油菜连作及施用堆肥对土壤镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响

通过温室土培盆栽试验,研究了重金属镉污染土壤上连作油菜及施用堆肥对土壤中镉赋存形态及生物有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）在油菜连作体系下,施用堆肥显著降低油菜地上部镉含量。施用堆肥改变了土壤镉赋存形态,显著降低土壤易溶态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量而增加土壤铁锰氧化物结合态镉含量,从而降低土壤镉的生物有效性。（2）在相同堆肥处理下,种植两茬油菜后的土壤易溶态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量与不种植油菜的处理相比显著降低;而土壤硫化物及有机结合态镉含量较对照有所上升,种植油菜对土壤铁锰氧化物结合态镉和残渣态含量影响不显著,但是不同积累镉能力油菜朱苍花籽和川油Ⅱ-93之间对土壤镉形态的影响差异不显著。     

Effects of urea nitrogen and residual composted municipal waste and sheep manure on the growth and chemical composition of two triticale genotypes

In 2012, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of field soil (C0), residual composted municipal waste (CMW), and residual composted sheep manure (SM) on the growth of triticale in pots previously growing oilseed rape in 2011. To each soil group, one of three levels of urea nitrogen (N) fertilizer was added. Results demonstrated that triticale grown in pots previously containing oilseed rape plants containing SM or CMW with 150 kg urea N ha^?1 had the highest N content. Plants grown in SM with 150 kg N ha^?1 had the greatest seed yield, but yield was not significantly different from plants grown in CMW receiving 150 kg N ha^?1. Triticale plants enriched by either SM or CMW had a higher amount of N, copper, zinc, and manganese compared to the field soil control.     

Rhizosphere Cadmium Speciation and Mechanisms of Cadmium Tolerance in Different Oilseed Rape Species

ABSTRACT

The role of rhizosphere processes in cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants and mechanisms of Cd tolerance is unexplored and a matter of debate. Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate rhizosphere Cd speciation and mechanisms of Cd tolerance in different oilseed rape (Brassica juncea L. and Brassica napus L.) species using a sequential extraction technique. A Cd-tolerant oilseed rape, Xikou Huazi, a non-tolerant oilseed rape, Zhongyou 821, and an Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were used in the study. The results showed that three predominant forms of Cd in the plants were NaCl-extractable Cd, acetic acid-extractable Cd, and water-extractable Cd. The concentration of water-extractable Cd in Xikou Huazi was significantly lower than in Zhongyou 821. A significant depletion of exchangeable Cd was observed in the rhizosphere soil of oilseed rapes Xikou Huazi and Zhongyou 821, as well as Indian mustard. At 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentration, the concentrations of carbonate-bound and organically bound Cd in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi were significantly higher than in the non-rhizosphere soil. The concentrations of these two Cd speciations were higher in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi than in the rhizosphere soil of Zhongyou 821. However, for Zhongyou 821, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of these two Cd speciations between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere at 30 and 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentrations. A significant difference existed in rhizosphere Cd speciations and Cd forms in the plants between Cd-tolerant oilseed rape and non-tolerant oilseed rape. This difference was the main reason that Cd-tolerant oilseed rapes take up and accumulate Cd.     

种植方式和施氮量对冬油菜产量与水氮利用效率的影响

为确定中国西北地区冬油菜适宜的种植方式及其施氮量,该文通过3 a田间试验,在垄沟集雨(ridge film mulching and furrow planting,RFMF)和传统平作(flat planting,FP)2种种植方式下设置6个施氮量:0、60、120、180、240和300 kg/hm~2(以N计,下同),分别记为N0、N60、N120、N180、N240和N300,研究不同种植方式和施氮量对冬油菜产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,与FP相比,RFMF能显著提高冬油菜收获时的地上部干物质量(aboveground dry matter,ADM)、氮素累积吸收量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)和氮肥偏生产力(nitrogen partial factor productivity,NPFP),并显著降低其耗水量(evapotranspiration,ET)。相同ET下,RFMF方式下冬油菜的籽粒产量和WUE均高于FP。RFMF方式下,在0~240 kg/hm~2施氮范围内,冬油菜的ADM、氮素累积吸收量、籽粒产量和WUE均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,超过240 kg/hm~2,ADM和氮素累积吸收量不再显著变化,而ET显著增加,籽粒产量和WUE显著降低。2种种植方式下,冬油菜的氮肥农学利用率(nitrogen agronomic efficiency,NAE)、生理利用率(nitrogen physiological efficiency,NPE)和吸收利用率(nitrogen recovery efficiency,NRE)均随施氮量的增加,先增后降,且基本在N180处理最大;冬油菜的NPFP随施氮量的增加而降低。RFMF方式下,N240处理冬油菜的NAE、NPE、NRE和NPFP与N180处理无显著差异;且N240处理冬油菜的籽粒产量和净效益最高,3a平均为3 002 kg/hm~2和9 538元/hm~2;FP方式下,N180处理冬油菜的籽粒产量和净效益最高,3 a平均为2 291 kg/hm~2和7 498元/hm~2;2种种植方式的最高产量和净效益相比,RFMF可分别提高31.0%和27.2%。综上,在西北地区RFMF可应用于冬油菜的栽培,且适宜施氮量为240 kg/hm~2。     

Effect of Organic Matter and Salinity on Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid–Extractable and Solution Species of Cadmium and Lead in Three Agricultural Soils

Abstract

A study was conducted to investigate the chemical speciation of added cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) and their availability as influenced by fresh organic matter (OM) and sodium chloride (NaCl) in three agricultural soils. The soils were treated with 20 mg Cd/kg as cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO₃)₂ · 4H₂O], 150 mg Pb/kg as lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂], 20 g/kg alfalfa powder, and 50 mmol/kg of NaCl and then incubated for 3 months at 60% water‐holding capacity (WHC) and constant temperature (25 °C). Subsamples were taken after 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks of incubation, and electrical conductivity (EC), pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and concentrations of cations and anions were determined in the 1:2.5 soil/water extract. Available Cd and Pb were determined in 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extract. Concentrations of organic and inorganic species of Cd and Pb in soil solution were also predicted using Visual Minteq speciation program. The most prevalent species of dissolved Pb and Cd in the soils were Pb‐DOC and Cd²⁺ species, respectively. Salinity application increased the available and soluble Cd significantly in the acid and calcareous soils. It, however, had little effect on soluble Pb and no effect on available Pb. Organic‐matter application decreased availability of added Pb significantly in all soils. In contrast, it raised soluble Pb in all soils except for the acid one and approximated gradually to the added Pb with time. Impact of OM on available Cd was somewhat similar to that of Pb. Soluble Cd increased by OM application in the calcareous soil, whereas it decreased initially and then increased with time in the other soils.     

改良剂对滴灌棉田镉分布及迁移特征的影响

通过田间桶栽试验研究了高浓度镉(40mg/kg)条件下,4种改良剂(有机—无机复合稳定剂、无机高分子复配材料、聚丙烯酸盐复配材料、有机高分子复配材料)对棉田土壤剖面中土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、镉含量及其形态分布迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)4种改良剂均显著提高了棉田土壤剖面各层的pH和CEC,无机高分子复配材料在0—20cm土层效果最好,分别增加了0.43个单位和4.43cmol/kg;(2)改良剂促进土壤可交换态镉向其余4种形态的转化,相关分析表明碳酸盐结合态与可交换态镉含量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),在0—20cm和20—40cm土层中效果尤为突出,以无机高分子复配材料对土壤可交换态镉的降低效果最好,降低了3.61mg/kg;(3)各土层中的pH和CEC均与可交换态镉呈负相关,与其他形态呈正相关。即改良剂通过改变土壤pH和CEC,影响土壤镉的分布及迁移,从而降低镉的有效性,达到改善土壤环境的目的。     

Impact of fresh root material and mature crop residues of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) on microbial communities associated with subsequent oilseed rape

Glasshouse bioassays were conducted to assess the impact of different inputs of oilseed rape plant material on soil and rhizosphere microbial diversity associated with subsequently grown oilseed rape (Brassica napus) plants. The first bioassay focussed on the effect of oilseed rape rhizodeposits and fresh detached root material on microbial communities, in a rapid-cycling experiment in which oilseed rape plants were grown successively in pots of field soil for 4 weeks at a time, with six cycles of repeated vegetative planting in the same pot. Molecular analyses of the microbial communities after each cycle showed that the obligate parasite Olpidium brassicae infected the roots of oilseed rape within 4 weeks after the first planting (irrespective of the influence of rhizodeposits alone or in the presence of fresh detached root material), and consistently dominated the rhizosphere fungal community, ranging in relative abundance from 43 to 88 % when oilseed rape was grown more than once in the same soil. Fresh detached root material also led to a reduction in diversity within the soil fungal community, due to the increased relative abundance of O. brassicae. In addition, rhizosphere bacterial communities were found to have a reduced diversity over time when fresh root material was retained in the soil. In the second glasshouse experiment, the effect of incorporating mature, field-derived oilseed rape crop residues (shoots and root material) on microbial communities associated with subsequently grown oilseed rape was investigated. As before, molecular analyses revealed that O. brassicae dominated the rhizosphere fungal community, despite not being prevalent in either the residue material or soil fungal communities.     

Importance of soil mineral N in early spring and subsequent net N mineralisation for winter wheat following winter oilseed rape and peas in a milder climate

Abstract

Nine biennial field experiments, 2000–2004, in south Sweden, 55–56°N, with winter wheat following winter oilseed rape, peas, and oats, were used to estimate the impact of a future milder climate on winter wheat production in central Sweden, 58–60°N. The trials included studies 1) on losses during winter of soil mineral nitrogen (N_min, 0–90 cm soil), accumulated after the preceding crops in late autumn, 2) on soil N mineralisation (N_net) during the growing season of the wheat (early spring to ripeness) and 3) on grain yield and optimum N fertilisation (Opt-N rate) of the wheat. Average N_min in late autumn following winter oilseed rape, peas, and oats was 68, 64, and 45 kg ha^?1, respectively, but decreased until early spring. Increased future losses of N_min during the winter in central Sweden due to no or very short periods with soil frost should enhance the demand for fertiliser N and reduce the better residual N effect of winter oilseed rape and peas, compared with oats. Their better N effect will then mainly depend on larger N_net (from March to maturity during the winter wheat year). Owing to more plant-available soil N (mainly as N_net) Opt-N rates were lower after oilseed rape and peas than after oats despite increased wheat yields (700 kg ha^?1) at optimum N fertilisation. In addition to these break crop effects, a milder climate should increase winter wheat yields in central Sweden by 2000–3000 kg ha^?1 and require about 30–45 kg ha^?1 more fertiliser N at optimum N fertilisation than the present yield levels. Increased losses and higher N fertilisation to the subsequent winter wheat in future indicates a need for an estimation of the residual N effect at the individual sites, rather than using mean values as at present, to increase N efficiency.     

稻草覆盖还田对直播冬油菜生长及养分积累的影响

[目的]冬油菜产量常受限于季节性干旱、冬季低温以及土壤肥力较低等因素。考虑到秸秆还田有培肥土壤的优势以及长江中下游地区稻草过剩的现实,通过田间试验研究稻油轮作区稻草覆盖还田对直播冬油菜生长的影响,探讨稻草整株覆盖还田对直播油菜生育期内密度、株高、根茎粗的变化特征及其对油菜产量和养分吸收量的影响。[方法]试验于2014 2015和2015 2016年在湖北省武汉市华中农业大学试验场进行,共设置4个处理,分别为:1)对照,不施肥稻草不还田(CK);2)不施肥稻草覆盖还田(S);3)单施化肥(NPK);4)稻草覆盖还田配施化肥(NPK+S)。施肥处理(NPK、NPK+S)肥料用量为N 180 kg/hm^2、P2O5 60 kg/hm^2、K2O75 kg/hm^2、硼砂15 kg/hm^2。分别于油菜苗期、蕾薹期、花期、角果期和成熟期取样,测定油菜地上部生物量,氮磷钾含量和积累量,并在田间监测油菜生育期内密度、株高和根茎粗。[结果]稻草覆盖还田提高土壤最低温度0.6~1.2℃(播后95天),降低土壤最高温度0.8~1.8℃(播后184天),缩小土壤温度变幅2.3℃(播后95~184天),提高土壤平均含水量8.0%~8.9%(播后48~184天)。与稻草不覆盖相比,稻草覆盖还田减少冬油菜80%以上的出苗密度;与出苗密度相比,成熟期CK、S、NPK和NPK+S处理的密度分别降低71.3%、40.3%、69.5%和32.1%,稻草还田处理的油菜生育期内密度降低幅度小于稻草不还田处理。油菜成熟期S处理的根茎粗和株高分别比CK显著提高了22.7%和8.3%,NPK+S和NPK处理株高和根茎粗无明显差异。两年结果表明,S处理的最大生物量较CK平均增加了88.6%,与NPK处理相比,NPK+S处理的地上部苗期生物量降低3.7%~27.9%,角果期生物量平均增加28.1%。CK和S处理氮、磷和钾素积累量均在蕾薹期花期差异较大,成熟期S处理的氮、磷积累量分别较CK高28.6%~268.2%、93.3%~253.1%,两年增产率分别为218.8%和28.5%;施肥处理(NPK、NPK+S)冬油菜氮、磷和钾积累量随生育期持续增加,均在角果期达到最大值,与NPK相比,NPK+S处理分别提高成熟期油菜氮、磷和钾积累量18.1%~19.1%、23.7%~36.9%和28.3%~56.9%,两年分别增产1811和1032 kg/hm^2,增产率分别达到25.6%和20.3%。[结论]稻草覆盖还田能缓解气温骤变对土壤温度的影响,保持土壤含水量,缓解土壤干旱。稻草覆盖还田前期抑制直播冬油菜的出苗密度,后期可维持冬油菜密度的稳定,同时对冬油菜的生长、生物量、产量和养分吸收量有促进作用。     

Fractions of Cu, Cd, and enzyme activities in a contaminated soil as affected by applications of micro- and nanohydroxyapatite

Purpose

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, hydroxyapatite-based nanoparticles have been applied in wastewater and soil remediation. However, limited studies have been conducted on the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils by microhydroxyapatite (MHA) and nanohydroxyapatite (NHA). Thus, we investigated the effects of MHA and NHA on soil pH values and fractions of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd). The changes of soil enzymes with application of MHA and NHA were also evaluated.

Materials and methods

Pots contained 200 g of the soil with MHA and NHA ranging from 1 % to 5 % incubated for 60 days under greenhouse condition, and maintained at 60 % of soil water holding capacity by adding deionized water. Soil pH, catalase, urease, and acid phosphatase were analyzed at incubation times of 7, 14, 30, and 60 days by chemical assays. The fractions of Cu and Cd were analyzed after 60 days by a sequential extraction procedure.

Results and discussion

Application of MHA and NHA significantly increased soil pH values. Especially, we found for the first time that soil pH values with 3 % (pH?>?7.90) and 5 % (pH?>?8.83) application rates of MHA were larger than that of MHA itself (pH?=?7.71). MHA was more effective than NHA in immobilizing Cu and Cd by significantly decreasing exchangeable fractions of Cu and Cd and transforming them from active to inactive fractions. Soil catalase and urease significantly increased, but acid phosphatase apparently decreased with increasing application rates of MHA. However, three enzymes activities changed slightly for NHA treatments.

Conclusions

MHA was more effective than NHA in immobilizing Cu and Cd. MHA had a more positive effect on soil catalase and urease activities than NHA. Furthermore, Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed that soil pH value was a key factor to influence the bioavailability of Cu and Cd and the activity of soil enzymes. The results of this study provided an efficient method for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils.     

Effect of Cattle Slurry on the Growth of Spinach Plants in Cd-contaminated Soil

ABSTRACT

In this work the effect of the addition of different amounts of cattle slurry (CS) to a Cd contaminated soil, was studied regarding its effect in spinach plants. Two levels of Cd contamination (2 and 10 mg/kg) and three levels of CS addition were evaluated (2.5, 5 and 10 g CS/100 g soil). Spinach was shown to be a tolerant species, able to accumulate relatively high amounts of Cd (up to 367.7 mg/kg in the leaves), exceeding the limits established by European regulations for leaf vegetables. The addition of 2.5 and 5 g CS/100 g to soil containing 2 mg/kg Cd did not reduce the uptake of this metal but allowed the plants to grow as much as the control. The addition of 10 g CS/100 g lead to a reduced Cd uptake but also to a lower plant growth compared to the lower CS levels. The combined effects of Cd and CS changed element content in the plant, but without causing severe toxicity or deficiency effects.     

不同轮作模式下基于机插粳稻稳产和氮肥高效的氮肥运筹方式

  【目的】  研究不同旱作茬口对水旱轮作系统中机插粳稻生长和产量的影响,探索不同轮作模式中机插粳稻氮肥减施方式,实现减肥不减产、节约成本、减少环境污染的目标。  【方法】  在云南省保山市隆阳区选择油菜–水稻、小麦–水稻和蚕豆–水稻3种主要轮作模式,以当地主推的粳稻品种隆科16号为试材,设置6个穗肥氮素用量 (N 0、90、120、150、180和210 kg/hm2) 处理,分别以N0、N90、N120、N150、N180、N210表示,按6∶4的比例用作促花肥和保花肥,并以当地高产施氮技术处理 (共施N 285 kg/hm2,基肥、蘖肥、促花肥和保花肥各1/4) 为对照 (CK),研究了机插粳稻产量及其构成因素和氮素吸收、运转及利用效率。  【结果】  前茬为油菜的稻田土壤含氮量最高,其次为小麦茬,最低的为蚕豆茬。3种轮作模式下,不同穗肥施用量间水稻产量和氮素利用效率差异达到极显著水平。相同氮素用量下,油菜茬口水稻的产量、氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率最高,其次是小麦茬口,最低的是蚕豆茬口。3个轮作茬口下,两年平均水稻产量均以N 180 kg/hm2处理最高,与CK相比,在施N减少36.84%的情况下,油菜和小麦茬口的稻谷产量基本保持稳定,蚕豆–水稻模式稻谷增产3.94%。但第二年继续同样处理,油菜、小麦和蚕豆茬口的水稻平均产量分别减少1.07、0.30和0.29 t/hm2。只施穗肥氮可增加水稻的有效穗,虽然有效穗的增加量略低于对照,但总颖花量与对照差异不显著。油菜–水稻模式中穗肥用量为N 180 kg/hm2的处理氮肥农学利用率最高。  【结论】  在水旱轮作系统中,油菜茬口残留的肥力要高于小麦和蚕豆茬口。小麦–水稻和蚕豆–水稻轮作,两年内水稻可不施基肥和分蘖肥,只施N 180 kg/hm2作穗肥,按促花肥∶保花肥为6∶4的比例施用,能够实现减肥不减产的目标。而油菜–水稻轮作体系采用此施肥方法,减氮效果明显,但持续减氮栽培可能会大幅降低水稻产量。     

轮作体系下冬油菜养分利用效率的区域研究

Fertilization is essential for oilseed rape because it is sensitivity to nutrient deficiency, especially for winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.). To investigate regional nutrient efficiency and nutrient uptake-yield relationship of winter oilseed rape in an intensive cropping system, this study used data from 619 site-year on-farm experiments carried out in the winter oilseed rape planting area of the Yangtze River Basin, China from 2005 to 2010, with large yield in the range of 179–4 470 kg ha~(-1). Currently recommended application rates of N, P and K fertilizers increased rapeseed yield at different levels of soil indigenous nutrient supply(INS) in this region. Boundary values of plant nutrient uptake were established to analyze the nutrient uptake-yield relationship of winter oilseed rape(internal nutrient efficiency), i.e., 128 kg N ha~(-1), 24 kg P ha~(-1), and 122 kg K ha~(-1). The internal nutrient efficiency declined by 48.2%–64.1% when nutrient uptake exceeded the boundary value, resulting in excessive nutrient uptake(i.e., low yield response with high nutrient uptake), especially for K. In the intensive cropping system, agronomic efficiencies of N, P, and K were 5.9, 3.4, and3.6 kg kg~(-1), and recovery efficiencies of N, P, and K were 35.6%, 24.1%, and 36.8%, respectively. These findings showed that the fertilization rate should be optimized by considering INS, nutrient status, and nutrient efficiency of winter oilseed rape. In this study,considering the lower yield improvement to high K uptake levels and low K fertilizer efficiency, application rate of K fertilizer should be reduced since soil K deficiency has already been mitigated.     

土壤中水分和镉供应量对油菜器官中镉分布特征的影响

为探究油菜作为镉(Cd)污染农田修复植物的可行性,本研究以德油5号为试验材料,采用全生育期土培盆栽试验,设置高、中、低3个水平的土壤水分及4个水平的土壤镉含量,研究不同土壤水分条件下油菜对镉的吸收和富集规律。结果表明,土壤水分与镉浓度对油菜的吸镉能力影响显著,且其吸收量随着土壤水分与镉浓度的增加而增大;油菜不同器官的镉含量差异较大,其地上部分吸镉量为土壤总镉含量的0.41%～1.17%,叶片镉含量为总吸收量的46.4%～72.6%;不同水分条件下,油菜器官的镉富集量差异明显,高水、中水处理下油菜各器官的镉富集表现为叶>茎>根>角果壳>籽粒,低水处理下表现为叶>根>茎>角果壳>籽粒。综上,油菜整体具有较强的吸镉能力,但镉离子不溶于菜籽油,说明油菜可吸收土壤中的镉,又不影响菜籽油食用,是修复镉污染农田土壤的理想植物。本研究为利用油菜进行重金属土壤综合治理提供了理论依据。     

Optimizing soil fertility and ph to maximize cadmium removed by Indian mustard from contaminated soils

The effects of soil pH, different levels of nitrogen (N), phosphoras (P), and potassium (K), alone and in combination on cadmium (Cd) uptake by Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czen., cv ‘426308'] were studied under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that Cd concentration in aboveground biomass at soil pH 5.5 was three times more than at pH 6.5 and 7.5. Treatments without N application at pH 5.5 had the highest Cd concentrations in the aboveground biomass. Dry weight of aboveground biomass was significantly lower atpH 5.5 compared to pH 6.5 and 7.5. Total Cd uptake at pH 6.5 increased by 2 to 2.5 times compared to uptake at soil pH 5.5. Those conditions for maximum Cd accumulation by the aboveground biomass of Indian mustard from Cd‐contaminated soil occurs at soil pH 6.5 and when the application rates of N, P, and K are at 200, 100, and 66 kg ha^‐1, respectively.     

Effect of cadmium on the chemical composition of xylem exudate from oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract

Phytoremediation is a good technique for removing cadmium (Cd) from farmland soils. To remove Cd from these soils effectively, it is necessary for Cd ions to be transported to the shoot organs for later harvest. However, the mechanism of Cd translocation to shoot organs via xylem vessels has not yet been elucidated. We selected oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.) and established a method to collect xylem exudates from these plants. After 3 days of Cd treatment (10 µmol L^?1 and 30 µmol L^?1) the Cd concentrations in the xylem exudates were approximately 6.5 µmol L^?1 and 16 µmol L^?1, respectively. The detection of Cd in the xylem exudate indicated that Cd was moving to shoot organs via xylem vessels. The effect of these Cd treatments on the amino acid, organic acid and protein composition of xylem exudates from oilseed rape plants was investigated. The level of amino acids and organic acids detected was enough to bind Cd transported via the xylem. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that proteins with molecular weights of 36 kDa and 45 kDa clearly increased in the exudates with Cd treatment. The possibility that these compounds are binding Cd in the xylem exudates was discussed.     

生物炭和菌肥对土壤镉形态和棉花镉吸收的影响

【目的】为了明确生物炭和菌肥修复石灰性土壤镉(Cd)污染的效果,探寻适宜石灰性土壤重金属Cd修复技术。【方法】采用盆栽的试验方法,研究施用3%的生物炭(B3)和1.5%的菌肥(M1.5)对不同外源Cd浓度(0、1、2、4 mg kg^-1)石灰性土壤的pH值、Cd形态分布、酶活性以及棉花各器官Cd含量的影响。【结果】结果表明,生物炭和菌肥均能显著提高土壤的p H,但随着培养时间的延续添加改良剂处理的土壤的pH值呈现出下降的趋势：生物炭和菌肥的施用均能降低土壤可交换态Cd比例,提高土壤残渣态Cd比例,与对照相比,生物炭和菌肥处理下可交换态Cd的含量分别下降了18.42%～48.46%和15.21%～50.19%。生物炭和菌肥的添加显著提高土壤酶活性,其中蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的最大增幅分别为89.1%、140.1%、39.7%和38.1%,菌肥处理总体优于生物炭处理。生物炭和菌肥的施用降低了植株各器官Cd含量,其中生物炭处理各器官中Cd含量最大降幅为34.0%,菌肥处理下最大降幅为39.5%。相关性和主成分结果表明,可交换态Cd与土壤酶活性呈显著负相关(...     

Temporal course of net N mineralization and immobilization in topsoil following incorporation of crop residues of winter oilseed rape,peas and oats in a northern climate

The impact of incorporated residues of winter oilseed rape, peas and oats on soil N availability and the risk of N leaching during autumn and winter in a northern climate is not clear. Therefore, the aim was to determine the influence of incorporated residues on net N mineralization–immobilization in topsoil during autumn and winter. A field experiment carried out at three sites in South Sweden provided soil samples and crop residues for an interpretive, in situ incubation study. Topsoil corresponding to a 7‐cm soil layer from each site used for the field experiment was incubated with and without aboveground residues under natural temperature conditions at a single field location. On the basis of the incubation study, we concluded that in the field experiment, soil N dynamics during autumn and winter trials were the combined outcome of net N mineralization in the topsoil fraction not affected by aboveground residues and net N immobilization in the fraction in contact with aboveground crop residues. In the absence of aboveground residues, the net rate of N mineralization during early autumn was similar after both oilseed rape and peas, but values were larger than that after oats. After incorporation, aboveground residues of winter oilseed rape and peas made no contribution to soil mineral N in late autumn and thus did not increase the risk of N losses during winter. In fact, the residues of oilseed rape, peas and oats reduced the amount of soil mineral N by 7–14 kg N/ha during the main drainage period (October–March). Therefore, incorporating chopped aboveground residues should be encouraged before sowing winter wheat after peas and winter oilseed rape.     

Comparative Growth of Oilseed and Textile Flax under Different Nitrogen Supplies

Abstract

The objective of this work was to compare and characterize the response to nitrogen (N) supply of a textile and an oilseed cultivar of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). The dynamics of growth, biomass partitioning, growth rates, and leaf area evolution and duration of the cultivars Omega (oilseed) and Diane (textile) were compared under three rates of N supply. Plants were grown in pots in the field with nil (N1), 2.5 (N2), and 5 g N per pot (N3); N2 and N3 doses were divided into five applications. Shoot biomass of N2 and N3 treatments was similar in both cultivars and significantly higher than in N1. Partitioning of biomass was unaffected by N treatment but showed contrasting patterns between cultivars. The oilseed cultivar produced 30–42% more reproductive biomass and 18–30% less stem biomass than its textile counterpart. Differences between cultivars in these traits increased with increasing N rate. Maximum growth rates per plant concentrated around 1572°Cd after sowing (fructification). Faster leaf senescence after flowering contributed to the lower leaf area and leaf biomass of the textile cultivar.

The availability of N at different specific moments of the plant cycle would be useful to improve the growth of organs of economic interest. Results can also provide useful information to future nutrition models and breeding programs in textile and oilseed flax.     

根际环境中镉的形态转化

用根际箱或根际根际袋试验研究了红壤,黄棕壤植稻或植麦后根际中镉的形态转化状况,并讨论了与铅复合处理对镉形态的影响。结果表明,红壤根际,非根际镉的主要形态为可交换态,黄棕壤则主要为碳酸盐结合态。水稻根际富集铁锰氧化物结合态镉,根际有机结合太镉远远大于非根际。对铅,镉复合污染的研究表明。