Physiological responses of pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L.) to drought stress

Water shortage is the most important factor constraining agricultural production all over the world. New irrigation strategies must be established to use the limited water resources more efficiently. This study was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications under the greenhouse condition at Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. In this study, the physiological responses of pepper plant affected by irrigation water were investigated. Irrigation treatments included control [full irrigation (FI) level] and three deficit irrigation (DI) levels—80, 60, and 40% of the plant's water requirement called DI₈₀, DI₆₀, and DI₄₀, respectively. A no plant cover treatment with three replications was also used to measure evaporation from the soil surface. Daily measurements of volumetric soil moisture (VSM) were made at each 10-cm intervals of the soil column, considered as a layer. The differences between the measured VSM and the VSM in the next day and evaporation rate at the soil surface at the same layer of the bare soil with no plant cover treatment were calculated. Eventually, by considering the applied and collected water in each treatment, evapotranspiration (ET_C) and root water uptake in each layer per day were estimated. Furthermore, fruit number per plant, fresh fruit weight/day, root fresh/dry weights, shoot fresh/dry weights, root zone volume, root length and density, crop yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) were measured under different water treatments. The results showed that the maximum and minimum of all the studied parameters were found in the FI and DI₄₀ treatments, respectively. ET_C in the DI₈₀, DI₆₀, and DI₄₀ treatments were reduced by 14.2, 37.4, and 52.2%, respectively. Furthermore, applying 80, 60, and 40% of the plant's water requirement led to the reduction in crop yield by 29.4, 52.7, and 69.5%, respectively. The averages of root water uptakes in the DI₈₀, DI₆₀, and DI₄₀ treatments reduced by 17.08, 48.72, and 68.25%, respectively. WUE and crop yield also showed no significant difference in the FI and DI₈₀ treatments. Moreover, in the DI₈₀ treatment, the reduced rate of water uptake was less than the reduced rate of plant's applied water. According to these results, it can be concluded that 20% DI had no significant reduction on the yield of pepper, but above this threshold, there was an adverse effect on the growth and yield. Therefore, for water management in the regions with limited water resources, rate of plant's applied water can be decreased by around 20%.     

Improved soil–plant water dynamics and economic water use efficiency in a maize field under locally water stress

Soil–plant water dynamics is a major driving factor on crop yield which could be improved under optimal irrigation strategy. The soil water dynamics under partial root-zone drying (PRD) and its consequent effects on maize economics returns were investigated in a two-year field study in the research field of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. Irrigation treatments included full irrigation (FI) and two PRD treatments including PRD₁ and PRD₂, receiving 100%, 75% and 55% of crop water demand at each irrigation event, respectively. TDRs were used for measuring soil water contents on a daily basis. Economic analysis was done based on net present value (NPV), benefit-to-cost ratio (B/C) and internal rate of return (INRR) indices. Applying PRD₁ treatment increased soil wetting front advance by 110–330% compared those for other treatments which caused 50% increase in root water uptake. Improved soil water dynamics under PRD1 prevented a significant reduction in maize grain yield, leading to 37.7%, 6.14% and 192% increase in NPV, B/C and INRR, respectively, under PRD₁ than those for FI treatment. Thus, PRD₁ was the most economic water-saving irrigation strategy under which 25% of irrigation water would be saved due to a better utilization of soil water supply.     

Nutrients uptake and water use efficiency of drip irrigated maize under deficit irrigation

Little is known about nutrient uptake during different growth stages of drip irrigated maize under deficit irrigation. A 2-year field study in the semi-arid region of Upper Egypt was carried out in a randomized complete block design with five replications during the summer of 2016 and 2017. Maize plants were irrigated with 100, 80, or 60% of water requirements. Maize growth was negatively affected by the lower water supply. Total uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) by maize irrigated with I₁₀₀ increased by 21, 25, and 21% compared to that irrigated with I₆₀. I₈₀ reduced the grain and straw yield by 8 and 17% compared to I₁₀₀. Under deficit irrigation water was used efficiently more than full water supply. NPK requirements of drip irrigated maize under deficit irrigation are less than those irrigated by full water supply thus help to sustain the environmental ecosystem and increased the economic returns.     

部分根区干燥灌溉条件下土壤温度和玉米N吸收改善研究

Soil temperature is a major effective factor on the soil and plant biological properties. Irrigation can affect soil temperature and thereby induces a temperature effect on plant growth, which may result in an economic increase due to higher yield and plant nutrition. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of three irrigation strategies including full irrigation (FI), partial root-zone drying (PRD) and deficit irrigation (DI) on soil temperature and the consequent results on the grain yield and N uptake of maize (Zea May L.). Soil temperature was measured by time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors during the 2010 growing season. Irrigation treatments were applied from 55 to 107 d after planting. The PRD treatment caused soil temperature to be in a favorable domain for a longer period (for over 60% of the measuring dates) as a consequent result of water movement to deeper soil layers compared with the other treatments; the PRD treatment also reduced soil temperature at deeper soil depths to below the maximum favorable soil temperature for maize root growth, which resulted in deeper root penetration due to both water availability and favorable soil temperature. Compared to the FI treatment, the PRD treatment increased root water uptake by 50% and caused no significant reduction in total N uptake, while this was not observed in the DI treatment partially due to the negative temperature effect of DI on plant growth, which consequently affected the water and nutrient uptake. A longer vegetation period in the PRD treatment was observed due to higher leaf N concentrations and no significant reduction in maize grain yield occurred in the PRD treatment, compared with those in the FI treatment. Based on the results, having 15.2% water saving during the whole growing season, the PRD irrigation would positively affect soil temperature and the water and nutrient uptake as a consequent, which thereby would prevent significant reduction in maize grain yield.     

An evaluation and comparison of drip and conventional furrow irrigation methods on maize

A field study was conducted over two years on maize at Islam Abad Research Station at 34°7′42′′N and 46°27′23′′E and elevation of 1348 m a.s.l in Kermanshah Province, western Iran in order to compare the effects of different irrigation methods and treatments on irrigation water use efficiency, crop yield, yield response factor, pan and seasonal crop coefficients, and other maize parameters. The experiment was a complete randomized block design with three replicates. During the study, irrigation water was applied at 40, 60, 80 and 100% of the maize seasonal water requirement for different surface drip tape (SDT) treatments, and 100% only for conventional furrow irrigation treatments with and without soil and water monitoring. The results showed that by using the above-mentioned different drip tape and surface treatments with soil and water monitoring, maize seasonal irrigation water use savings of 81, 71, 61, 52 and 36% were achieved compared with local conventional furrow irrigation without any soil, water and root monitoring, respectively. The yield response factor (K _y), seasonal crop (K _c) and pan coefficient (K _p) for maize were 0.80, 0.76 and 0.97, respectively.     

荫蔽栽培与亏缺灌溉对干热区小粒咖啡生长和冠层结构的影响

干热区小粒咖啡水、光管理粗放,高效生产受到限制。通过大田试验,采用完全组合设计,设3个灌水水平[充分灌水(FI)、轻度亏缺灌水(DIL)和重度亏缺灌水(DIS)]和4个荫蔽栽培模式[无荫蔽(S0):单作咖啡;轻度荫蔽(SL):4行咖啡间作1行香蕉;中度荫蔽(SM):3行咖啡间作1行香蕉;重度荫蔽(SS):2行咖啡间作1行香蕉],研究香蕉荫蔽栽培下亏缺灌溉对干热区小粒咖啡生长和冠层结构的影响。结果表明:与FI相比,其余灌水处理的株高增量和新梢长度分别减少13.62%～23.94%和8.82%～13.96%,总定点因子增加9.55%～34.97%。与S0相比,其余荫蔽处理的株高增量、茎粗增量、冠幅增量、新梢长度和叶面积指数分别增加18.33%～33.65%、6.43%～15.47%、5.38%～12.60%、8.82%～24.69%和5.18%～22.85%,冠层开度、林隙分数、平均叶倾角、总定点因子和透光率分别减少4.42%～15.50%、4.85%～16.49%、5.50%～15.07%、13.78%～41.44%和10.36%～31.78%。相关分析表明,冠层开度、林隙分数、平均叶倾角、直接定点因子、间接定点因子、总定点因子、冠下直接辐射、冠下间接辐射、透光率和消光系数相互之间均呈显著正相关,且分别与冠层叶面积指数呈显著负相关。聚类分析表明,当类间距离为5时,可将12个处理分为3类, FISS、DILSS和FISM处理为第1类, FISL、DILSL、DILSM、DISSS、FIS0和DISSM处理为第2类, DILS0、DISSL和DISS0处理为第3类。其中第1类的生长状况最佳,可作为干热区小粒咖啡灌水处理和香蕉荫蔽栽培模式的优选组合。该结果可为干热区小粒咖啡水光管理提供理论指导。     

Drip irrigation and nitrogen fertilization alter phenological development and yield of spring maize (Zea mays L.) under semi-arid conditions

Abstract

Maize response to deficit water and nitrogen for assessing phenological development and yield was studied under semi-arid conditions. Experiment consisting three drip irrigation levels, replenish 60 (DI₆₀), 80 (DI₈₀) and 100 percent (DI₁₀₀) of cumulative pan evaporation, and four nitrogen doses 50 (RN₅₀), 75 (RN₇₅), 100 (RN₁₀₀) and 125 (RN₁₂₅) per cent of recommended nitrogen. A Furrow irrigated treatment was kept as control/check. Significant earliness in visibility of collar of 8^th leaf, tasseling, silking and significant delay in dough stage and physiological maturity was recorded under well water treatment DI₁₀₀ as compared to DI₆₀. Days to collar of 8^th leaf, tasseling and silking had significant negative correlation, and duration of yield formation phase and days to physiological maturity had significant positive correlation with grain yield. Higher DM production, longer yield formation phase and late physiological maturity led to significantly higher grain yield under DI₁₀₀. In case of nitrogen levels, phonological characteristics like collar of 8^th leaf, tasseling and silking were significantly delayed, and dough stage and physiological maturity were advanced under nitrogen deficit treatment RN₅₀ as compared to RN₁₀₀ and RN₁₂₅. Significantly higher dry matter production and longer yield formation phase observed led to significant higher SCY under RN₁₀₀ and RN₁₂₅ as compared to RN₅₀. Yield formation phase was significantly longer under drip irrigated crop as compared to control during 2^nd year of study. Crop phenological development significantly affected by drip irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels, and there was significant correlation between phenological stages development and grain yield.     

Effect of soil water management and different sowing dates on maize yield and water use efficiency under drip irrigation system

A 2-year field experiment (2012–2013) was conducted to evaluate the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) response of maize (Zea mays L.) to different soil water managements at different sowing dates. The experiment included three sowing dates (22 June, 6 July and 21 July) and four irrigation regimes based on maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of the total available soil water (TAW). The irrigation treatments were marked by I₁ to I₃ as 40%, 60% and 80% MAD of TAW, respectively, and with no irrigation. The results showed that grain yield reduced when planting was delayed in both years, ranging from 6105 to 4577 kg ha^?1 in 2012 and from 7079 to 5380 kg ha^?1 in 2013. However, WUE increased when planting was delayed from 22 June until 21 July. Also the highest grain yield was observed in the first irrigation treatment (MAD = 40%) in both years, and the highest WUE was obtained in the second irrigation treatment (MAD = 60%) with 1.64 and 1.61 (kg m^?3) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. These findings suggest that delay in planting date and the use of MAD = 60% treatment in Mediterranean-type region such as Golestan, Iran, can be useful in saving water that is highly important in such regions.     

负压灌溉提高紫叶生菜的水分利用效率和根际微生物多样性

【目的】针对目前设施农业中常用的灌溉方式容易造成土表水分蒸发和水肥流失,且不能按照作物所需自动供水供肥的现状,本研究探讨了负压灌溉提高紫叶生菜的产量和品质,以及水分利用效率和土壤微生物群落多样性的机理。【方法】在温室内进行盆栽试验,以紫叶生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)为试验材料,设置3个灌溉处理:常规灌溉、滴灌和负压灌溉。收获后,测定了紫叶生菜的产量,分析了品质(维生素C、可溶性糖、花青素和硝酸盐含量),植株的养分(氮、磷和钾)浓度和吸收量,监测了土壤水分含量动态的变化,计算了水分消耗量和水分利用效率,分析了根际土壤微生物的多样性指数和细菌在门分类上的群落结构组成。【结果】负压灌溉下显著提高紫叶生菜的产量和品质,负压灌溉比常规和滴灌处理的产量分别显著提高了68.1%和29.0%,也提高了维生素C、可溶性糖和花青素的含量,减少了硝酸盐含量。与常规灌溉相比负压灌溉显著提高了紫叶生菜氮、磷、钾的浓度和含量,分别提高13.0%、14.4%、38.4%和90.2%、92.6%、135.5%。紫叶生菜在负压灌溉下耗水量最少,为9900 cm3,比常规和滴灌处理分别减少了23.8%和23.8%;负压下水分利用效率比常规和滴灌分别显著提高了122.2%和70.5%。同时负压灌溉处理下动态的土壤含水量处于10.3%~11.3%之间,变异范围低于常规和滴灌处理9.2%~11.6%。通过高通量测序紫叶生菜根际土壤微生物群落发现,负压灌溉处理下微生物多样性指数最高,表现为OTU、Chao1和Shannon指标的数值显著高于常规和滴灌处理,其数值分别为1808、2437和8.48,分别比常规灌溉处理显著提高了15.2%、15.7%和3.16%。同时也改变了细菌在门分类水平上组成的相对丰度,在负压灌溉处理下比常规和滴灌处理分别提高了放线菌门(Actinobacteria),绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)在细菌门分类上的相对丰度。【结论】本试验证明了负压灌溉系统通过土壤水肥平稳供应机制,实现了紫叶生菜高产优质且高效利用水分的目标。因此,负压灌溉系统相比常规和滴灌,显著提高了紫叶生菜的产量和品质、水分利用效率和根际微生物群落的多样性,为设施农业的可持续性发展提供科学依据。     

灌溉对土壤硝态氮淋吸效应影响的研究

在陕北米脂县无定河谷地沙壤质土壤上进行了灌水量对土壤硝态氮的淋失和作物吸收效应影响的研究( 简称淋吸效应) 。结果表明,灌水量在0～4000m3/hm2范围内,与玉米产量和玉米吸N 量之间的关系均呈线性相关。土壤剖面中NO3--N 遗留量主要集中分布在0 ～60cm土层内,出现的高峰在40cm ;在0 ～80cm 土层内的NO3--N 遗留量随灌水量的增加而降低;80 ～320cm 土层内的NO3--N 与灌水量之间无明显相关,320 ～400cm 土层内NO3--N 是随灌水量的增加而增高。不同深度的土壤剖面中NO3--N 遗留量与灌水量之间均呈双曲线相关;氮素损失率以未灌溉和灌水量4000m3/hm2处理的为最低,据此提出了土壤NO3--N 淋吸效应的概念。     

Effects of Water Stress and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Multi-Cut Forage Pearl Millet Yield,Nitrogen, and Water Use Efficiency

Forage pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum var. Nutrifeed) is a new forage crop in Iran. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Tehran to evaluate the response of pearl millet to four nitrogen (N) levels (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha^?1) and four irrigation regimes (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of available soil water abbreviated to I₄₀, I₆₀, I₈₀ and I₁₀₀, respectively) during 2006–2007. Total dry matter production reached a maximum of 24.4 and 23.5 t ha^?1at I₄₀ and I₆₀ at N₂₂₅, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased by adding more fertilizer and minimum nitrogen use efficiency was recorded at N₂₂₅ over all irrigation regimes. At N₂₂₅, water use efficiency reached the maximum of 3.57 and 4.10 kg m^?3 in I₈₀ and I₁₀₀, respectively. Pearl millet forage could be produced in the regions where water is scarce and additional N fertilizer could increase total dry matter and water use efficiency.     

宁夏中部干旱带砂土混合覆盖下土壤蒸发估算

为寻求一种能够有效估算宁夏中部干旱带压砂地土壤蒸发量的方法,通过微型蒸渗仪大田试验,研究了 0(S1),20％(S2),40％(S3),60％(S4),80％(S5),100％(S6)6种砂土混合比条件下土水蒸发比与表层土壤含水量的关系,并构建了压砂地土壤蒸发量估算模型.结果表明:土水蒸发比随表层土壤含水量呈分阶段变化...     

不同遮光度对冬小麦生长发育和水分利用效率的影响

[目的]探究不同程度遮光对冬小麦生长发育和水分利用效率的影响,分析遮光条件下小麦的生长发育状况及耗水特性,为节水灌溉提供新途径。[方法]通过小区试验,设置不遮光(CK)、20%遮光(L_(20))、40%遮光(L_(40))、60%遮光(L60)、80%遮光(L_(80))共5个处理组,分析冬小麦株高、叶面积、干物质、产量和水分利用效率的变化特征。[结果]遮光处理使冬小麦生育期延长,叶面积增加,但各处理间的株高无明显变化;L_(40),L60,L_(80)处理抑制了冬小麦茎、穗干物质的积累;遮光使得光合产物在茎、叶、穗各器官中的分配比例发生变化,但L_(20)处理对冬小麦茎、叶、穗干物质的积累和分配无明显影响;遮光使得土面蒸发量和冬小麦的总耗水量均明显降低,且遮光度越大,降低幅度越大;与CK相比,L_(20)处理的产量下降了4.23%,水分利用效率则提高了10.11%,其他处理的产量和水分利用效率均有所下降。[结论]L_(20)处理对产量无明显影响,但有效提高了水分利用效率,起到了明显的节水作用。     

Enhancing nutrient translocation,yields and water productivity of wheat under rice–wheat cropping system through zinc nutrition and residual effect of green manuring

Abstract

Efficient nutrient and water use are two important considerations to obtain good harvests of wheat. This necessitates the development of an effective nutrient management technique that not only increases yield, but simultaneously can save nutrient and water use. In this context, a field experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India to evaluate the residual effect of sesbania and rice bean (in-situ), subabul (ex-situ) green manuring and Zinc (Zn) fertilization, using chelated Zn-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Zn-EDTA) on nutrient use, yields and water productivity of wheat under rice–wheat cropping system. Among residual effects of green manure crops and Zn fertilization, sesbania and foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after sowing (DAS) recorded significantly higher nutrient content and uptake and yields than other green manure crops and Zn treatments. Residual effect of sesbania saved about 46.5?×?10³ and 30.5?×?10³ L irrigation water per tonne of wheat over subabul and rice bean, respectively. Foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at 20, 40, 60 and 80 DAS saved about 55.5?×?10³, 47?×?10³ and 13?×?10³ L irrigation water per tonne wheat over residual effect of 5?kg Zn ha^?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application, 2.5?kg Zn ha^?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application + 1 foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at flowering and foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at active tillering?+?flowering?+?grain filling, respectively. Correlation analysis showed positive correlation between Zn uptake and grain yield.     

Diurnal Soil Water and Root Water Uptake/Nitrogen Dynamics in the Wastewater-Irrigated Pepper Field

To study the effect of wastewater irrigation in pepper fields, this research analyzed the principle of the water vapor–heat–nitrogen coupling transport and the diurnal rule of root water/nitrate uptake dynamics in wastewater-irrigated pepper fields. In an outdoor experiment, the soil water content, negative pressure head, and temperature at depths of 10, 25, 40, 55, and 70 cm were measured hourly for 480 h in July 2013. The modified HYDRUS-1D code was used to analyze soil water and root water/nitrogen uptake dynamics. The numerical analyses provided insight into the diurnal movement of the soil water and root water/nitrogen uptake dynamics driven by the gradients of the pressure heads and temperatures. The measured and simulated data agree well with each other. When the original nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) content in the soil is high, additional wastewater irrigation will not increase the root uptake of NO₃-N. Thus, excessive wastewater irrigation may cause groundwater nitrogen contamination.     

Cotton growth and the fate of N fertilizer as affected by saline water irrigation and N fertigation in a drip-irrigated field

The objective of this two-year field experiment was to study the effects of irrigation amount, N rate, and irrigation water salinity on cotton growth and the fate of N fertilizer. The movement of N through the plant-soil system was traced using ¹⁵N-labeled urea. The study consisted of twelve treatments, including two irrigation amounts (405 and 540?mm, I405 and I540, respectively); two N application rates (240 and 360?kg?N/ha, N240 and N360, respectively); and three irrigation water salinity levels [0.35, 4.61 and 8.04?dS/m, representing fresh water (FW), brackish water (BW), and saline water (SW), respectively]. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications. The results showed that cotton biomass, N uptake, and yield increased as irrigation amount and N amount increased; however, all three variables were significantly less in SW than in FW and BW. Plant ¹⁵N recovery rates were greater (i) in the I540 treatments than in the I405 treatments and (ii) in the N360 treatments than in the N240 treatments. Plant ¹⁵N recovery rates in BW were 7.98% and 30.01% greater than those in FW and SW, respectively. Residual soil ¹⁵N increased as N fertilizer amount increased but declined as irrigation amount increased. Residual soil ¹⁵N in BW and SW was 6.02% and 21.44% greater, respectively, than in FW. Total ¹⁵N recovery was significant greater in BW than in FW and SW. The ¹⁵N leaching losses increased significantly with increases in irrigation amount, irrigation water salinity, and N rate. Our study suggests that if appropriate amounts of irrigation water and N fertilizer are used, then brackish irrigation water (4.61?dS/m) will not affect cotton growth, yield and N recovery. In contrast, saline irrigation water (EC?>?8?dS/m) reduces cotton growth, yield, and N use efficiency.     

控制性根系分区交替灌溉对冬小麦水分与养分利用的影响

以移栽小麦为试验材料,采用盆栽的方法研究了3种不同灌水方式：全面积均匀灌水(对照)、控制1/2区域交替灌水(CRDI)和控制固定1/2区域灌水对冬小麦水分与养分利用的影响。研究结果表明：在同一灌水方式中土壤含水率下限小的冬小麦根冠比大,且根系总的干重也大;CRDI对根系生长有显著促进作用,使根均匀分布在土壤中,且根长密度较对照大;对于CRDI,当控制土壤含水率下限由65％θ_F变化为55％θ_F时,耗水量下降了35％,节水效果明显;土壤含水率较高,有利于冬小麦根系对土壤中离子态养分的吸收;土壤含水率下限相同时,3种不同的灌水方式中,土壤中H₂PO^-₄和NH⁺₄-N离子浓度均呈现出递减的趋势,而NO^-₃-N离子浓度却呈现出明显的递增趋势,在同一土壤含水率下,CRDI对养分离子的吸收优于其它两种灌水方式。     

咸水结冰融水入渗对土壤水盐运移和玉米苗期生长的影响

依据咸水冰盐水融离原理,利用土柱模拟试验,设置4个灌溉方式,分别为对照处理(淡水)、咸水灌溉、咸水结冰灌溉和咸水结冰灌溉+秸秆覆盖,研究咸水结冰灌溉条件下土壤水盐的独特运移机制。结果表明,与淡水灌溉相比,咸水灌溉处理表层0~40 cm土壤水分含量偏低,而深层土含水量则较高;咸水结冰灌溉下这一规律更为明显。但配合秸秆覆盖措施能在一定程度提高咸水结冰灌溉后各土层土壤含水量。咸水直接浇灌使各土层土壤盐度EC1:5偏高,盐分累积量增大,且盐分具有明显表层聚集特性,表层0~40 cm盐分累积量占0~80 cm土体的62.2%;而咸水结冰后灌溉则显著降低表层0~40 cm土层的盐分累积,仅占18.6%;咸水结冰后灌溉配合秸秆覆盖则进一步促进表层的脱盐率提高,特别在0~10 cm土层,土壤盐度仅为0.15 dS·m -1,盐分累积67.8 g·m-2,与淡水处理间差异未达显著水平(P>0.05)。咸水结冰灌溉配合秸秆覆盖可促进表层土壤的脱盐,使土壤根系分布密集层保持较低盐分水平,缓解或消除盐分对作物生长的危害,使玉米的生长状况达到淡水灌溉处理的效果。     

不同灌溉方式下氢、氧同位素分布与小麦水分利用特征

[目的]探明不同灌溉方式对小麦水分利用的贡献率及小麦根系吸水规律,可为合理应用灌溉用水提供科学依据。[方法]利用稳定氢氧同位素示踪法,研究了防雨棚条件下常规灌溉(X)与滴灌(D)不同灌水量条件下(X₁,D₁:15 mm; X₂,D₂:30 mm; X₃,D₃:45 mm)冬小麦生长期间土壤水稳定同位素变化特征,以及土壤耗水强度、光合生理特征及水分利用特征。[结果]随小麦生育期的推进,根系吸水逐渐加深。在拔节期小麦主要利用0—20 cm深度的土壤水; 在抽穗期X₂,D₁和D₂处理主要利用了0—20 cm土层的水分,但X₁处理主要利用了60—80 cm土层的水分,占53.9%,X₃处理主要利用了40—60 cm土层的水分,占77.0%。而D₃处理主要利用了0—60 cm土层的水分,占80.0%; 到灌浆期,X₁和X₂处理主要利用了0—60 cm土层的水分,分别占86.2%和90.6%,而X₃处理主要利用了40—60 cm土层的水分,占73.9%。而D₁和D₂处理不同土层的水分利用比例较均匀,分别介于7.1%～27.8%和13.0%～38.2%之间。D₃处理主要利用了20—40 cm土层的水分,占51.0%。除抽穗—灌浆期中水处理(D₂)及灌浆—收获期高水处理(D₃)外,滴灌均有效降低了小麦的日耗水量。与常规灌溉相比,滴灌D₂和D₃处理更利于提高小麦的光合速率和叶片水分利用效率。此外,滴灌处理在小麦抽穗期和收获期均有效提高了小麦的生物量。最终,滴灌较常规耕作小麦产量提高了21.6%～28.0%和水分利用效率提高了24.4%～36.7%,均以D₂处理最高。相关分析表明:小麦生长过程中,抽穗期0—20 cm土层水分贡献率和灌浆期80—100 cm土层的水分贡献率的提高对于其产量与水分利用效率的提高更为有利。[结论]滴灌更利于提供均匀的水分供给作物,同时减少水分无效蒸发,提高作物产量和水分利用率。     

秸秆排水体埋深对盐渍土水盐分布的影响及排水抑盐效果

为探究秸秆排水体对盐渍土水盐运移的影响及其排水排盐效果,通过室内土柱试验,研究在淡水(CK)和微咸水灌水情况下秸秆排水体埋深为40和60 cm时供试土壤的水盐分布状况。结果表明,入渗阶段,湿润锋与入渗时间呈幂函数关系,累积入渗量与入渗时间则可采用Kostiakov模型进行拟合;蒸发阶段,秸秆排水体对埋设深度以下的土体具有明显的保水作用,40 cm埋深的处理在40~70 cm土层范围以及60 cm埋深的处理在50~70 cm土层范围土壤水分变化的相对变化量均0;秸秆排水体有利于保持灌水后土壤的脱盐状态,40 cm埋深处理和60 cm埋深处理比无埋设的对照处理分别减少了19.61%和15.68%的盐分变化量;秸秆体的排水排盐效果与灌水矿化度和秸秆排水体埋深密切相关,灌溉水矿化度适当的增加和秸秆体的埋设加深将有利于排水效果的提升,低灌溉水矿化度结合秸秆体深埋具有更好的排盐效果。该研究为微咸水灌溉及盐渍土的开发利用提供依据和参考。