潮土长期施用生物炭提高小麦产量及氮素利用率

该文于2011年起在黄淮海典型潮土区建立的秸秆炭化还田定位试验的基础上,系统观测了2011至2017年时间段秸秆生物炭连续施用下小麦生长及氮吸收情况,分析了产量构成因素,地上干物质及氮累积,关键生育期叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和群体数量等与小麦增产的关系,并监测了长期生物炭施用下土壤有机碳(SOC)与全氮(TN)含量的变化。该试验采用小麦/玉米周年轮作,设每季0、2.25、6.75和11.25 t/hm2四个秸秆生物炭处理(分别表示为BC0(对照)、BC2.25(低)、BC6.75(中)和BC11.25(高))。结果表明,与BC0相比,BC2.25仅在2015/2016季提高小麦产量,对其他5季无明显效果;BC6.75则在2014/2015、2015/2016和2016/2017的后3季显著提高小麦产量;而BC11.25提高了2014/2015和2015/2016季小麦产量。尽管生物炭处理对各季小麦产量影响各异,但6季各处理平均产量数据显示低、中、高量生物炭处理均可提高小麦产量7.0%~8.5%、生物量5.2%~10.8%和氮肥偏生产力6.8%~8.6%,且3个处理间并无差异;中、高量生物炭处理还可提高小麦秸秆产量11.4%~12.6%、穗数10.1%~11.2%、籽粒氮积累量9.4%~11.2%、秸秆氮积累量17.4%~23.8%、地上部氮积累量13.3%~20.9%。生物炭施用在促进小麦生长和氮吸收利用的作用方面与其增加小麦生育期LAI和SPAD值一致,具体表现为低、中、高量生物炭处理均可明显增加2015/2016和2016/2017两季小麦主要生育期群体数量以及增加两季拔节期、抽穗期SPAD值和LAI值。3个生物炭处理对提高2011/2012土壤SOC含量和2011—2014年土壤TN含量无明显效果,中、高量生物炭处理可增加2012—2017年土壤SOC含量32.6%~215.6%和2014—2017年土壤TN含量20.0%~36.8%。研究表明,合理施用生物炭能够促进黄淮区潮土农田冬小麦籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力以及促进小麦生长和地上部氮素吸收,进而起到提高土壤肥力和增加土壤固碳的作用。     

Effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on soil nitrogen during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

We studied the effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.     

秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对白土田水稻产量和氮吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究小麦秸秆直接还田条件下不同氮肥基追比例运筹方式对白土稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响, 为华中低产白土稻田水稻合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】设置2种小麦秸秆还田量(0和3000 kg/hm2)及3种氮肥基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例(80-0-20、 60-20-20 和40-30-30)和不施氮的对照, 共7个处理, 分别为N80-0-20、 N60-20-20、 N40-30-30、 N80-0-20+S、 N60-20-20+S、 N40-30-30+S和CK。水稻收获期采集代表性样品考察水稻产量结构性状, 同时测定水稻籽粒和秸秆产量, 分析籽粒和秸秆氮素含量, 计算水稻氮素吸收量和氮肥利用效率。【结果】基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒产量最高, 两年试验较不施分蘖肥的对照分别增产9.4%~12.9%和7.4%~8.9%。实施小麦秸秆直接还田后, 水稻籽粒产量较不施秸秆的对照分别提高10.2%~23.4%和0.8%~5.5%。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒含氮量最高, 较不施氮的对照提高11.3%, 而秸秆含N量随中后期追肥比例的加大而提高。秸秆还田条件下, 氮肥后移能明显提高水稻籽粒和秸秆含氮量。水稻籽粒氮素吸收量, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20处理最多, 2011年较对照N80-0-20分别增加13.7%和24.8%, 2012年提高14.5%和9.2%; 秸秆氮素积累量则随中后期追肥用量的增加而增多, 基-蘖-穗肥比例40-30-30处理最多。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20的处理氮素干物质生产效率、 氮素稻谷生产效率、 氮收获指数均最高, 百公斤籽粒吸氮量最低。秸秆还田条件下, 氮素干物质生产效率和氮素稻谷生产效率均随中后期追肥量的增加而下降, 而百公斤籽粒吸氮量则最高。氮素农学效率、 氮肥回收利用率和偏生产力也是60-20-20比例的处理最高, 较对照N80-0-20农学效率分别提高4.90和2.44 kg籽粒/kg N, 氮肥利用率提高7.82和21.29个百分点, 偏生产力提高4.90和2.44个百分点。【结论】综合水稻产量、 氮素吸收量以及氮肥利用效率, 安徽省江淮丘陵低产白土地区, 小麦秸秆直接还田条件下, 单季中稻氮肥的基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例, 以60-20-20运筹方式较为适宜。     

Optimum rate of nitrogen fertilization for drip-irrigated wheat under semi-arid conditions

Limited water availability in arid and semi-arid wheat production systems increases the need of applying efficient drip irrigation systems. However, there is little information available about the optimum level of nitrogen (N) fertilization for drip-irrigated wheat. A two-years field study in the semi-arid region of Upper Egypt was carried out in a randomized complete block design to investigate the response of drip-irrigated wheat to three levels of N fertilization (N₁₂₀ = 120, N₁₈₀ = 180, and N₂₄₀ = 240 kg ha^?1). N₂₄₀ increased the uptake of N, P, and K by 66.3, 48.6, and 43.5%, respectively, as compared to N₁₂₀. The application of N₂₄₀ increased the grain yield by 28.4 and 40.4% and water use efficiency by 27.6 and 41.8% the first and second season, respectively, as compared to N₁₂₀. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended to fertilize drip-irrigated wheat by 240 kg ha^?1.     

Influence of calcium carbide formulations on growth,yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat under field conditions

Field experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 to evaluate the effects of three calcium carbide (CaC₂) based formulations (slow release sources of acetylene and ethylene) - matrix-1 [(M-1)(21% CaC₂, 58% polyethylene and 21% plaster of paris)], matrix-2 [(M-2)(42% CaC₂, 48% polyethylene and 10% plaster of paris)] and paint coated [(PC)(35% CaC₂, 44% paint and 21% plaster of paris)] - on nitrification inhibition; growth, yield and nitrogen (N)-uptake of wheat. All the three CaC₂ formulations (CCF,s) inhibited nitrification, reduced plant height, and improved N-uptake, spike bearing tillers, 1000-grains weight and yield of Inqulab-91 and Bhakhar-02 wheat cultivars. Increase in grain yield was found maximum (22% over the control) with M-1 applied at 30 kg CaC₂ ha^?1; followed by M-2 and PC. Furthermore, CaC₂ significantly reduced lodging in Bhakhar-02 plots. It is concluded that grain yield of wheat can be enhanced by the application of CaC₂ formulations particularly M-1 along with NPK fertilizers.     

不同小麦品种生育期氮素效率差异的变化特征

以6个小麦品种(洛麦1、郑麦9023、豫麦18、小偃22、小偃6和小偃107)为材料,设置低氮和高氮两个处理,分别在小麦的4个生育期收获取样,研究了不同小麦品种生育期氮吸收和利用效率差异的变化特征及其与相关生理参数的关系。研究结果表明,氮吸收方面,洛麦1为低氮高效品种,小偃107为高氮高效品种;氮利用方面,豫麦18为低氮高效品种,洛麦1为高氮高效品种;小偃6在两个氮处理中无论是氮吸收还是氮利用均为低效品种。造成小麦氮吸收或利用效率差异的主要时期为灌浆期到成熟期之间的籽粒产量形成阶段。低氮条件下,氮利用高效品种灌浆期的地上部谷氨酰胺合成酶活性也较高,而根系生物量和根系活力与小麦氮吸收效率无明显相关。     

Intraspecific variation for nitrate uptake and nitrogen utilization in wheat (T. Aestivum L.) grown under nitrogen stress

Twenty four wheat lines representative of varieties developed over the last eighty years were evaluated for differences in short term nitrate uptake and nitrogen utilization at the vegetative stage under conditions of nitrogen limitation. Net nitrate fluxes in three‐week‐old plants were determined by the depletion method and nitrogen utilization was expressed as both the efficiency ratio and utilization efficiency, In addition the kinetic parameters V_max and K_m were obtained for eight of these varieties. Considerable differences were observed for all attributes examined although variation in efficiency ratio was characteristically small and substantially lower than that in utilization efficiency. The tall traditional varieties generally exhibited higher uptake rates and nitrogen utilization than most of the fertilizer responsive dwarf types. However they were no better than the triple dwarfs in nitrate uptake. Differences in affinity for nitrate as measured by the apparent K_m were also substantial, of particular interest being the low affinity exhibited by one of the triple dwarf varieties. The findings made in this study are discussed in relation to their bearing on performance under nutrient‐limiting conditions, the likely consequences of selection under different fertilizer regimes and the prospects for genetic improvement of fertilizer use efficiency.     

包膜尿素和普通尿素不同掺混比例对水稻产量与氮肥利用率的影响

以晚粳稻"秀水110"为供试水稻品种,在2007、2008连续2年田间试验条件下,研究了硫磺加树脂双层包膜尿素(SPCU)和普通尿素(PU)不同掺混比例对水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与当地农民习惯施用普通尿素PU100%(N 210 kg/hm2)处理相比,等氮量下一次性基施包膜尿素SPCU100%、SPCU70%+PU30%和SPCU50%+PU50%处理产量为7644.0、7172.5和7008.2 kg/hm2,增产17.75%、10.49%和7.96%;氮肥利用率为27.64%、23.24%和18.06%,提高18.73、14.33和9.15个百分点;氮肥农学效率也有显著增加。     

New trend to use biochar as foliar application for wheat plants (Triticum Aestivum)

Biochar is a product resulting from pyrolyzing biomass and is rich in carbon and several mineral. Nowadays, biochar is widely applied to agricultural soils as a soil conditioner. This research focuses on using biochar as a foliar fertilizer for wheat plants. The experiment was carried out at Shebin El-kom, El-Menoufia, Egypt, during two successive winter seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of biochar on the plant growth, yield and the nutritive value of wheat plant. Results showed that, the high concentrations of biochar (300?mg/L) improved the growth and yield characteristics of wheat. Biochemical constituents as expressed as total sugars, protein, phenols and indoles, as well as free amino acids, and nitrogen varied by growth stage and concentration of biochar. As a result, biochar application can be utilized to enhance the cultivated food crop and decrease the dependence on chemical fertilizers.     

增值尿素对小麦产量、氮肥利用率及肥料氮在土壤剖面中分布的影响

本研究利用同位素15N尿素,采用尿素熔融工艺分别制备了普通尿素（U）、 海藻酸增值尿素（AU）、 腐植酸增值尿素（HAU）和谷氨酸增值尿素（GU）试验产品,运用土柱栽培试验研究等氮量条件下（N 0.1 g/kg 干土,以030 cm土层干土重量计算）3种增值尿素产品对小麦产量、 氮肥利用率和肥料氮在土壤剖面中分布的影响。主要结果, 1）与U相比,AU、 HAU和GU处理均可显著提高小麦籽粒产量,增加幅度分别为7.12%、 13.63%和3.65%; 2）小麦吸收的氮素中有44.8%~48.0%来自肥料氮,AU、 HAU、 GU处理的小麦地上部吸收的肥料氮量均显著高于U处理,分别高出4.83%、 7.41% 和 3.12%; 3）虽然所有处理土壤残留的肥料氮均主要集中在050 cm土层中,U处理在5090 cm层次土壤肥料氮累积量显著高于AU和HAU处理; 4）AU、 HAU和GU处理的小麦氮肥表观利用率分别较U处理显著提高6.38、 15.63、 3.08个百分点,HAU和AU处理的15N利用率分别较普通尿素高出3.70和2.41个百分点,AU、 HAU和GU处理的肥料氮的损失率分别比普通尿素显著降低7.64、 9.52和2.19个百分点。     

磷素子粒生产效率不同品种的小麦磷素吸收利用差异

盆栽试验研究了130份小麦不同生育时期的干物重、磷素含量、子粒产量等指标,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按磷素子粒生产效率从低到高依次分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ 6个类型,研究不同类型磷素吸收利用的差异。结果表明: 1）供试品种的磷素子粒生产效率差异较大（CV=1660%）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ类品种的平均磷素子粒生产效率为P 13629、15167、16916、18589、20132、24466 g/g。子粒产量随磷素子粒生产效率提高呈增加趋势（r=03203**）。2）不同生育时期,小麦植株磷浓度与吸磷量类型间差异显著或极显著。成熟期磷素子粒生产效率与植株磷浓度极显著正相关（r=06969**）,子粒产量与抽穗期、成熟期植株吸磷量显著或极显著相关（r=02966*、r=09271**）。3）不同生育时期磷素干物质生产效率的类间差异均达显著水平; 成熟期磷素干物质生产效率与磷素子粒生产效率极显著正相关 （r=07391**）。4）拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期干物重均表现出随磷素子粒生产效率增加而增加的趋势,成熟期尤为突出。拔节期成熟期磷素吸收量是影响子粒产量形成的重要因素,磷素子粒生产效率高的品种在拔节期后有较强干物质和子粒产量形成能力。     

Screening for pre- and post-anthesis drought responses in selected bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes

ABSTRACT

Wheat genotypes with pre- and post-anthesis drought tolerance offer enhanced yield gains under water-limited environments. This study determined pre- and post-anthesis drought responses of selected bread wheat genotypes in order to identify and select candidate genotypes for breeding. Fifteen genetically differentiated wheat genotypes were evaluated under non-stressed (NS), pre-anthesis drought stress (PrADS) and post-anthesis drought stress (PoADS) in glasshouse (GH) and field (FLD) environments. Data were collected on agronomic and physiological traits including number of days to heading (DTH), days to maturity (DTM), plant height (PH), number of spikelet per spike (NSPS), number of kernels per spike (NKPS), thousand kernel weight (TKW), grain yield (GY) and canopy temperature (CT). Analysis of variance revealed significant effects of genotypes, environments and their interactions for studied traits. Weak and positive correlations were recorded between GY with PH (r?=?0.47 and 0.32), NSPS (r?=?0.37 and 0.52) and TKW (r?=?0.30 and r?=?0.20) under PrADS and PoADS conditions, respectively. Genotypes SMY-006, SMY-008, SMY-016, SMY-042 and SMY-044 were identified with pre- and post-anthesis drought tolerance and high yield potential and suitable yield-component traits. These are useful genetic stocks for breeding or cultivation in water-limited environments to improve yield gains.     

限水灌溉下施氮量对冬小麦产量、氮素利用及氮平衡的影响

2008~2009年通过大田试验,研究了限水灌溉条件下,不同施氮量对冬小麦产量、氮素利用、土壤硝态氮动态变化及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加小麦穗数和穗粒数,对千粒重无显著影响。作物产量、吸氮量与施氮量均呈抛物线关系,施氮量超过N240 kg/hm2,产量和吸氮量随施氮量增加略有降低。小麦起身期后,0—100 cm土层都有硝态氮分布,且随土层深度增加而减少;相同土层则随施氮量的增加而增加。土壤硝态氮积累量随生育期推进而降低,N0和N120处理分别在拔节期和开花期后表现出氮素亏缺;成熟期,土壤表观盈余以残留为主,表观损失量占小部分。氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率随施氮量增加呈降低趋势,而氮素残留率随施氮量增加呈增加趋势。在本试验条件下,施氮量在N 180~220 kg/hm2水平可以达到产量、氮素表观利用率、氮素残留率的较好结合,是限水灌溉下兼顾经济效益与环境效益的适宜施氮量。     

Interaction of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate,urea and ammonium sulphate with soil N during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions

The effects of ¹⁵N-labelled ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate on yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mexi-Pak-65) were studied in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 64.0–74.8%, 61.5–64.7% and 61.7–63.4% of the N from ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate, respectively. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea and ammonium sulphate. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the three N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied with the method of application of fertilizer N. Ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate gave 59.3%, 42.8% and 26.3% more added N interaction, respectively, when applied by the broadcast/worked-in method than with band placement. A highly significant correlation between soil N and grain yield, dry matter and added N interaction showed that soil N was more important than fertilizer N in wheat production. A values were not significantly correlated with added N interaction (r=0.719). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N stood proxy for unlabelled soil N.     

牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量与氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮的影响

【目的】本研究利用田间小区试验,研究牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量、 氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮的影响,以期为提高灌溉肥水中氮利用效率,降低养殖肥水灌溉的氮损失提供理论依据。【方法】通过田间小区定位试验,以华北平原典型冬小麦种植系统为研究对象,定量研究牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量、 氮素积累、 氮效率及土壤硝态氮的影响。试验共设5个处理,分别为: 不施肥、 小麦各生育期进行清水灌溉(CK); 在冬小麦生育期内进行2次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期和灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为160 kg/hm2),其他生育期清水灌溉(T1); 在冬小麦生育期内进行3次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期、 拔节期、 灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为240 kg/hm2),其他生育期清水灌溉(T2); 在冬小麦生育期进行4次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期、 拔节期、 抽穗期和灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为320 kg/hm2),不进行清水灌溉(T3); 农民习惯施肥,冬小麦播种时施复合肥(15-21-6)375 kg/hm2、 拔节期追肥尿素600 kg/hm2(氮投入量为332 kg/hm2),全生育期灌溉清水(CF)。每个处理重复3次,冬小麦全生育期灌水4次,灌水定额为830 m3/hm2,灌水量用超声波流量计计量。【结果】牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量和氮的影响主要有以下几个方面: 1)连续三年冬小麦产量均随牛场肥水灌溉次数的增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,肥水灌溉带入氮为240 kg/hm2(灌溉3次)时,冬小麦产量最高。2)牛场肥水灌溉显著增加冬小麦植株地上部氮积累量。2011年和2012年肥水灌溉的三个处理之间及与习惯施肥处理之间差异不显著,2013年T2和T3处理植株氮吸收量显著高于T1处理和习惯施肥处理。3)冬小麦肥水氮利用率和农学效率随肥水灌溉带入氮量的增加而降低。三年均以T1最高,分别为48.57%和37.15 kg/kg。4)每季冬小麦收获后,随着灌溉带入氮量的增加,0100 cm土层NO-3-N积累量增加。肥水灌溉带入氮为320 kg/hm2时,0100 cm剖面NO-3-N积累量显著高于肥水灌溉带入氮为160~240 kg/hm2处理。【结论】牛场肥水灌溉显著增加冬小麦产量,随肥水灌溉带入氮的增加冬小麦产量呈先增加后降低的趋势。冬小麦肥水氮表观利用率和农学效率均随肥水灌溉带入氮量的增加而降低,肥水灌溉带入氮为320 kg/hm2,80100 cm土层有大量NO-3-N累积,且有向下淋溶的趋势。本试验条件下,综合产量、 冬小麦植株氮积累量及氮效率等方面考虑,牛场肥水灌溉冬小麦适宜氮带入量为160~240 kg/hm2。     

外源碳、氮处理对春小麦花后干物质积累及籽粒产量的影响

为探明小麦花后碳、氮代谢平衡对干物质积累和产量的影响,采用质量浓度2%的尿素和5%的蔗糖作为外源氮、碳调控物质,在强筋型龙麦33和中强筋型克旱19两种类型春小麦的抽穗期叶面喷施,分别于喷施后5、10、15、22、29和36 d取样,测定小麦植株不同部位器官的干重,并于成熟收获后取样测定产量构成。结果表明:小麦抽穗后旗叶的干物质积累逐渐增加,而倒二叶的干物质积累降低,但籽粒灌浆阶段,旗叶和倒二叶总的干重趋于稳定,进入籽粒成熟期后重量急剧降低;穗下节鞘、倒二节鞘的干物质积累呈单峰曲线,节鞘干物质积累量占地上部干物质积累的比例逐渐降低。外源氮处理缓解了旗叶干重损失,促进了穗下节鞘和倒二节鞘的干物质积累,而外源碳处理反之。外源碳、氮处理不同程度提高了穗轴单位长度干重,显著降低了无效小穗比率,提高了穗粒数和千粒重,尤其是外源氮处理作用显著,龙麦33和克旱19的无效小穗比率分别降低了3.3%、3.7%,穗粒数增加了19.7%、8.4%,千粒重分别增加了2.7、1.4 g,外源喷施蔗糖、尿素使龙麦33和克旱19的单产分别提高了6.9%、15.8%和10.1%、16.9%。因此,外源氮、碳处理通过增加旗叶干物质积累促进了穗轴单位长度干重,提高物质向穗部的输导能力,从而减少了无效小穗,提高了穗粒数和千粒重,增加了籽粒产量,尤其是氮处理作用显著。     

控释尿素与普通尿素配施对冬小麦氮肥利用率的影响

在高肥力麦田中,随着氮肥施用量的不断增加,氮肥利用率下降,单位氮肥的增产量递减。氮素养分的损失不仅造成肥料的浪费,而且给环境带来潜在的威胁。为了提高氮肥的增产效益及氮肥利用率,减少氮肥对环境的污染,采用田间小区试验,研究了控释尿素和普通尿素配施对冬小麦产量、蛋白质含量、氮肥利用率及土壤硝态氮积累量的影响。结果表明,控释尿素与普通尿素配施与普通尿素单施相比,无论是相同施氮量还是减少30%的施氮量,冬小麦子粒产量都极显著增加,而且子粒蛋白质含量明显提高或不降低;同时提高了氮肥利用率,降低了土壤中硝态氮的积累量。     

Phosphorus uptake and use efficiency in different varieties of bread wheat (Triticum Aestivum L)

Thirty spring wheat varieties were evaluated and classified into eight different groups on the basis of their grain yield performance and phosphorus (P) uptake using Metroglyph analysis. Significant variability was observed for grain and biomass yield, plant height, P content in grain and straw, total P uptake and phosphorus harvest index and P use efficiency traits. Varieties WH 711 and PBW 343 exhibited high grain yield as well as high P uptake (HGY-HP). WH 283 and UP 2425 with high index score of 19 and 16 respectively, constituted the high grain yield-medium P uptake (HGYMP) group. Both these varieties, though had similar grain yield of 5348 kg/ha, but WH 283 (12.64 kg/ha) utilized much lower P as compared to UP 2425 (16.94 kg/ha). Moreover, WH 283 (81.64) also showed higher values for phosphorus harvest index (PHI) than UP 2425 (67.88%). P uptake of WH 283 was comparable with that of Raj 3765 (10.78 kg/ha) and grouped into high grain yield and low P uptake (HGY-LP) group. The grain yield performance of these two varieties with a relatively low P uptake is reflected in their high index score for P use efficiency thus, earmarking them for low P regimes. Variety HW 2006, despite low grain yields of 4665 kg/ha had high index score of 16 due to its higher value for Phosphorus Biological (PBER) and Economic Yield (PEER) Efficiency Ratio as it has effected least (7.18 kg/ha) P mobilization. In addition high P translocation in the grain was also observed for this variety. Inter-mating of genotypes like HW 2006, UP 2338 and HW 2016 with those belonging to HGY-HP (PBW 343 and WH 711) and HGY-LP (Raj 3765 and WH 283) would be an ideal strategy to develop the cultivars for efficient phosphorus use.     

施用控释尿素对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响

2009~2010年度在我国油菜主产区采用多点田间试验研究了施用控释尿素（Controlled release urea, CRU）对油菜籽产量、氮肥利用率及土壤无机氮含量的影响,以期为CRU在油菜上的施用提供理论依据。结果表明,CRU一次性基施可以保证后期氮素供应,明显促进油菜的生长发育,与普通尿素一次性基施处理（UB）相比,油菜叶片的SPAD值、株高及花期绿叶数明显增加。油菜籽产量增加了7.1%~19.7%,影响产量的构成因素主要有总角果数、分支数和第一节位高。油菜的氮素积累量增加16.9%~27.3%,氮肥利用率提高12.2~17.7个百分点,试验后耕层土壤（030 cm）的硝态氮含量升高了149.3%~296.1%,无机氮含量升高了40.5%~145.9%。CRU处理与尿素分次施用处理（UD）相比,生长指标、油菜籽产量和干物质量均没有明显差异,氮积累量和氮肥利用率有增加趋势。可见,CRU一次性基施可以达到普通尿素分期施用的效果。     

Evaluation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes for yield and related traits under drought stress conditions

ABSTRACT

Drought is a major factor threatening crop production worldwide. Developing wheat varieties that are adapted to drought prone environments is a sustainable strategy to improve wheat production and productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate and select bread wheat genotypes for yield and yield components, and for stability under drought stress and non-stress conditions. One hundred and twenty genotypes were evaluated at five test sites in the 2018/19 cropping season using a 10 x 12 alpha lattice design with two replicates. The level of drought stress was imposed using different sowing dates (early planting representing non-stressed, while late planting as drought stressed conditions) following the onset of the main rain at each site. Grain yield and yield components were recorded, and drought indices were calculated for each genotype. Among the drought tolerance indices, GMP, MP, HM, STI and YI were found to be the most suitable for predicting drought tolerance because they had significant and positive correlations with yield under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Rank sum analysis identified the most drought tolerant genotypes as ‘YS-34', ‘YS-85' and ‘YS-82’. The selected wheat genotypes are useful genetic resources for future drought tolerance breeding programmes in Ethiopia or similar agro-ecologies.