硅缓解水稻根系铁毒害

Silicon (Si) can enhance the resistance of plants to many abiotic stresses. To explore whether Si ameliorates Fe2+ toxicity, a hydroponic experiment was performed to investigate whether and how Si detoxifies Fe2+ toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots. Results indicated that rice cultivar Tianyou 998 (TY998) showed greater sensitivity to Fe2+ toxicity than rice cultivar Peizataifeng (PZTF). Treatment with 0.1 mmol L-1 Fe2+ inhibited TY998 root elongation and root biomass significantly. Reddish iron plaque was formed on root surface of both cultivars. TY998 had a higher amount of iron plaque than PZTF. Addition of Si to the solution of Fe treatment decreased the amount of iron plaque on root surface by 17.6% to 37.1% and iron uptake in rice roots by 37.0% to 40.3%, and subsequently restored root elongation triggered by Fe2+ toxicity by 13.5% in the TY998. Compared with Fe treatment, the addition of 1 mmol L-1 Si to the solution of Fe treatment increased xylem sap flow by 19.3% to 24.8% and root-shoot Fe transportation by 45.0% to 78.6%. Furthermore, Si addition to the solution of Fe treatment induced root cell wall to thicken. These results suggested that Si could detoxify Fe2+ toxicity and Si-mediated amelioration of Fe2+ toxicity in rice roots was associated with less iron plaque on root surface and more Fe transportation from roots to shoots.     

Iron Toxicity in Lowland Rice

Lowland rice is a staple food for more than 50% world population. Iron toxicity is one of the main nutritional disorders, which limits yield of lowland rice in various parts of the world. The toxicity of iron is associated with reduced soil condition of submerged or flooded soils, which increases concentration and uptake of iron (Fe^{2 +}). Higher concentration of Fe^{2 +} in the rhizosphere also has antagonistic effects on the uptake of many essential nutrients and consequently yields reduction. In addition to reduced condition, increase in concentration of Fe^{2 +} in submerged soils of lowland rice is associated with iron content of parent material, oxidation-reduction potential, soil pH, ionic concentration, fertility level, and lowland rice genotypes. Oxidation-reduction potential of highly reduced soil is in the range of –100 to –300 mV. Iron toxicity has been observed in flooded soils with a pH below 5.8 when aerobic and pH below 6.5 when anaerobic. Visual toxicity symptoms on plants, soil and plant tissue test are major diagnostic techniques for identifying iron toxicity. Appropriate management practices like liming acid soils, improving soil fertility, soil drainage at certain growth stage of crop, use of manganese as antagonistic element in the uptake of Fe^{2 +} and planting Fe^{2 +} resistant rice cultivars can reduce problem of iron toxicity.     

Iron toxicity in rice—conditions and management concepts

Iron toxicity is a syndrome of disorder associated with large concentrations of reduced iron (Fe²⁺) in the soil solution. It only occurs in flooded soils and hence affects primarily the production of lowland rice. The appearance of iron toxicity symptoms in rice involves an excessive uptake of Fe²⁺ by the rice roots and its acropetal translocation into the leaves where an elevated production of toxic oxygen radicals can damage cell structural components and impair physiological processes. The typical visual symptom associated with these processes is the “bronzing” of the rice leaves and substantial associated yield losses. The circumstances of iron toxicity are quite well established. Thus, the geochemistry, soil microbial processes, and the physiological effects of Fe²⁺ within the plant or cell are documented in a number of reviews and book chapters. However, despite our current knowledge of the processes and mechanisms involved, iron toxicity remains an important constraint to rice production, and together with Zn deficiency, it is the most commonly observed micronutrient disorder in wetland rice. Reported yield losses in farmers' fields usually range between 15% and 30%, but can also reach the level of complete crop failure. A range of agronomic management interventions have been advocated to reduce the Fe²⁺ concentration in the soil or to foster the rice plants' ability to cope with excess iron in either soil or the plant. In addition, the available rice germplasm contains numerous accessions and cultivars which are reportedly tolerant to excess Fe²⁺. However, none of those options is universally applicable or efficient under the diverse environmental conditions where Fe toxicity is expressed. Based on the available literature, this paper categorizes iron‐toxic environments, the steps involved in toxicity expression in rice, and the current knowledge of crop adaptation mechanisms in view of establishing a conceptual framework for future constraint analysis, research approaches, and the targeting of technical options.     

Ratios of Nutrients in Lowland Rice Grown on Two Iron Toxic Soils in Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Iron (Fe) toxicity is a widespread nutritional soil constraint affecting rice production in the wetland soils of West Africa. Critical levels of total iron in plant causing toxicity is difficult to determine as different rice cultivars respond to excessive Fe^{2 +} in various ways in what is called “bronzing” or “yellowing” symptoms (VBS). An investigation was conducted to evaluate the relationship between plant growth and nutrient ratios at four iron levels (1000, 3000, 4000 μ g L^?1) and control. This involved two rice cultivars (‘ITA 212’ and ‘Suakoko 8’), and two soil types (Aeric Fluvaquent and Aeric Tropaquept). The experimental design was a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial in a completely randomized fashion with four replications. The results showed that nutrient ratios [phosphorus (P)/Fe, potassium (K)/Fe, calcium (Ca)/Fe, magnesium (Mg)/Fe, and manganese (Mn)/Fe), Fe content, and Fe uptake vary widely with the iron levels as well as with the age of the cultivars. The iron toxicity scores expressed as VBS increased with increasing Fe^{2 +} in the soils, resulting in simultaneous reduction of the following variables: plant height, tiller numbers/pot, relationships grain yield (GY) and dry matter yield (DMY). There were no significant difference between nutrient ratios, Fe contents, Fe uptake, the GY and DMY of both rice cultivars on both soil types. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that Fe uptake and Fe contents contributed 42% and 17% respectively to the variation in the grain yield of ‘ITA 212’ on Aeric Tropaquept. On both soil types and cultivars, Fe uptake and Fe content contributed between 26 and 68% to the variation in the DMY, while the nutrient ratios (P/Fe, K/Fe, Ca/Fe, and Mn/Fe) contributed between 3% and 13% DMY. Thus, it could be concluded that iron toxicity in rice is more a function of a single nutrient (Fe) rather than nutrient ratios.     

荞麦根缘细胞的发育及脱落后对铝毒的响应

采用悬空气培法,研究了荞麦根缘细胞发育过程的形态、活性变化和脱落后对铝(Al3+)毒的响应。结果显示,荞麦根缘细胞绝大多数呈细杆状,少数呈弯曲的长条型。根长25.mm时,根缘细胞中活细胞的比率最大(约94%);果胶甲基酯酶(PME)在根生长至5.mm时,活性最大,此后随着根的伸长,PME活性迅速下降,根长大于25mm时PME活性稳定在最大值的40%。脱离根尖的根缘细胞经50mol/L.Al3+处理,随着处理时间延长,存活率大幅度下降,处理后48.h时,存活率只有5%。铝毒加速离体根缘细胞的死亡。     

Determination of Fe2+ in Rice Leaves (Oryza sativa L.) by Using the Chelator BPDS Alone or Combined with the Chelator EDTA

Abstract

Iron toxicity is a problem in many areas of wetland rice. Since Fe²⁺ is considered to be the toxic form of iron, the objective of this research was to determine the Fe²⁺ concentration in rice leaves using the chelator bathophenanthroline disulfonate (BPDS), disodium salt alone or combined with the chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), disodium salt, where BPDS should solely chelate the Fe²⁺ and EDTA chelate only Fe³⁺. Thus, the combination of these chelators should stabilize the Fe oxidation states. It was also tested whether the chelators BPDS and EDTA could stabilize the oxidation states of Fe during the extraction of rice leaves. Extractions of rice leaves were carried out using an 1 mM BPDS or BPDS‐EDTA extractant solution. To test the stabilization of the Fe oxidation states by the combination of BPDS with EDTA, the extraction solution for one part of the samples contained 0.07 mM Fe³⁺. An extraction without plant material as control was also taken into consideration. The results indicated that the chelators were able to stabilize the oxidation states of Fe in the control (extraction without plant material). However, in the presence of plant material, Fe³⁺ was partly reduced to Fe²⁺, i.e., the chelators could not stabilize the oxidation states of Fe. Accordingly, we concluded that the BPDS‐EDTA method may function for the Fe²⁺ determination in water and soil, but it is apparently not suited for rice leaves.     

Effects of Salinity and Water Stress on Echophysiological Parameters and Micronutrients Concentration of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)

In order to study the effects of salinity and drought stress on echophysiological parameters and micronutrients concentration of pomegranate leaves, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with 0, 30, and 60 mM of salinity levels of sodium chloride and calcium chloride (1:1) and three irrigation intervals (2, 4, and 6 days) with three replications on ‘Rabab’ and ‘Shishegap’ cultivars of pomegranate. The results analysis of shoot and root indicated that the water salinity and drought affected the concentration of iron (Fe²⁺), zinc (Zn²⁺), copper (Cu²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) in pomegranate leaves and roots. Mineral concentration of zinc (Zn²⁺), copper (Cu²⁺) and manganese (Mn²⁺) in roots and manganese (Mn²⁺) in shoot was increased with increasing salinity. Drought treatments decreased the concentration of Zn²⁺ in the shoot and increased Zn²⁺ in roots. Both cultivars showed significant differences in the Fe²⁺ concentrations of shoot, however the most accumulation of Fe²⁺ was observed in ‘Shishegap’ cultivar.     

Differences in Response to Iron Deficiency Among Some Lines of Common Bean

Abstract

Five dry bean cultivars (Coco blanc, Striker, ARA14, SVM29‐21, and BAT477) were evaluated for their resistance to iron deficiency on the basis of chlorosis symptoms, plant growth, capacity to acidify the external medium and the root‐associated Fe³⁺‐reduction activity. Plants were grown in nutrient solution supplied or not with iron, 45 µM Fe(III)EDTA. For all cultivars, plants subjected to iron starvation exhibited Fe‐chlorosis. These symptoms were more severe and more precocious in BAT477 and Coco blanc than in the others cultivars. An important acidification of the culture medium was observed between the 4th and the 8th days of iron starvation in Striker, SVM29‐21 and, particularly, ARA14 plants. However, all Fe‐sufficient plants increased the nutrient solution pH. This capacity of acidification appeared more clearly when protons extrusion was measured in 10 mM KCl + 1 mM CaCl₂. The above genotypic differences were maintained: ARA14 showed the higher acidification followed by Coco blanc and BAT477. Iron deficiency led also to an increase of the root‐associated Fe(III)‐reductase activity in all lines. However, genotypic differences were observed: Striker shows the highest capacity of iron reduction under Fe deficiency condition.     

An agar nutrient solution technique as a screening tool for tolerance to zinc deficiency and iron toxicity in rice

Abstract

Studies examining iron (Fe) toxicity and zinc (Zn) deficiency in rice have shown that screening experiments in nutrient solutions are of limited use because the rankings of genotypes as tolerant or intolerant can be very different from the results obtained in field-screening experiments. A possible reason for such deviation is that crucial rhizosphere processes cannot be reproduced in nutrient solutions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of low-concentration agar nutrient solutions (ANS) as an alternative screening tool. Agar was dissolved in boiling water and mixed with nutrient solution to achieve a final agar concentration of 0.1% (w/v). Zinc deficiency was induced by supplying Zn at a low concentration (0.1 × 10^?3 µmol L^?1), while Fe toxicity was induced by supplying excess Fe²⁺ (200 mg L^?1). Three-week-old seedlings were transplanted into this medium. Symptoms of Zn deficiency and Fe toxicity developed more rapidly in ANS compared with conventional nutrient solutions (CNS). For Zn deficiency this was probably because of the development of Zn depletion zones as a result of the reduced convection in the viscous agar medium. In the case of Fe toxicity we observed far less Fe precipitation in ANS compared with CNS. Genotypic comparisons showed that the tolerance rankings obtained in ANS were very similar to the field tolerance rankings, whereas this was not the case in CNS. This was particularly evident with regard to the considerable root growth inhibition detected in intolerant genotypes when stress treatments were imposed in ANS.     

Effectiveness of Fe3+-citrate and Fe3+-edta in ameliorating arsenic-toxicity (chlorosis) in hydroponic rice

Effectiveness of iron (Fe³⁺)-citrate and Fe³⁺-EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in reducing arsenic (As)-toxicity in rice was evaluated. The treatments: 1) 0 µM As + 10 µM Fe³⁺-citrate (control), 2) 13.4 µM As + 10 µM Fe³⁺-citrate (As-treated), 3) 13.4 µM As + 10 µM Fe³⁺-citrate + 40 µM Fe³⁺-citrate (additional Fe³⁺-citrate), and 4) 13.4 µM As + 10 µM Fe³⁺-citrate + 40 µM Fe³⁺-EDTA (additional Fe³⁺-EDTA) were studied for 14 days. Chlorosis was found in the young leaves of the As-treated plants. Additional Fe³⁺-citrate failed to remediate the chlorosis, however, additional Fe³⁺-EDTA removed the chlorosis almost completely, indicating that the effectiveness of Fe³⁺-EDTA was much higher than Fe³⁺-citrate. The Fe³⁺-EDTA treated plants were greener than the additional Fe³⁺-citrate treated plants. Iron concentration in the shoots of additional Fe³⁺-EDTA plants was much higher than that of additional Fe³⁺-citrate plants, indicating that Fe³⁺-EDTA might have been more readily available to the plants roots than Fe³⁺-citrate.     

Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities are not directly involveded in the silicon‐mediated alleviation of ferrous iron toxicity in rice

Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the soil and can alleviate several abiotic stresses in many plant species. However, the mechanisms involved in alleviating ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) toxicity by Si are still largely unknown, and no study has investigated the role of Si on the Fe²⁺‐induced oxidative stress and antioxidant system in rice. Four cultivars of Asian and African rice (Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima Steud) were grown for 4 weeks under hydroponic conditions with or without Fe²⁺ (250 mg Fe²⁺ L^?1) and with or without Si (250 mg SiO₂ L^?1). The plants that were treated with Fe²⁺ suffered Fe²⁺ toxicity, and Si helped to alleviate the toxicity symptoms. The bronzing index and the Fe concentration in the foliar tissue increased in the presence of Fe²⁺ but decreased significantly with the application of 250 mg SiO₂ L^?1. The concentration of malonyldialdehyde, that is commonly used as an indicator of oxidative stress, increased in the foliar tissue in the presence of 250 mg Fe²⁺ L^?1 in the nutrient solution. The application of 250 mg SiO₂ L^?1 in the plant nutrient solution treated with Fe²⁺ considerably limited the increase of malonyldialdehyde. However, no significant effect of Si application on the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) and non‐enzymatic antioxidants (total ascorbate, reduced ascorbate, oxidized ascorbate, and the ratio of the reduced to oxidized forms) was observed in the rice plants that were grown in the presence of Fe²⁺. These results suggest that Si does not act directly on the antioxidant defense system of rice but reduces the plant Fe²⁺ concentration, which reduces the oxidative stress.     

水稻根尖边缘细胞对铁毒的形态生理响应

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种Azucena（铁耐性）和IR64（铁敏感）为材料,研究了Fe2+毒胁迫下附着于根尖边缘细胞(即原位边缘细胞)的数目、存活率,根尖细胞形态结构、根尖保护酶活性的变化。结果显示,Fe2+ 毒对根边缘细胞的产生有抑制作用。相对于敏感性品种而言,一定浓度Fe2+(100~200 μmol/L)有利于耐性品种边缘细胞的产生;Fe2+ 毒对边缘细胞有致死效应,随Fe2+浓度的提升,边缘细胞的存活率呈下降趋势,根尖外围细胞壁增厚,并出现细胞程序性死亡特征(敏感性品种)。同时,Fe2+ 毒对根尖保护酶活性有一定的影响,200~400 μmol/L Fe2+处理下,耐性品种POD、CAT、SOD活性都超过对照;敏感品种只有SOD活性超过对照。说明Fe2+毒胁迫下,水稻根尖通过增加边缘细胞数目、提高细胞拒铁作用,维持较高水平的POD、CAT和SOD活性来对抗Fe2+毒,缓解铁毒害。     

Two cultivars of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) seedlings show different tolerance to calcium deficiency

The objectives were to determine whether two peanut cultivars show different tolerance to calcium (Ca) deficiency. The seedlings of cultivars LH11 and YZ9102 at first trifoliate leaf stage were transplanted in nutrient solution for 28 days with 0.01 and 2.0 mmol/L Ca treatments. Low Ca supply did not affect plant growth, root length and surface area of YZ9102, whereas decreased plant biomass, root length and surface area of LH11 seedlings that appeared necrosis in shoot tip. YZ9102 plant had higher Ca concentration and more Ca distribution to leaves than LH11. Under limited Ca condition, LH11 appeared net Ca²⁺ effluxes in the zones of 0.2 ～ 1.5 mm from root apex, while YZ9102 roots maintained net Ca²⁺ influxes. Peanut cultivar YZ9102 seedlings had longer roots and higher capacities of Ca uptake and Ca translocation to shoots than LH11, which might be account for higher tolerance to Ca deficiency compared with LH11.     

Effects of NaCl and silicon on ion distribution in the roots,shoots and leaves of two alfalfa cultivars with different salt tolerance

Abstract

The effects of exogenous NaCl and silicon on ion distribution were investigated in two alfalfa (Medicago sativa. L.) cultivars: the high salt tolerant Zhongmu No. 1 and the low salt tolerant Defor. The cultivars were grown in a hydroponic system with a control (that had neither NaCl nor Si added), a Si treatment (1 mmol L^?1 Si), a NaCl treatment (120 mmol L^?1 NaCl), and a Si and NaCl treatment (120 mmol L^?1 NaCl + 1 mmol L^?1 Si). After 15 days of the NaCl and Si treatments, four plants of the cultivars were removed and divided into root, shoot and leaf parts for Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ content measurements. Compared with the NaCl treatment, the added Si significantly decreased Na⁺ content in the roots, but notably increased K⁺ contents in the shoots and leaves of the high salt tolerant Zhongmu No.1 cultivar. Applying Si to both cultivars under NaCl stress did not significantly affect the Fe³⁺, Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ contents in the roots, shoots and leaves of Defor and the roots and shoots of Zhongmu No.1, but increased the Ca²⁺ content in the roots of Zhongmu No.1 and the Mn²⁺ contents in the shoots and leaves of both cultivars, while it decreased the Ca²⁺ and Cu²⁺ contents of the shoots and leaves of both cultivars under salt stress. Salt stress decreased the K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ contents in plants, but significantly increased Zn²⁺ content in the roots, shoots and leaves and Mn²⁺ content in the shoots of both cultivars when Si was not applied. Thus, salt affects not only the macronutrient distribution but also the micronutrient distribution in alfalfa plants, while silicon could alter the distributions of Na⁺ and some trophic ions in the roots, shoots and leaves of plants to improve the salt tolerance.     

Fe2+对水稻生长及土壤微生物活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,模拟冷浸田土壤亚铁毒害,研究了土壤-水稻-亚铁-微生物相互作用的体系中,外加Fe2+ 不同处理水平 (0、 100、 200、 400、 800和1600 mg/kg) 对水稻苗期和分蘖期相关生理指标、 土壤微生物活性及其生态特征的影响。结果表明, 在含一定亚铁本底（207.77 mg/kg）的正常稻田土壤中,外源性Fe2+的加入将逐步抑制水稻生长、 降低土壤微生物活性。外源Fe2+浓度达100 mg/kg后,水稻的株高、 干物质积累量显著降低; 水稻叶片生理指标叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、 脯氨酸含量、 抗氧化酶系统活性则显著增加,表明外源Fe2+浓度100 mg/kg 是本研究条件下外源Fe2+ 对水稻生长产生显著毒害影响的临界点; 同时随外源Fe2+浓度的增加, 土壤微生物活性指标土壤微生物量碳、 微生物三大基础菌系总量（细菌、 真菌、 放线菌）、 功能菌系总量（氨化细菌、 固氮菌、 纤维分解菌）、 铁还原菌总量总体是先快速下降,后逐渐平稳降低。 半效应浓度EC50分析表明,外源Fe2+浓度100 mg/kg 为多数土壤微生物活性指标（微生物基础菌系总量、 功能菌系总量、 铁还原菌）EC50变化的临界值; 体系中土壤微生物活性指标和水稻生长指标的变化存在显著的相关性, 表明供试土壤亚铁对水稻生长的影响是亚铁对土壤-植物-土壤微生物系统同步影响的结果。综上结果可知,外源Fe2+浓度100 mg/kg为导致供试土壤中水稻生长及土壤微生物活性受到显著负效应的临界值,进而推知,本研究所用土壤对水稻生长和微生物活性的亚铁毒胁迫临界浓度约为300 mg/kg（含本底）, Fe2+含量超出该浓度时,需采取合理的农艺措施控制其负效应。     

水稻耐低锌基因型的生长发育和若干生理特性研究

在不同Zn2+活度（pZn2+9.7,pZn2+11.0和pZn2+＞11.5）的溶液培养条件下,研究了水稻耐低锌基因型的生长发育和若干生理特性。结果表明:水稻锌营养存在明显的基因型差异,降低锌离子活度会增加地下部于物质的积累,当Zn2+活度从pZn2+9.7下降到pZn2+11.0时,耐低锌品种的地上部干重虽下降,但因地下部干重显著增加,故总干重相近;锌敏感品种则地上部干重显著下降,而地下部干重增加不明显,总干重显著下降。当严重缺锌（pZn2+＞11.5）时,所有基因型水稻的干重构极显著地下降,但锌敏感品种比耐低锌品种下降得更多。降低Zn2+活度使水稻秧苗的出叶速度减慢,在极度缺锌条件下,敏感品种只能生长到3.5叶,而耐低锌品种能生长到4.5叶左右。对叶绿素和根系氧化力的测定结果表明,轻度缺锌或缺锌初期会使叶绿素含量上升和根系氧化力下降,但严重缺锌时,则使叶绿素含量显著降低,而使根系氧化力明显增加。锌敏感品种比耐缺锌品种的变化更为明显。锌离子活度对秧苗的含水量也有明显的影响。因此,耐低锌基因型在低Zn2+活度条件通过保持较低的根氧化作用,促进根系生长以维持地上部新叶生长,达到低锌适应稳态。     

Rice genotype differences in nutrient status under excessive ferric‐iron conditions

To investigate the relationship between rice genotypic variation in tolerance to iron (Fe) toxicity and nutrient element status, 10 rice genotypes with different growing performances under Fe toxicity were grown under normal culture solution and with excessive ferrous (Fe²⁺)‐Fe concentrations of 250 and 500 mg Fe²⁺ L^‐1. A close relationship was obtained between the relative ratio of symptomatic leaf numbers to total leaf numbers (SLN/TLN) and a relative decrease in dry matter under Fe²⁺‐toxicity conditions. The genotypic variations in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) uptake were evaluated by the relative decrease in the N, P, K, and Mg content in the plants. Remarkable genotypic variation in tolerance to excessive Fe²⁺ was observed. The results indicated that excessive Fe²⁺ reduced N, P, K, and Mg uptake. The nutrient element concentrations, however, were still higher above deficient criteria even in severely affected plants, suggesting that the retardation of growth may not be intirely due to the deficiency of these elements in plants at the seedling stage. Significant correlations were found between the genotypic variation and the decrease in N, P, K, and Mg uptake and in their tolerance to Fe²⁺ toxicity, which suggests that the ability to maintain higher nutrient element uptake under a Fe²⁺‐toxic condition contributes the tolerance to Fe²⁺ toxicity.     

过量Fe2+对水稻生长和某些生理性状的影响

通过溶液培养研究了不同浓度氧化亚铁 (Fe2+)胁迫对水稻的生长、叶绿素含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明 ,高浓度的Fe2+ 胁迫明显抑制水稻地上部和根系的生长、降低下位叶片叶绿素含量。当介质中Fe2+浓度过高时 ,水稻植株体内过氧化物酶 (POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和硝酸还原酶 (NR)活性明显受抑。然而 ,低浓度Fe2+胁迫时 ,上述酶活性反而提高 ,这可能是水稻抵御亚铁毒害的一种适应性机制。     

水稻根表铁氧化物胶膜对水稻吸收磷的影响

本文采用营养液培养方法研究了根表铁氧化物胶膜对水稻吸收磷的影响。结果表明，水稻报表的铁氧化物胶膜随营养液中Fe2+浓度的增加而增加。铁氧化物胶膜可富集生长介质中的磷，根表铁膜数量越多，富集的磷量也越多。根表铁股可促进水稻对磷的吸收，但这种促进作用的大小依赖于根表铁膜数量。根表铁膜数量为24570mp／kg时，促进作用达到最大，此后随着铁膜数量的增加，水稻吸收磷的数量下降，但仍高于根表没有铁膜的水稻。因此，水稻根表形成的铁氧化物胶膜在一定程度上是一个磷富集库，对水稻吸收磷起促进作用。在此过程中，缺铁条件下水稻根分泌物中的植物铁载体对淀积铁氧化物胶膜的水稻根系吸收磷没有明显的作用。     

Al3+对大豆根边缘细胞释放与活性的影响

以两个大豆 [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] 品种（耐铝性大豆浙春2号和铝敏感性大豆华春18）的边缘细胞为材料,比较研究了Al3+对根尖原位边缘细胞释放以及对离体边缘细胞的毒害作用。结果显示,0、100、200 μmol/L Al3+处理后,浙春2号和华春18的根尖边缘细胞在水中均易分散,华春18的边缘细胞在300 μmol/L的Al3+处理时已聚集成团不易分散,而浙春2号的边缘细胞在400 μmol/LAl3+处理时才不易分散。Al3+对离体边缘细胞有明显的毒害作用,100 μmol/L Al3+处理1～ 6 h就表现出细胞死亡症状,毒害作用最大时出现在6 h之后,其中Al3+对华春18的毒害作用略高于浙春2号。系列浓度Al3+ （0、100、200、300、400 μmol/L Al3+）处理,100 mol/ L Al3+处理的离体边缘细胞存活率已出现较大幅度的下降,至400 mol/L Al3+处理时,浙春2号和华春18的相对存活率分别只有对照的45.9%和39.0%。 说明外界Al3+浓度升高不仅影响边缘细胞的释放,而且显著降低离体边缘细胞的存活率,毒害作用最大时出现在6 h之后。大豆品种间细胞对Al3+的反应存在一定差异,随时间变化,差异最大时在6 h。