflower

Despite a general consent about the beneficial contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on natural ecosystems, there is an intense debate about their role in agricultural systems. In this work, soybean (Glycine max L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) field plots with different P availabilities were sampled across the Pampean Region of Argentina (> 150 samples from Mollisols) to characterize the relationship between available soil P and indigenous mycorrhizal colonization. A subsequent pot experiment with soybean and sunflower was carried out to evaluate the effect of P supply (0, 12, and 52 mg P kg^–1) and AMF inoculation on AMF colonization and crop responsiveness to P in a Mollisol. Both crops showed high AMF colonization in the field (average: 55% for soybean and 44% for sunflower). While mycorrhizal colonization in soybean was significantly and negatively related to available soil P, no such trends were apparent in sunflower. Also, total biomass was 3.5 and 2.0 times higher in mycorrhizal than in nonmycorrhizal pot‐grown soybean under low‐ and medium‐P conditions, respectively. Sunflower, on the other hand, did not benefit from AMF symbiosis under medium and high P supply. While mycorrhization stimulated P‐uptake efficiency in soybean, the generally high P efficiency in sunflower was not associated with AMF symbiosis.     

叶面施氮对大豆“合丰50”叶片叶绿素含量及干物质积累的影响

以黑龙江省三江平原大豆主栽品种"合丰50"为试验材料,研究不同时期叶面施氮对大豆叶片叶绿素含量及干物质积累的影响。结果表明,在施肥量为N 5.0kg·hm~(-2)条件下,五叶期(V5期)叶面施氮后叶绿素含量SPAD值为56.4,无籽粒干物重为26.4g,始粒期(R5期)叶面施氮后籽粒干物重为25.0g,均高于其它处理。"合丰50"在R5期施肥量为N 5.0kg·hm~(-2)条件下产量最高。     

Effects of potassium supply on growth and yield of safflower as compared to sunflower§

Safflower may have a certain production potential under German conditions, particularly in organic farming where the putatively low nutrient requirement is highly welcomed. However, current knowledge regarding the nutrient requirements of safflower as compared to similar oil crops is limited. It was thus the aim of this study to determine the growth and yield response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as compared to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) with respect to potassium (K) supply. Three safflower and two sunflower plants were cultivated in 5 L Mitscherlich pots. Both species responded strongly to increasing K supply with respect to plant growth and yield. Growth and yield of safflower increased up to 1 g K per pot, while the optimum for sunflower was 3.0 g K per pot. Safflower out‐yielded sunflower at low K supply, while at high K level, the opposite was observed. Supply of K affected virtually all yield components in both species, though to different degree. The number of capitula in safflower was only slightly affected, and the number of achenes per capitulum was only reduced under severe K deficiency, while single‐achene mass increased with increasing K supply. In sunflower, the number of achenes per capitulum strongly responded to the K supply, as did the single‐achene mass. Oil yield in safflower was affected by K deficiency mainly due to reduced achene yield, not oil concentration. However, oil yield in sunflower was severely affected by low K supply due to both reduced achene yield and lowered oil concentration. Multiple‐regression analyses indicate that in sunflower, the stem dry matter (DM) and the total amount of K accumulated in the aboveground biomass were most important, while in safflower the total amount of K and N accumulated had the highest impact. It is concluded that sunflower is more sensitive to inadequate K supply than safflower.     

Zinc Application Effects on Yield and Seed Oil Content of Sunflower Grown on a Saline Calcareous Soil

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments (2000–2001 and 2001–2002) were conducted at two nearby fields in the Qanavat region of Qom province, central Iran, to investigate the effects of zinc (Zn) fertilization on production of sunflower. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments in three replicates. Treatments were: Zn₀ (non-Zn fertilized), Zn₁₀, Zn₂₀, Zn₃₀, and Zn₆₀ (soil application of 10, 20, 30, and 60 kg Zn ha^?1, respectively), and Zn_Spray (foliar spraying of 0.5 kg Zn ha^?1 using ZnSO₄). Seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus cv. ‘Record’) were planted on June 20, 2000 and June 15, 2001. At harvest, shoot and seed yields as well as concentration of Zn, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) in leaves of sunflower were determined. Addition of 20 kg Zn ha^?1 significantly increased seed production and shoot dry-matter yield of sunflower, while other Zn treatments had no significant effect on shoot dry-matter yield, or decreased it. The thousand-seed weight was the yield component most affected by Zn fertilization, while plant height and head diameter did not change. The maximum content of seed oil was achieved under the Zn₁₀ treatment, then decreased at higher rates of soil-applied Zn such that oil content of seed under the Zn₃₀ and Zn₆₀, treatments was significantly lower than that of the control. Seed oil content was unaffected by foliar spraying of Zn. The concentration of Zn in sunflower leaves was increased with an increase in soil-added Zn of from 0 to 60 kg Zn ha^?1. The highest leaf concentrations of Zn (162 and 175 mg kg^?1 day matter (DM) in the first and second year, respectively) were achieved by foliar application of ZnSO₄. Leaf concentration of Fe was significantly increased in the Zn₂₀ treatment compared with the control but decreased at the higher rates of soil-added ZnSO₄. Soil addition of different levels of ZnSO₄ decreased concentration of Na and Cl in leaves. The lowest concentration of Na and Cl in leaves was observed under Zn₂₀. The results of this study suggest that soil application of a suitable amount of Zn has a positive effect on both quantitative and qualitative yield of sunflower in saline, calcareous soils.     

Effects of sulfur,zinc, iron,copper, manganese,and boron applications on sunflower yield and plant nutrient concentration

Abstract

Sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, and boron application did not affect the seed yield or oil percentage of sunflower (Hilianthus annuus L.) on both dryland and irrigated soils in North Dakota in 1981. Field averages indicated significant Zn, Mn, and B uptake by sunflower at the 12‐leaf stage as a result of fertilization with these elements. Increased Zn uptake was also observed in the uppermost mature leaf at anthesis from zinc fertilization.

Although sunflower yield from boron fertilization was not significantly different from the check, a trend was observed in which boron fertilization seemed to decrease sunflower yield. Sunflower yields from the boron treatment were the lowest out of seven treatments in three out of four fields. Also, sunflower yield from the boron treatment was significantly lower than both iron and sulfur treatments when all fields were combined.     

Evaluation of assimilate remobilization and yield of wheat cultivars under different irrigation regimes in an arid climate

To investigate the effects of irrigation regimes on assimilate remobilization, water use efficiency (WUE), relative water content (RWC), photosynthesis and yield of five wheat cultivars, a field experiment was conducted at Shiraz University during the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block and treatments were arranged as split-plot in three replicates. There were four levels of water regime including well-watered [irrigation based on 100% field capacity (FC)], excess watered (125% FC), mild drought (75% FC) and severe drought (50% FC) stress, and four bread wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Bahar, Pishtaz and Sistan) and a durum wheat (Yavaros). In all cultivars, progressed leaf senescence at 30 days after anthesis (DAA), was associated with a reduction in chlorophyll content. The reduction was more pronounced in Shiraz and Yavaros than Pishtaz and Sistan. With increasing temperature and remobilization of assimilate to grain, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were decreased significantly at 18 DAA compared with 8 DAA. Sistan and Pishtaz cultivars maintained higher RWC than sensitive cultivars of Shiraz and Yavaros under drought stress. The higher WUE in Pishtaz and Sistan was attributed to the effectiveness of a small amount of water in alleviating severe stress during the sensitive stages of growth. Under mild drought stress, controlled soil drying could enhance remobilization efficiency of assimilates in Pishtaz and Sistan and under severe drought, these cultivars had the highest grain yield compared with the other cultivars. Reduction of assimilates remobilization to the grain and 1000-grain weight, caused lower grain yield in Shiraz under severe drought. Overall, controlled soil drying in Sistan and Pishtaz might result in better mobilization of pre-stored assimilates to the grain in arid areas, where a rapid depletion of water resources is threatening crop production.     

废水灌溉下有机物料对重度盐渍土养分及芦苇生长的影响

在山东滨州含盐量为16.7 g.kg 1的重度退化滨海盐碱湿地,研究了造纸废水灌溉条件下添加有机物料对盐渍土养分和芦苇生长的影响,以期为重度退化滨海盐碱湿地的生物修复提供依据。试验从春季开始进行,共设4种处理:翻耕对照(CK)、翻耕+废水灌溉(FF)、翻耕+废水灌溉+秸秆(FFJ)以及翻耕+废水灌溉+污泥(FFW),测定了不同处理下土壤养分、呼吸强度、含盐量及芦苇株高和生物量的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,各处理土壤有机质显著提高,10月末时FFJ、FFW和FF处理土壤有机质含量分别是对照的1.34倍、1.29倍和1.22倍;碱解氮和有效磷含量也高于对照,依次为FFW>FFJ>FF>CK;各处理土壤呼吸强度高于对照,其中FFJ处理显著高于对照,比试验初期提高96%;各处理表层土壤含盐量均出现不同程度降低,以FFJ和FFW降低幅度最大,分别比对照降低22.6%和16.3%;FFW、FFJ和FF处理的芦苇株高显著高于对照,8月末分别是对照的3.1倍、2.7倍和2.2倍;FFJ和FFW处理的芦苇生物量、根冠比和平均叶面积都显著高于对照,而FF处理与对照没有显著差异;FF处理芦苇株高、生物量与土壤有效氮含量相关最为显著,FFJ和FFW处理与土壤有机质含量相关性最为显著。结果表明,废水灌溉为重度盐渍化土壤提供了充足的水分,有机物料能有效提高土壤养分含量,解决了重度盐碱化土壤水分胁迫和养分胁迫的问题,促进芦苇生长,但秸秆和污泥两种有机物料之间没有显著差异。     

Silicon modulates the activity of antioxidant enzymes and nitrogen compounds in sunflower plants under salt stress

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop with clear sensibility to salt stress. In this study, we evaluated silicon (Si) effect on the nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activity in sunflower plants subjected to salinity. A 4 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design with four replicates was used, consisting of four concentrations of Si (0.0; 1.0; 1.5; and 2.0 mM) and four concentrations of NaCl (0; 50; 100; and 150 mM) in the nutrient solution. The salinity reduced the nitrate content, but the increasing Si concentration in the medium improved the nitrate uptake, leading this ion to accumulate in salt-stressed plants, particularly in the roots. The nitrate reductase activity and the proline and soluble N-amino contents were also significantly increased by Si in salt conditions. The salinity increased electrolyte leakage and reduced the activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase in sunflower plants, but these decreases were reversed by Si at 2 mM, thus alleviating the effects of salinity on these variables. We conclude that Si is able to positively modulate nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities in sunflower plants in order to alleviate the harmful effects of salinity.     

施用功能微生物菌剂对重度盐碱地向日葵 生长及土壤微生物的影响

为了明确功能微生物菌剂对重度盐碱土壤向日葵农艺性状及微生物群落的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究     

脱硫废弃物和专用改良剂在碱化土壤改良中的效果

通过大田试验,研究了添加燃煤脱硫废弃物和几种专用改良剂对碱化土壤性质的变化及其对油葵(Helianthusannuus)生长的影响。结果表明:二者配合施用提高了土壤有机质和养分含量,一定程度上降低了碱化度、pH和全盐含量,使油葵出苗率、株高和产量分别提高了116.7%、19.2%和140.7%以上;3种专用改良剂间,改良剂Ⅲ在提高土壤养分含量和降低碱化度和全盐含量等方面的效果最佳,其增产幅度也最高;改良剂Ⅰ的两个施用时期间,秋施显著提高了有机质、全N和碱解N含量,降低了全盐含量,提高了油葵出苗率和产量;改良剂Ⅰ的3个施用水平间,7.50 t hm-2和11.25 t hm-2的施用量下具有较高的全N和碱解N含量、较低的全盐含量和碱化度以及较高的出苗率、株高和产量。以上结果表明脱硫废弃物和改良剂及其配合施用改善了土壤物理化学性质,且有利于油葵的生长和发育。其中,改良剂Ⅲ的改良效果最佳,但其施用技术有待于进一步的研究。     

外源氯处理对向日葵幼苗生长、养分吸收及植株硝态氮含量的影响

通过水培试验,研究了不同水平外源氯处理对向日葵(Helianthus.annuus)幼苗生长、干物质积累、Cl-、NO3-、全N、全P、全K含量的影响。结果表明,不同浓度外源氯(Cl-6.253～00.mmol/L)处理8.d,油葵幼苗的茎生长速率均显著下降,外源Cl-浓度越大,生长下降越显著。Cl-6.252～5.mmol/L处理8.d,油葵幼苗干物质积累速率极显著高于对照,Cl-25、50.mmol/L处理,油葵幼苗的干物质积累速率与对照差异不显著;而Cl-2003～00.mmol/L处理的幼苗干物质积累极显著下降。Cl-处理下,植株体内氯含量极显著上升,而叶片中硝酸盐含量显著下降,其中以Cl-50.mmol/L处理的叶片硝酸盐含量最低。Cl-6.251～00.mmol/L处理,油葵幼苗茎、叶全N、全P含量与对照差异不显著;Cl-200.mmol/L处理下,叶、茎全N含量显著下降,而根系全N、全P含量随Cl-处理的增加而增加。随着Cl-浓度处理的提高,油葵幼苗根、茎、叶的全K含量增加,其中以根、茎增加较快。因此,一定范围的外源氯处理,不影响向日葵生物量甚至促进生物量积累的同时,也可明显的提高向日葵幼苗的氮素利用效率。     

氮胁迫和非胁迫条件下玉米不同时期叶绿素含量的QTL分析

以优良玉米杂交种农大108的203个F2:3家系为材料,构建了包含189个SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱,利用复合区间作图法,在施氮（+N）和不施氮（-N）情况下,对玉米不同发育时期的叶绿素含量进行了QTL分析。结果表明:在-N和+N条件下,亲本许178的5个时期叶绿素（SPAD）均值分别为54.12和55.76,比黄C分别高1.80和2.40;而F2:3家系的SPAD均值分别达55.6和58.32,高于双亲的中亲值;同时,在+N情况下,叶绿素含量变异范围相对较小,说明氮胁迫对玉米叶绿素含量的变化具有一定影响。-N和+N情况下,在玉米喇叭口期、散粉期、灌浆初期、灌浆中期和灌浆后期分别检测到2、2、1、3、1个和2、2、2、7、1个叶绿素含量的非条件QTL,可分别解释对应时期叶绿素含量表型总变异的22.75%、22.93%、19.77%、49.87%、12.79%和16.95%、23.49%、19.38%、84.56%、13.38%。在-N和+N情况下,喇叭口期―散粉期、灌浆中期―灌浆后期和喇叭口期―散粉期、散粉期―灌浆初期各检测到1个条件QTL,可分别解释绿素含量表型变异的12.90%、25.51%和5.98%、26.67%。4）叶绿素含量的QTL表达存在时空性,其中qchl4和qchl5b在整个生育时期均能检测到,是玉米生长发育所必需的两个QTL。     

盐渍化土壤水肥耦合对向日葵苗期生长影响的试验

采用盆栽试验定量分析方法，模拟研究了不同盐分胁迫下，水肥对向日葵苗期冠层形态特征、干物质量及其分配的影响，揭示了盐渍化土壤水肥耦合机制。结果表明：水盐胁迫使向日葵的生长发育显著受阻，苗期明显滞后、株高、茎粗及叶片数显著减少，干物质量下降；在养分供应到一定程度上有助于缓解水分胁迫对向日葵生长发育产生的影响，而且养分供应不足时水分的增产作用会受到影响。据试验结果初步确定水盐(中度含盐处理)双重胁迫条件下的水肥配合值为:灌水定额为田持的75%(中水)并配施肥300 kg/hm²(中肥)时,最大干物质量为845.1 kg/hm²。合理施肥、量水配肥是盐渍化地区节水灌溉提高作物产量的有效措施。     

Effect of seaweed sap as foliar spray on growth and yield of hybrid maize

Seaweeds are important marine renewable resources. Use of seaweeds as fertilizers has allowed for substitution in place of conventional synthetic fertilizers. This study was conducted to examine the effect of seaweed liquid extract (SLE) on growth, yield, and nutrient uptake by hybrid maize. The experiments were conducted in ZARS, Vishweshwaraiah Canal farm, Mandya (Karnataka, India) during the rabi season of 2011–2013 to study the effect of foliar applications of Kappaphycus alvarezii (K sap) and Gracilaria edulis (G sap) sap on growth and yield response of hybrid maize “NAH 1137”. Three foliar sprays of both saps were applied at the rate of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, and 15.0% (v/v) along with water spray as a control at different stages of the crop. It was found that grain yield increased significantly by 18.54% and 26.04% for plants receiving 10% concentrations of both K. alvarezii and G. edulis sap respectively, over control. The increase in yield was attributed to increase in the number of rows in cob, cob length, and 100 grain weight. This investigation concludes that application of both the saps at 10% increased the nutrient uptake, grain, and stover yield over control.