Influence of Pre-Plant Micronutrient Mixes and Ammonium to Nitrate Ratios in Fertilizer Solution on Growth and Micronutrient Contents of Marigold in Plug Culture

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of pre-plant micronutrient mixes and various ammonium/nitrate (NH₄ ⁺/NO₃ ^?) ratios in a fertilizer solution on growth and the nutrient uptake of French marigold ‘Orange Boy’ in a plug culture. Two kinds of granular glass frits containing six micronutrients were produced and incorporated into peatmoss+vermiculite (1:1, v/v) substrate at a rate of 0.3 g · L^{? 1}. The five NH₄ ⁺/NO₃ ^? ratios in fertilizer solution were 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25, and 100/0, each giving a total nitrogen (N) supply of 80, 100, and 120 mg · L^{? 1}in the root substrate during stages 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The plants produced a significantly higher fresh and dry matter yield at 35 days after sowing when grown in 25/75 N nutrition in micronutrient fertilizer 1 (MF1) and 50/50 in micronutrient fertilizer 2 (MF2) than in the other NH₄ ⁺/NO₃ ^? ratios tested. Treatments of the highest accumulation of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B) in plants were 25/75, 50/50, 50/50, 25/75 and 50/50 in MF1 and 50/50, 25/75, 50/50, 50/50, 50/50 in MF2, respectively. The trends in accumulations of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B in plants were quadratic (Q), linear (L) and Q, L and Q, L and Q, and Q, respectively, in MF1. Those in MF2 were Q, Q, Q, L and Q, and Q, respectively.     

不同形态氮对掌叶半夏生长及块茎主要化学成分影响研究

【目的】本文利用盆栽试验,探讨了不同铵态氮、 硝态氮供应比例对掌叶半夏生长、 相关生理指标及块茎中主要活性成分含量的影响,以期为掌叶半夏的合理施肥、 科学种植提供技术依据。【方法】盆栽试验以蛭石为栽培基质,以掌叶半夏为试验材料,采用不同铵态氮、 硝态氮比例处理,分析不同铵硝比例处理下掌叶半夏叶片中抗氧化保护酶（SOD、 CAT）, 叶片、 块茎中氮代谢关键酶（NR）的活性及块茎中次生代谢产物（MDA、 硝酸盐及主要活性成分）的含量变化。【结果】 1）叶片鲜重、 块茎鲜重及总叶绿素含量总体均随铵态氮比例的升高而呈逐渐增加趋势,其中在全铵营养下,块茎鲜重和总叶绿素含量均达到最高值。2）随着铵态氮比例的升高,植株叶片中SOD、 CAT酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势; 当铵硝比为50∶50时,SOD、 CAT酶活性最高,此时,叶片中NO-3-N含量也达到最高。3）在全铵营养或全硝营养下,MDA含量均高于其他处理; 当铵硝比为50∶50时,MDA累积量最低。4）在全硝营养下,叶片、 块茎中的NR活性均达到最高值,同处理水平下叶片中NR活性要高于块茎; 并且随着铵态氮比例的增加叶片中NR活性呈逐渐降低的趋势,而块茎中的NR活性则呈逐渐增加的趋势。5）块茎中主要活性成分的累积更依赖于两种氮素的配施作用,在较高的铵态氮配施处理下（75∶25时）,总生物碱、 总有机酸及腺苷的积累量均取得最高值。【结论】适宜比例的铵硝配比可以促进掌叶半夏生长及产量的形成,其促进效果也显著高于全硝营养; 当铵硝比为50∶50时,其植物体内的相关酶活性也达到最高,说明适宜的铵硝配比能减轻膜质过氧化对植株细胞膜造成的损伤; 同时,较高的NH+4-N也有利于块茎中主要活性成分的积累,尤以铵硝比为75∶25时,累积效果最显著。     

水分状况与供氮水平对土壤可溶性氮素形态变化的影响

采用通气培养试验,研究比较了两种水稻土在不同水分和供氮水平下的矿质氮(TMN)和可溶性有机氮(SON)的变化特征。结果表明,加氮处理及淹水培养均显著提高青紫泥的NH4+-N含量;除加氮处理淹水培养第7 d外,潮土NH4+-N含量并未因加氮处理或淹水培养而明显升高。无论加氮与否,控水处理显著提高两种土壤的NO3--N含量,其中潮土始见于培养第7 d,青紫泥则始于培养后21 d;加氮处理可显著提高淹水培养潮土NO3--N含量,却未能提高淹水培养青紫泥NO3--N含量。两种土壤的SON含量从开始培养即逐步升高,至培养21～35 d达高峰期,随后急剧下降并回落至基础土样的水平;SON含量高峰期,潮土SON/TSN最高达80%以上,青紫泥也达60%。综上所述,潮土不仅在控水条件下具有很强硝化作用,在淹水条件下的硝化作用也不容忽视,因此氮肥在潮土中以硝态氮的形式流失的风险比青紫泥更值得关注;在SON含量高峰期,两种土壤的可溶性有机氮的流失风险也应予以重视。     

Growth Patterns of Jojoba Male and Female Leaf Callus with Various Ammonium and Nitrate Sources

Abstract

Male and female leaf discs of Jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with various nitrate:ammonium ratio and phytohormones concentrations. For the optimum callus growth, hormonal concentrations were remained equal for both male and female leaf tissues i.e., 0.4 mg L^?1 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyaceticacid, 1.25 mg L^?1 6‐benzyladenine and 0.5 mgL^?1 kinetin. However, a statistically significant difference was observed when Murashige and Skoog media was supplemented with an additional nitrogen source. In female leaf tissue, maximum fresh and dry weights were recorded in Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with an additional source of NO₃ ^?:NH₄ ⁺ (60 mM) whereas in male leaf tissue this addition was inhibitory. This study suggests that nitrogen requirement may be different for optimum callus growth in both male and female leaf tissues.     

Tomato growth and mineral composition as influenced by nitrogen form and light intensity

Abstract

Tomato plants were grown in sand culture with NH⁺ ₄, and NO^? ₃, forms of N and three levels of light. Plants supplied with NH⁺ ₄, nutrition under high light intensity had symptoms of stunting, leaf roll, wilting, interveinal chlorosis of the older leaves, and one third the dry weight of N0₃‐fed plants. In contrast, growth of plants receiving NH⁺ ₄, nutrition under shade appeared normal although dry weight was reduced. NH₄‐N nutrition suppressed K, Ca and Mg accumulation in tissues and increased P contents as compared to NO₃‐N nutrition.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizae affect the N and C economy of nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) during NH4 nutrition

In the symbiosis between nodulated legume roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, the C and N economy can be influenced by the source of N-supply from either AM-derived NH₄⁺ uptake or nodule-derived biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). This relationship was investigated in terms of NH₄⁺ supply and BNF by the two symbionts. Nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings with and without AM, were hydroponically grown with either 0 N or 1 mM NH₄⁺ supply. Plants were harvested at 30 days after emergence and measurements were taken for biomass, N₂ fixation, photosynthesis, CO₂ and O₂ root respiration, calculated C and N economy. AM roots had higher NH₄⁺ uptake and this was associated with the suppression of BNF and nodule growth. The higher NH₄⁺ uptake in AM roots occurred with lower root maintenance respiration, compared to when N was derived from BNF. There was also an increase in the below-ground sink strength of NH₄⁺ fed AM roots compared to NH₄⁺ fed non-AM roots, as evidenced by the increases in root CO₂ and O₂ respiration and photosynthetic stimulation. These results indicate that although the AM root had higher total below-ground respiratory costs during NH₄⁺ nutrition, there were lower respiratory C costs associated with N derived from AM symbionts in comparison to N from BNF.     

不同硝铵比对霞多丽葡萄幼苗生长和氮素营养的影响

采用沙培试验,设置了等氮条件下5种不同硝铵比营养液处理,探讨了氮形态对霞多丽葡萄幼苗生长和氮素营养的影响。结果表明,霞多丽幼苗的生长量以硝铵比70/30时最大,全铵营养时最低;植株根系氮的平均吸收量在硝铵比为70/30时为最大值,达到70.89%,全铵营养时为最低值;叶片中的氮浓度和总氮量以全硝营养最大,全铵营养最低,后者仅是全硝营养的61.8%和19.46%。霞多丽幼苗根系内NH4+-N浓度与营养液中NH4+-N的浓度成极显著正相关(r=0.9805),且当铵态氮比例超过30%时根系中NH4+浓度显著增加。叶片中硝酸还原酶的活性以硝铵比70/30最高,当铵态氮比例大于30%,再继续增加铵态氮的比例时,显著抑制了叶片中硝酸还原酶的活性;而对根的硝酸还原酶活性无明显影响。试验证明,硝铵比70/30是霞多丽较适宜的氮素形态配比,较高比例的铵态氮增加了植株器官中NH4+的浓度,抑制了霞多丽幼苗的生长及对氮素的吸收积累。     

Tomato growth and nutrient uptake patterns as influenced by nitrogen form and light intensity 1

Tomato plants were grown in sand culture with NH₄ or NO₃ forms of N and at two levels of light. Plants were harvested at 0, 5, 9, or 12 days after starting treatments. NH₄‐N nutrition reduced growth, suppressed K, Ca, and Mg accumulation in shoot, increased P and N content and markedly reduced K, Ca, and Mg uptake per unit of root surface. Reduced light level decreased the toxic effects of NH₄ and markedly decreased NH₄ accumulation in shoots.     

酸化沸石对尿素氮淋失和玉米籽粒氮素利用的影响

在尿素减量施用条件下,探究添加酸化沸石(SF)对氮素淋失及籽粒氮肥利用率的影响.通过等温吸附试验,结合土柱淋溶和玉米盆栽试验,研究酸化沸石对NH4+—N和NO3-—N的吸附性能,以及不同施氮梯度下,酸化沸石对氮素淋失和氮肥利用率的影响,试验分别设置农民习惯施肥(CN)、氮肥减量15％(CN1)、氮肥减量30％(CN2)...     

The effect of an NH4 +‐enhanced nitrogen source on the growth and yield of hydroponically grown maize (Zea mays L.)

Increased above‐ground dry matter and grain yields were found for two hydroponically grown maize hybrids (Pioneer‐3925 and Pioneer‐3949) when plants were supplied with an NH₄ ⁺‐enhanced nutrient solution (31 percent of total N) compared with a control (4 percent of total N as NH₄ ⁺). The major difference in yield developed between silking and 2 weeks post‐silking and silking and 4 weeks post‐silking for the P‐3925 and P‐3949 respectively. The reduced nitrogen content of the stover (leaves plus stalk) was consistently higher on the NH₄ ⁺‐enhanced nutrient solution. The decreased production of the control treatment may have resulted from a reduced photsynthetic capacity.     

不同铵硝配比对弱光下白菜氮素吸收及相关酶的影响

以黑色遮阳网覆盖模仿弱光环境, 使光照强度为自然光的20%左右, 以自然光照为对照, 采用精确控制水培溶液氮素营养, 研究NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比例分别为0/100、25/75、50/50、75/25、100/0 对弱光下白菜氮代谢及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的影响。结果表明, 弱光下, 白菜的鲜重及叶片总氮量以NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时最大, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为100/0 时最低。随弱光处理的进行, 白菜叶片中硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均呈下降趋势, 但NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比为25/75 时, 可维持叶片内较高的硝酸还原酶活性及谷氨酰胺合成酶活性。试验表明, NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N 比25/75 是白菜在弱光下生长的较适宜氮素形态配比。     

Salinity effects on nitrogen metabolism in plants – focusing on the activities of nitrogen metabolizing enzymes: A review

Nitrogen (N) metabolism is of great economic importance because it provides proteins and nucleic acids which in turn control many cellular activities in plants. Salinity affects different steps of N metabolism including N uptake, NO₃^? reduction, and NH₄⁺ assimilation, leading to a severe decline in crop yield. Major mechanisms of salinity effects on N metabolism are salinity-induced reductions in water availability and absorption, disruption of root membrane integrity, an inhibition of NO₃^? uptake by Cl^?, low NO₃^? loading into root xylem, alteration in the activities of N assimilating enzymes, decrease in transpiration, and reduction in relative growth rate which results in a lower N demand. However, the effects of salinity on N metabolism are multifaceted and may vary depending on many plant and soil factors. The present review deals with salinity effects on N metabolism in plants, emphasizing on the activities of N metabolizing enzymes in a saline environment.     

DEVELOPMENT OF A SOIL N TEST FOR FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS FOR WHEAT

Optimal fertilizer nitrogen (N) rates result in economic yield levels and reduced pollution. A soil test for determining optimal fertilizer N rates for wheat has not been developed for Quebec, Canada, or many other parts of the world. Therefore, the objectives were to determine: 1) the relationship among soil nitrate (NO^? ₃)- N, soil ammonium (NH ⁺ ₄)- N and N fertilizer on wheat yields; and 2) the soil sampling times and depths most highly correlated with yield response to soil NO^? ₃-N and NH ⁺ ₄-N. In a three year research work, wet and dried soil samples of 0- to 30- and 30- to 60-cm depths from 20 wheat fields that received four rates of N fertilizer at seeding and postseeding (plants 15 cm tall) were analyzed for NH ⁺ ₄-N and NO^? ₃ -N using a quick-test (N-Trak) and a standard laboratory method. Wheat yield response to N fertilizer was limited, but strong to soil NO^? ₃-N.     

宁夏引黄灌区稻田氮素浓度变化与迁移特征

过量施氮与不合理灌水是农田面源污染加剧的主要原因。为了寻求较优的水氮管理模式以促进农业生产和减少农田退水对黄河水体的污染, 在宁夏引黄灌区典型稻田中开展了不同水氮条件下稻田氮素迁移转化规律研究。结果表明: 不同水氮条件下稻田田面水NH₄⁺-N 与NO₃^--N 浓度伴随施肥出现明显峰值, NO₃^--N 峰值出现时间较NH₄⁺-N 晚, 且变化较平缓。3 次追肥时期和整个生育期田面水NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与施氮量和灌水量都呈显著相关, 田面水NO₃^--N 平均浓度与施氮量呈显著正相关, 与灌水量相关性不显著。稻田30 cm与60 cm 深度的直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度受施肥影响较大, 与田面水NH₄⁺-N 浓度变化规律相似, 90 cm 处直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度峰值出现较为滞后, 且浓度较上层土体低, 120 cm 处直渗水NH₄⁺-N 浓度大体呈现持续上升趋势,整个生育期直渗水NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与施氮量呈显著相关, 仅30 cm 处NH₄⁺-N 平均浓度与灌水量呈负相关, 其他土层深度不显著。30 cm 与60 cm 直渗水NO₃^--N 浓度在首次灌水后急剧下降, 在施肥后有较小幅度上升, 90 cm 与120 cm 直渗水NO₃^--N 浓度下降缓慢, 仅30 cm 处NO₃^--N 平均浓度与施肥量显著正相关。总的结果表明减少施肥或灌水均可达到减少农田氮素淋失的目的。     

NH4+-N/NO3--N比例对不同不结球小白菜品种的生长和部分生理指标的影响

The responses of three cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), one of the main vegetable crops in China, to different ratios of NH4+-N/NO3--N was investigated to find the optimal ratio of ammonium to nitrate for maximal growth and to explore ways of decreasing the nitrate content, increasing nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage, and determining distributions of nitrogen and carbon. Three cultivars of Chinese cabbage were hydroponically grown with three different NH4+-N/NO3--N ratios (0:100, 25:75 and 50:50). The optimal ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N for maximal growth of Chinese cabbage was 25:75. The increase in the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N significantly decreased nitrate content in various tissues of Chinese cabbage in the order of petiole > leaf blade > root. The highest total nitrogen (N) content was found when the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N was 25:75, and N contents in plant tissues were significantly different, mostly being in the order of leaf blade > petiole > root. At the NH4+-N/NO3--N ratio of 25:75, the biomasses of Chinese cabbage cultivars 'Shanghaiqing', 'Liangbaiye 1' and 'Kangre 605' increased by 47%, 14% and 27%, respectively. The biomass, SPAD chlorophyll meter readings and carbon content of 'Shanghaiqing' were all higher than those of 'Liangbaiye 1', while nitrate and total nitrogen contents were lower. Thus, partial replacement of nitrate by ammonium could improve vegetable production by both increasing yields and decreasing nitrate content of the plants.     

增铵营养对番茄幼苗生长和有机酸含量的影响

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effect of partial replacement of NO(3^-)-N by NH -N on theseedling growth and organic acid content of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). A completely randomized designwas established with three replications and five treatments, i.e., NO(3^-)-N/NH(4^ )-N of 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and0/100. Results showed that 25% replacement of NO(3^-)-N by NH(4^ )-N significantly (P = 0.05) improved fresh and dryweight, revealing that a proper percentage of NH -N was important for tomato nitrogen nutrition. This could increasethe plant growth even though tomato was a crop that preferred nitrate nutrition. Also an increase in the proportion ofNH -N in the nutrient solution led to a significant decrease (P=0.05) in malate, citrate and fumarate. However, the25% NH(4^ )-N plus 75% NO(3^-)-N treatment had no significant effect (P = 0.05) on the 2-ketoglutarate, succinate or oxalicacid content, showing that only some organic acids in tomato plants were affected. Only pyruvate increased significantly(P=0.05), and it only increased for 25% and 50% replacement of NO(3^-)-N by NH(4^ )-N. Metabolism of these organicacids, especially malate, citrate and fumarate, should be further studied at the molecular level in vegetables applied withdifferent nitrogen forms.     

Growth,Nitrate Accumulation,and Macronutrient Concentration of Pakchoi as Affected By External Nitrate-N: Amino Acid-N Ratio

ABSTRACT

A study was carried out to determine the influence of nitrogen (N) sources on the growth, nitrate (NO₃ ^?) accumulation, and macronutrient concentrations of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) in hydroponics. Plants were supplied with NO₃ ^? and two amino acids (AA), glutamic acid (Glu), and glutamine (Gln), at six NO₃ ^?-N/AA-N molar ratios: (1) 100:0, (2) 80:20, (3) 60:40, (4) 40:60, (5) 20:80, (6) 0:100. The total N concentration was 12.5 mmol/L for all treatments in nutrient solutions. Both AAs reduced plant growth with decreasing NO₃ ^?-N/AA-N ratios, but the reduction was for Gln than for Glu. At 80:20 NO₃ ^?-N: Gln-N ratio, the Gln had no significant effect on pakchoi fresh weights. Decreasing NO₃ ^?-N/AA-N ratios reduced NO₃ ^? concentrations in the plant, regardless of AA sources. Adding an appropriate portion of AA-N to nutrient solutions for hydroponic culture increased concentrations of N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in pakchoi shoots. Substituting 20% or less of NO₃ ^?-N with Gln-N in hydroponic culture will increase the pakchoi quality by reducing NO₃ ^? concentration and increasing mineral nutrient concentrations in shoots without significant reduction of crop yields.     

Development of a Soil N Test for Fertilizer Requirements for Corn Production in Quebec

Corn requires high nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, but no soil N test for fertilizer N requirement is yet available in Quebec. Objectives of this research were (1) to determine the effects of soil nitrate (NO₃ ^?)-N, soil ammonium (NH₄ ⁺)-N, and N fertilizer rates on corn yields and (2) to determine soil sampling times and depths most highly correlated with yields and fertilizer N response under Quebec conditions. Soil samples were taken from 0- to 30-cm and 30- to 60-cm depths at seeding and postseeding (when corn height reached 20 cm) to determine soil NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^? in 44 continuous corn sites fertilized with four rates of N in two replications using a quick test (N-Trak) and a laboratory method. The N-Trak method overestimated soil NO₃ ^?-N in comparison with the laboratory method. Greater coefficients of determination were observed for soil NO₃ ^?-N analyses at postseeding compared with seeding.     

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM AN ALKALINE SALINE SOIL CULTIVATED WITH MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND AMENDED WITH ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED COW MANURE: A GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENT

Sludge derived from cow manure anaerobically digested to produce biogas (methane; CH₄) was applied to maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in a nutrient-low, alkaline, saline soil with electrolytic conductivity 9.4 dS m^?1 and pH 9.3. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission increased 3.1 times when sludge was applied to soil, 1.6 times when cultivated with maize and 3.5 times in sludge-amended maize cultivated soil compared to the unamended uncultivated soil (1.51 mg C kg^?1 soil day^?1). Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from unamended soil was -0.0004 μg nitrogen (N) kg^?1 soil day^?1 and similar from soil cultivated with maize (0.27 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1). Application of sludge increased the N₂O emission to 4.59 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1, but cultivating this soil reduced it to 2.42 μg N kg^?1 soil day^?1. It was found that application of anaerobic digested cow manure stimulated maize development in an alkaline saline soil and increased emissions of CO₂ and N₂O.     

减氮配施有机物质对土壤氮素淋失的调控作用

采用室内土柱模拟试验方法,研究不同氮肥施用下1m土体中氮素的分布和移动特征,揭示土壤氮素动态变化规律。结果表明:FN(农民习惯施无机氮用量)、RN(根据土壤养分供应和作物需求确定的推荐无机氮用量)显著增加了土壤上层NH_4^+-N和NO_3^--N向下层淋失。RN+HA(与推荐无机氮纯养分相等的锌腐酸尿素)和RN40%+OMB(推荐无机氮肥减60%基础上配施自制有机调理物质)可延长上层土壤NH_4^+-N峰值出现时间,降低下层NH_4^+-N。淋溶结束后,等氮量下增施HA较RN降低60cm以下NH_4^+-N残留29.7%～54.2%;降低60—80cm NO_3^--N累积17.4%。RN40%+OMB处理无机氮肥用量最小,0—20cm的NH_4^+-N最高,40—100cm稳定在2.0mg/kg左右;0—20,20—40cm土层NO_3^--N较RN+HA增加12.3%和2.0%,显著降低40cm以下NO_3^--N残留。RN+HA和RN40%+OMB较RN的土壤总无机氮残留分别减少7.4%和20.2%,降低表观淋失率。因此,RN40%+OMB可较好地抑制氮素下移,降低氮素淋失风险,为减少氮素淋失、明确合理氮肥施用方式提供科学依据。