水稻根尖铁的积累及附着形态研究

以铁毒耐性水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种"9308"为材料, 利用火焰原子吸收光谱法和化学浸提法研究0～10 mm段水稻根尖铁的积累及附着形态.结果表明: 高Fe2+(400 -mol·L-1)胁迫下, 0～2 mm段水稻根尖铁含量最高; 随着Fe2+浓度的升高, 根边缘细胞铁含量也明显增大; 初生根上不同形态铁的含量为铁锰氧化物态>残渣态>有机态>可交换态>碳酸盐态.以上结果表明, 水稻根尖0～2 mm段是过量铁的主要作用位点, 铁的附着形态以紧密结合态为主, 包围在外的根边缘细胞能固定过量铁.     

Intensification of arsenic toxicity to paddy rice by hydrogen sulfide and ferrous iron

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of arsenic to paddy rice was examined by the pot culture method using Utsunomiya grey lowland soil which had received nutrient salts including ammonium sulfate with or without additional rice straw powder as a reducing agent.

By treatment with 50 ppm of arsenic and straw, plant growth was retarded from the beginning of culture, and about 6 weeks later, at the middle of July, small reddish black spots emerged near the tips of expanded green leaves. The spots then increased and spread over the whole leaves resulting in bronzing and final dieback in about the mid-August. On treatment with higher concentrations of arsenic and straw, the plants were more severely injured and died through bronzing at earlier stages. All such dead plants were found to have accumulated abnormally high iron in their leaf tissues. On treatment with lower concentrations of arsenic and straw or in the case of higher arsenic without straw, plant growth and grain yield were reduced with the occurrence of partial bronzing or oranging of leaves and the iron content of the plants was somewhat increased.

These results indicate that arsenic may induce ferrous iron toxicity which intensifies the toxicity of arsenic to paddy rice.     

水稻根尖边缘细胞对铁毒的形态生理响应

以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种Azucena（铁耐性）和IR64（铁敏感）为材料,研究了Fe2+毒胁迫下附着于根尖边缘细胞(即原位边缘细胞)的数目、存活率,根尖细胞形态结构、根尖保护酶活性的变化。结果显示,Fe2+ 毒对根边缘细胞的产生有抑制作用。相对于敏感性品种而言,一定浓度Fe2+(100~200 μmol/L)有利于耐性品种边缘细胞的产生;Fe2+ 毒对边缘细胞有致死效应,随Fe2+浓度的提升,边缘细胞的存活率呈下降趋势,根尖外围细胞壁增厚,并出现细胞程序性死亡特征(敏感性品种)。同时,Fe2+ 毒对根尖保护酶活性有一定的影响,200~400 μmol/L Fe2+处理下,耐性品种POD、CAT、SOD活性都超过对照;敏感品种只有SOD活性超过对照。说明Fe2+毒胁迫下,水稻根尖通过增加边缘细胞数目、提高细胞拒铁作用,维持较高水平的POD、CAT和SOD活性来对抗Fe2+毒,缓解铁毒害。     

荞麦根缘细胞的发育及脱落后对铝毒的响应

采用悬空气培法,研究了荞麦根缘细胞发育过程的形态、活性变化和脱落后对铝(Al3+)毒的响应。结果显示,荞麦根缘细胞绝大多数呈细杆状,少数呈弯曲的长条型。根长25.mm时,根缘细胞中活细胞的比率最大(约94%);果胶甲基酯酶(PME)在根生长至5.mm时,活性最大,此后随着根的伸长,PME活性迅速下降,根长大于25mm时PME活性稳定在最大值的40%。脱离根尖的根缘细胞经50mol/L.Al3+处理,随着处理时间延长,存活率大幅度下降,处理后48.h时,存活率只有5%。铝毒加速离体根缘细胞的死亡。     

不同状态绿豆根边缘细胞对Cd2+的响应

以绿豆(Phaseolus radiatus)为材料,采用琼脂悬空培养法和培养皿滤纸培养法,以不同浓度的Cd2+处理洗脱根边缘细胞和未洗脱根边缘细胞的绿豆根尖,研究了离体状态和活体状态绿豆根边缘细胞对镉毒的响应.结果表明:在Cd2+的诱导下,离体状态的绿豆根边缘细胞凋亡和分泌黏液,同时随着Cd2+浓度的升高,其存活率逐渐递减;Cd2+具有诱导根尖产生根边缘细胞的作用,根尖释放的根边缘细胞数量随着Cd2+浓度的增加先增多后减少,其中,50 μmol L-1 Cd2+处理在洗脱组和未洗脱组均呈现最大诱导效应;Cd2+对根边缘细胞的活性具有影响,随着Cd2+浓度的增加,根边缘细胞的存活率在未洗脱组逐渐降低,而洗脱组则先升高后降低.与对照相比,25 μmol L-1,200 μmol L-1,400 μmol L-1 Cd2+在各处理时间段具有显著性差异(p＜0.05);根冠果胶甲基酯酶活性(PME)随着Cd2+浓度的增加呈现上升趋势,处理24 h高浓度Cd2+均会引起根冠PME活性的显著性升高(p＜0.05).以上结果表明,受到Cd2+胁迫时,绿豆根尖可释放更多根边缘细胞,并通过离体根边缘细胞形成黏液层、凋亡等来抵御Cd2+对根尖的毒害作用.     

Mist culture for mass harvesting of root border cells: aluminum effects

Root border cells, which form a cell layer around the root tip, seem to play multiple roles in the rhizosphere of the apical root. As these cells (species‐dependent dozens to several thousand per root tip) are rapidly sloughed off in water, studies in hydroponic culture fail to elucidate their role in most conventional physiological studies. The common method for harvesting these cells consists in germination of seeds in a humid atmosphere (usually a Petri dish), but labor and time constraints allow to yield only very limited amounts of uniform cells. We thus developed a low‐cost mist‐culture method, where intact border cells can be collected in the range of several grams. We applied this technique in a preliminary experiment where the influence of aluminum (Al) supply on calcium (Ca) release and viability of this cell type was studied. Purified detached border cells of pea were incubated with 0, 50, and 500 mmol m^–3 AlCl₃ solution (pH 4.5) for 90 min at a ratio of 3 × 10⁵ cells (4 mL)^–1. After incubation, cells contained 4.27 and 13.28 mg Al g^–1 C at 50 mmol m^–3 and 500 mmol m^–3 AlCl₃, respectively, while their total Ca content decreased correspondingly. Cell viability of border cells as tested by fluorescein diacetate‐propidium iodide (FDA‐PI) fluorescence yielded unexpected results: the test exhibited significantly lower vitality at 50, but not at 500 mmol m^–3 AlCl₃. Assessing mitochondrial activity by 3‐(4,5)‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl‐2,5 diphenyl‐tetrazolium‐bromide (MTT) reduction showed that viability decreased in a dose‐dependent manner with increasing Al concentrations. This apparent contradiction is attributed to the formation of dense mucilage around border cells at high Al concentrations, which likely inhibits the access of the dye PI or may chemically inactivate this compound and thus wrongly suggest higher viability. Mist culture allows harvesting selectively large amounts of homogeneous border cells quickly and to study their physiological reactions separated from the root tip.     

不同养分与水分管理对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的影响

室内盆栽试验研究不同养分与水分管理模式对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的影响结果表明 ,干湿交替模式和控制水分灌溉模式采用厩肥 化肥配施处理水稻植株根系平均活跃吸收面积分别比单施化肥处理高 19.3%和 2 8 2 % ;平均根系活力分别高 2 3.7%和 37.9%。而连续淹水模式则削弱有机与无机肥配施对水稻植株根系形态及其活力的改善效果。厩肥 化肥配施处理可显著提高水稻中后期植株根表磷酸酶活性 ,尤以控制水分灌溉模式采用有机与无机肥配施比单施化肥处理高 4 4 .7%。     

豌豆不同耐铝品种根尖细胞壁果胶及其甲基酯化度的差异

【目的】研究豌豆不同品种耐铝性和根尖根段耐铝性与果胶及其甲基酯化间的关系,为进一步揭示植物耐铝机理以及耐铝性状的遗传改良提供依据。【方法】以豌豆品种Hyogo和Alaska为试验材料,采用Hoagland培养方式,测定了不同品种不同根段果胶含量、 果胶甲基酯化度和果胶甲酯酶活性,研究了其差异及原因。【结果】在15和30 μmol/L铝浓度胁迫条件下,豌豆品种Alaska根相对伸长率均显著高于品种Hyogo,同时有根尖0~5 mm和5~10 mm段有更少的胼胝质生成和累积,在30 μmol/L浓度下不同根段间均达到显著差异,同时品种Hyogo根尖0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm段铝含量均显著高于品种Alaska,说明品种Alaska和品种Hyogo间存在耐铝性差异,其中品种Alaska耐铝性高于品种Hyogo,即品种Hyogo为铝敏感品种,品种Alaska是耐铝品种。比较两者不同根段(0~2.5 mm、 2.5~5.0 mm和5.0~10.0 mm)的铝含量与果胶含量、 果胶甲基酯化度、 PME活性间的关系,发现耐铝品种不同根段中的铝含量均小于敏感品种,并且在0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm段间达到显著性差异; 根尖不同根段果胶糖醛酸含量大小依次为0~2.5＞2.5~5.0＞5.0~10.0 mm,耐铝品种Alaska根尖细胞壁果胶和未甲酯化果胶含量均显著低于Hyogo,并且0~2.5 mm根段差异最大。根尖不同根段果胶甲基酯化度从根尖向上逐渐降低,并且耐铝品种Alaska高于铝敏感品种Hyogo,其中0~2.5 mm段间的差异达到显著水平;在对两个品种果胶甲基酯化酶(PME)活性进一步分析发现,PME活性大小依次为0~2.5＞2.5~5.0＞5.0~10.0 mm,两品种0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm根段间均达到显著差异。【结论】铝敏感品种Hyogo在0~2.5 mm和2.5~5.0 mm根段具有较高 PME活性和较低果胶甲基酯化程度。豌豆根尖果胶含量和甲基酯化度尤其是0~2.5 mm根段是豌豆耐铝性差异的重要原因;Alaska根尖细胞壁的果胶含量低和果胶甲基酯化度高(尤其是0~2.5 mm段)是其耐铝的重要机制。     

不同铁形态对水稻根表铁膜及铁吸收的影响

通过溶液培养试验研究了FeCl2?4H2O和FeCl3?6H2O对水稻根表铁膜数量及铁吸收的影响。结果表明,FeCl2处理时水稻根表铁膜浓度是FeCl3处理的197%～233%。利用EDTA-BPDS对铁膜形态分析看出,根表铁膜中Fe3+占85%～92%,Fe2+占8%～15%。水稻天优998根表铁膜数量显著高于培杂泰丰,其铁吸收是培杂泰丰的115%～138%。两种铁形态处理明显提高水稻的根系活力,其中,FeCl2处理时水稻根系活力增加24%～69%,FeCl3为16%～54%。FeCl2处理时水稻根系SOD、POD和CAT活性分别增加11%～32%、15%～30%和30%～31%,但FeCl3处理没有明显影响。上述结果表明一定浓度铁处理明显增加水稻根表铁浓度和铁吸收;与FeCl3处理相比,FeCl2处理能提高根系抗氧化酶活性,增加水稻的铁吸收和根表铁膜数量。     

根际增氧对水稻根系形态和生理影响的研究进展

根际氧是影响稻田土壤环境和水稻根系生理代谢的重要环境因子,已有的关于水稻根际氧的综述多从低氧或缺氧胁迫的角度展开,随着技术的进步,越来越多的学者在水稻栽培中实施了主动的根际增氧措施,取得了一定的研究成果。根际增氧显著影响了水培水稻根系形态和结构,使其呈现细而长的特征,增氧条件下水稻根系形态、结构及其功能需求间存在内在的一致性;根际增氧对不同生育时期水稻的根系活力均有明显的促进作用,其增幅从10%到150%不等,并存在明显的品种间差异;从水稻根系形态、生理活性以及根部氮素形态转化等多个方面来看,增氧处理有利于水稻根系吸收氮素,但其对水稻氮素积累量的影响则与增氧处理方式和程度有关,过度增氧抑制了水稻植株对氮的利用,从而限制了其生物量的增加,反过来抑制了对氮的吸收。水稻对根际增氧的响应规律并非其对低氧和缺氧胁迫响应规律的简单倒转,饱和氧处理下水稻生物量和产量的剧烈降低表明了水稻对富氧响应的复杂性。探索根际增氧对三叶期前水稻幼苗的影响,完善根际增氧对水稻氮代谢的影响研究,并量化水稻田间需氧量,探索简单易行的苗期增氧措施,对进一步完善水稻育秧理论,改进水稻育秧技术具有重要意义。     

水肥耦合对水稻根系形态与活力的影响

在土培条件下,设计3个水分水平和2个施氮水平,研究水肥耦合对水稻汕优63不同生育阶段根系形态与活力的影响。结果表明：在低土壤水分条件下增加氮素供应水平能够显著增加根干重、根体积和促进根系的扎深。根系干重的垂直分布可用对数模型、乘幂模型、指数函数模型、多项式函数模型来表示,相关系数均在0.9以上,且以指数函数的模拟精度最高。轻度降低土壤水分,增加施氮量能迅速提高根系活跃吸收面积和根系α-萘胺氧化活力,促进根系快速生长;过度降低土壤水分对水稻根系活力有抑制作用。     

The role of root border cells in aluminum resistance of pea (Pisum sativum) grown in mist culture

Root border cells are considered to contribute to aluminum (Al) resistance by protecting the root apex from Al toxicity. In the present study, the responses of root apices of pea (Pisum sativum) to Al exposure in mist culture with border cells stripped off or not were compared. Inhibition of root elongation, induction of callose synthesis, and accumulation of Al were more pronounced in root apices stripped from border cells. Aluminum application led to higher Al concentrations in border cells than in root apices. The same trend was found for Al contents in cell walls of border cells compared to root apices. The analysis of cell‐wall pectin indicated that the concentrations of total sugars, uronic acids, and 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonic acid (KDO) were higher in border cells than in root apices, especially when exposed to Al. Together, these results suggest that root border cells enhance the Al resistance of root apices by immobilizing Al in their cell‐wall pectin, thus protecting the root apex.     

Effects of endophytic Bacillus spp. on accumulation and distribution of iron in the shoots of lowland rice grown under iron toxic conditions

Background

The tolerance of plants against abiotic stresses can be greatly influenced by their interaction with microbes. In lowland rice (Oryza sativa) production, the iron toxicity of the soils constitutes a major constraint. Although there are tolerant cultivars, the mechanisms underlying the tolerance against excess iron are not fully understood. Even less is known about the role of microbes in the response to iron toxicity.

Aim

In the study presented here, the effects of different Bacillus isolates on the accumulation and distribution of iron within the shoots of different rice cultivars grown under iron toxicity were analyzed.

Methods

Three lowland rice cultivars with contrasting tolerance to iron toxicity (IR31785-58-1-2-3-3, Sahel 108, Suakoko 8) were inoculated with three Bacillus isolates (two B. pumilus and one B. megaterium) and, after 1 week, exposed to excess iron (1,000 ppm) for 8 days. Tolerance was evaluated by leaf symptom scoring.

Results

Bacterial inoculation mitigated leaf symptoms in the sensitive cultivar IR31785-58-1-2-3-3 despite no significant differences in shoot iron concentration between inoculated and noninoculated plants. In the tolerant excluder cultivar, Suakoko 8, leaf symptoms were exacerbated when inoculated with B. pumilus Ni9MO12. While the total shoot Fe concentration was not affected in this bacteria × cultivar combination, the distribution of iron within the shoot was clearly disturbed. Tolerance to iron toxicity of the tolerant includer cultivar, Sahel 108, was not affected by Bacillus inoculation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our results show that Bacillus inoculation can affect the tolerance of lowland rice to iron toxicity and that the effects strongly depend on the bacteria × cultivar combination.     

缓/控释肥对杂交水稻根系形态、生理特性和产量的影响

以杂交中稻F优498为试验材料,采用两因素裂区试验研究4 种氮肥种类（尿素一道清、尿素常规运筹、硫包膜缓释肥、树脂包膜控释肥）在不同移栽秧龄施肥对水稻不同生育期根系形态及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在秧苗3叶1心、 5叶1心移栽时水稻在结实期的总根长、根系体积和根系伤流强度比7 叶1 心移栽时高。与施用尿素相比,施用缓/ 控释肥显著增加了根干重、总根长、根系体积和根系伤流强度。在不同移栽秧龄下,施用缓/控释肥均能促进水稻根系生长并向土壤深层分布,保持根系活力。相关分析表明, 水稻籽粒产量与抽穗后的根干重、总根长、根系表面积、伤流强度和10 cm以下的根系分布比例呈显著或极显著正相关。综合根系形态生理与产量表现,5 叶1心移栽、施用树脂包膜控释肥,为本试验的最佳处理。     

红豇豆根缘细胞对铝胁迫的响应

以红豇豆(Vigna.ungniculata.ssp.sesquipedalis.cv.chuangfeng)为材料,采用悬空气培法,研究红豇豆根缘细胞产生的数目、活性及对铝胁迫的响应。结果表明,红豇豆的边缘细胞数目先随着根的伸长而迅速增加,到根长为10mm时达到最多,约为5300个;随后,边缘细胞数目稍有减少,且较为稳定。边缘细胞的存活率较高,都大于85%,随着红豇豆根长的伸长,边缘细胞的活性逐渐增高。根冠果胶甲基酯酶(PME)的活性随着根的伸长而减小,表明边缘细胞游离与根冠PME活性有着密切的相关性。离体边缘细胞的存活率随着Al3+处理浓度和处理时间的增加而降低。不同浓度Al3+液处理对相同根长红豇豆的根冠PME酶活性没有显著的影响。     

黑豆边缘细胞对干旱胁迫的响应和对根系生理特性的影响

以黑豆Glycine max (L.) Merrill为材料,采用静置培养(保持边缘细胞和黏液附着在根尖)和振荡培养(移除边缘细胞及根尖黏液)方法,比较研究干旱胁迫下黑豆根尖边缘细胞(root border cells, RBCs)产生和黏液分泌以及对根系生理特性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,11%和22%的聚乙二醇(PEG)处理使RBCs数目分别降低了18.1%～21.6%和28.8%～30.4%,胞外黏液分泌分别增加了62.8%～140.7%和133.8%～172.7%,表明干旱胁迫抑制了RBCs的发育,增加了RBCs黏液分泌量。移除边缘细胞的根伸长抑制率、根系相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量高于保留边缘细胞的根,而根系脯氨酸含量则是前者显著低于后者。说明干旱胁迫下,黑豆根尖附着的RBCs及黏液分泌量的增加,减缓了根尖细胞损伤,有利于根系生长,从而提高黑豆的抗旱能力。     

缺水和缺铁胁迫对玉米光合作用特性和根生长的影响

研究了缺水胁迫和缺铁胁迫对三叶期玉米(Zea mays)的光合作用特性和根生长的影响。玉米叶部的光合作用均受缺水胁迫和缺铁胁迫影响;短时间(≤2 h)缺水胁迫对光合作用造成的不利影响不能被短时间(24 h)的复水完全消除,而较长时间的缺铁胁迫(168 h)对光合作用造成的抑制作用可以被短时间(24 h)的补铁措施消除。短时间缺水(≤2 h)或短时间(≤72 h)缺铁不影响根系生长。较长时间的缺铁(168 h)严重限制根的生长并导致根生长畸形,短时间(24 h)补铁不能消除较长时间的缺铁对根的生长带来的不利影响。     

Effect of transpiration on iron uptake and translocation in lowland rice

We evaluated six lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes with contrasting responses to increasing Fe²⁺ concentrations under conditions of both low (0.3 kPa) and high (2.4 kPa) vapor pressure deficit. Dry atmospheric conditions generally enhanced transpiration with concomitant increases in Fe uptake and leaf bronzing. Some resistant genotypes were able to limit the water loss by transpiration under higher Fe concentrations thus attenuating negative effects associated with increased Fe²⁺ translocation at high vapor pressure deficit.     

缺铁水稻根表铁膜对硒的转运和吸收的影响

Under anaerobic conditions, ferric hydroxide deposits on the surface of rice roots and affects uptake and translocation of certain nutrients. In the present study, rice plants were cultured in Fe-deficient or sufficient solutions and placed in a medium containing selenium （Se） for 2 h. Then, FeSO4 was added at the various concentrations of 0, 10, 40, or 70 mg L-1 to induce varying levels of iron plaque on the root surfaces and subsequent uptake of Se was monitored. The uptake of Se was inhibited by the iron plaque, with the effect proportional to the amount of plaque induced. The activity of cysteine synthase was decreased with increasing amounts of iron plaque on the roots. This may be the important reason for iron plaque inhibition of Se translocation. At each level of iron plaque, Fe-deficient rice had more Se than Fe-sufficient rice. Furthermore, with plaque induced by 20 mg Fe L-1, plants from Fe-deficient media accumulated more Se than those from Fe-sufficient media, as the Se concentration was increased from 10 to 30 or 50 mg L^-1. We found that phytosiderophores, highly effective iron chelating agents, could desorb selenite from ferrihydrite. Root exudates of the Fe-deficient rice, especially phytosiderophores in the exudates, could enhance Se uptake by rice plants with iron plaque.     

不同施肥方式下氮肥用量对直播稻根系形态及氮素吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究施肥方式(点施于距土表1、5 cm土柱中心位置,分别记为M1、M2;距土表0~5、0~10 cm土壤与氮肥混匀施用,分别记为M3、M4)和氮肥用量(N 0、0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2 g/盆)对直播稻苗期生物量、根系形态及氮素吸收的影响,以期为直播稻科学施用氮肥提供理论依据。结果表明,M1、M2施肥方式下N0.6处理地上部和根系生物量都显著高于其他处理,增幅分别为17.8%~84.8%和13.9%~46.9%,根系形态指标表现为N0.3和N0.6高于N1.2处理;M3、M4施肥方式下N1.2处理地上部和根系生物量都显著高于其他处理,增幅分别为32.6%~36.3%和14.9%~16.2%,根系形态指标有随着施氮量增加而增加的趋势。施肥方式和氮肥用量对氮素吸收量的影响趋势与生物量表现一致,氮素吸收利用率表现为点施条件下M1M2,混施条件下M3M4。相关分析结果表明,水稻地上部生物量及其氮素吸收与根系形态参数及氮素吸收量存在显著正相关关系。综上所述,低氮条件下浅层点施、高氮条件下浅层混施有利于促进水稻苗期的生长发育,稳固良好的根系形态特性,增强其对养分的吸收利用。