Release Kinetics of Some Nutrients from a Sandy Loam Soil Treated with Different Organic Amendments

ABSTRACT

An incubation study was undertaken to examine the periodic release of some macronutrients and micronutrients in a sandy loam treated with different organic amendments (farmyard manure, mushroom compost, poultry manure, vermicompost, biogas slurry, and biochar of Lantana weed) added @ 15 t ha^?1 for 120 d through entrapment of released nutrients on ion exchange resins. Among organic amendments, the highest total contents were recorded for Ca, Mg, and S in farmyard manure, for K, Fe, and Mn in mushroom compost, for P, Zn, and Cu in biogas slurry, for B in biochar. The highest average release was recorded for P, Zn, Mn, and B from poultry manure, for Cu from biogas slurry, for Fe from vermicompost, for Ca, Mg, and S from mushroom compost, and for K from farmyard manure. The kinetics of mineralization and release of these nutrients conformed well to the zero-order kinetics and also to a power function equation. The initial release amount and release rate coefficient estimated by the power function equations were correlated significantly to the general properties of organic amendments and also to the type of C species present in organic amendment. Organic amendments having relatively higher content of water soluble C or fulvic or humic acids are likely to release nutrients through an early mineralization/solubilization from soil reserve.     

Integrated Use of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Fish Manure: Effects on the Growth and Chemical Composition of Spinach

ABSTRACT

Combinations of inorganic nitrogen and biological fertilizers are currently advised for integrated nutrient management. To prevent agricultural fish waste from polluting water sources, recycling of the organic waste of fish manure is advised. This study was conducted to determine effect of combinations of ammonium nitrate and fish manure on yield and spinach content under greenhouse conditions. Treatments consisted of fish manure (FM), ammonium nitrate (N) and the combination of fish manure and commercial fertilizer, with four doses of nitrogen (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha^?1). Applications significantly affected leaf and root fresh and dry weights, nutrient element, antioxidant enzymes and the flavonoid content of spinach. Plant growth, chemical composition and yield were superior in treatments with 150–200 kg ha^?1 nitrogen doses with the combination of FM and N. FM application with N treatment provided maximum spinach yield and plant growth by reducing the use of commercial N fertilizer.     

沼液沼渣对温室迷你黄瓜品质的影响

试验以化肥、农家肥为对照,研究了沼液、沼渣对迷你黄瓜品质的影响。结果表明,以沼渣为基肥,辅以植株叶面喷施沼液,对提高迷你黄瓜品质有明显的作用。其中施沼渣A2的处理对降低硝酸盐含量作用最明显,比CK1、CK2分别降低了14%和41%的硝酸盐。100%沼液(B2)叶面喷施可显著降低硝酸盐的含量,一次喷施可降低45%左右,其中A1B1、A1B2处理喷沼液后叶绿素含量平均提高了89%,A1B2处理的Vc上升了77%,综合评价后尤以A2B2处理效果最好,在保证高产的同时,Vc含量达48.63 mg/100 g鲜重,可溶性糖含量达22.16%,硝酸盐含量为90.74 mg/kg。     

沼液配施化肥对太湖地区水蜜桃品质及土壤氮素累积的影响

将沼液农田回用是有机废弃物资源化与循环利用的重要途径。以7年生蜜露桃树为供试材料,通过连续2年牛粪沼液和水葫芦沼液的果园田间施用试验,研究等氮量条件下不同比例沼液与化肥配施对水蜜桃果实大小、 单重、 产量和果实品质及土壤矿质氮积累状况的影响。结果表明, 1）水葫芦沼液、 牛粪沼液和化肥配施可提高水蜜桃的产量与品质,在水葫芦沼液25% 配施比例、 牛粪沼液50% 配施比例下产量及果实的可溶性固形物、 糖分含量分别为最高,水葫芦及牛粪沼液中的水分含量是影响桃树产量和品质的关键因子,其适宜用量为200 kg/(planta); 2）各施肥处理土壤NH+4含量随土壤深度增加呈递减趋势; 沼液比例过高（75%和100%）会导致土壤硝酸盐在表层和近地下水层的累积,比例低下则硝酸盐累积不明显; 习惯施肥（过量施肥）和低比例沼液（相应的高化肥比例）处理硝酸盐主要累积于犁底层之上; 3） 连续2年在沼液灌溉条件下,25%的水葫芦沼液、 50%的牛粪沼液配施比例处理其近地下水层土壤硝酸盐含量均低于15 mg/kg,处于安全可控范围,但在该地区（高地下水水位）进行长期沼液灌溉尚需进一步观测和评价。     

Effects of Adding Nitrogen to Vermicompost on Tomato Seedlings Under Greenhouse Conditions

Vermicompost, a byproduct of earthworm digestion of organic solid waste is receiving attention as a peat substitute in the production of plug seedling media. We aimed to test the effects of adding nitrogen to vermicompost on the morphological development of tomato seedlings. Nursery experiments on tomato seedlings were carried out in the greenhouse. Urea at 0.00 kg/m³, 0.25 kg/m³, 0.50 kg/m³, and 1.00 kg/m³ was added to vermicompost and to the vermicompost-vermiculite (at a volume ratio of 4:1) mixture. Results showed that (1) Nitrogen application at different rates to the vermicompost significantly increased the strong seedling index (SSI) at the middle (T1) and late (T2) seedling growth stages. Besides, nitrogen application significantly increased concentrations of available nitrogen (available-N) at the beginning of seedling cultivation (T0) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^?-N) at T2 in vermicompost. (2) Adding nitrogen to vermicompost significantly increased the number of root tips at T1 and T2 and the root volume at T2. And it significantly decreased the electrical conductivity (EC), total N (TN), available N, ammonium N (NH₄⁺-N), and NO₃^?-N at T1 and T2. (3) Adding nitrogen to the vermicompost-vermiculite mixture significantly increased the root/shoot ratio, and SSI at T1 and T2. And it significantly increased the pH and reduced the EC at T1 and the available-N, NH₄⁺-N, and NO₃^?-N at T2. In short, adding nitrogen (0.5～1.0 kg/m³ urea) to vermicompost improved the shoot and root morphological development of tomato seedlings, as well as the biomass accumulation and allocation. Adding nitrogen to the vermicompost-vermiculite mixture further promoted the development of tomato seedlings.     

沼肥对保护地土壤酶及其呼吸强度的影响

以等有机质含量的猪粪、沼渣为基肥,追肥(化肥与沼液)以等N、等P、等K进行施用,采用二裂式区组设计的方法研究了沼肥、猪粪、化肥等不同施肥组合对保护地土壤酶活性及其呼吸强度的影响。结果表明,未施任何肥料的对照处理,其土壤磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性和土壤呼吸强度最弱。沼渣与沼液配合施用较沼渣与化肥配合施用有利于提高土壤磷酸酶的活性,而施用猪粪或沼渣、施用沼液或化肥对土壤磷酸酶活性的影响差异较小;施肥对土壤过氧化氢酶活性影响较小;施有机肥或有机肥和化肥配施提高了土壤呼吸强度。施用化肥、沼渣分别比施用沼液、猪粪有利于提高土壤呼吸强度。猪粪、沼渣与化肥配合施用分别比与沼液配合施用的土壤呼吸强度高。     

Nitrogen Dynamics of Strawberry Cultivation in Vermicompost-Amended Systems

The use of vermicompost as a soil amendment is suggested as a method to reduce nitrogen (N) losses in crop production; however, it is unclear whether and how vermicompost can affect water quality after a significant irrigation or rainfall event. Bare-root strawberry plugs were grown in 1-gallon plastic pots. The treatments consisted of two media: (1) a peat:perlite soil-less mix and (2) a fine sand soil. Each media was amended with three levels of dairy manure vermicompost: 0, 10, and 25% by weight, and a biweekly synthetic fertilizer treatment of 150 mg N-P-K L^?1 evaluated in a full factorial randomized block design. Drainage water from each plant was collected each week for 18 weeks and analyzed for NO₃^? concentration. In the first 2 weeks, high (1000–5000 mg L^?1) amounts of NO₃^? leaching occurred in all vermicompost-amended media relative to non vermicompost-amended media, but this leaching significantly (p < 0.01) decreased over time across all vermicompost treatments. Strawberry growth response to 10% vermicompost was similar to synthetic fertilizer only treatments. Plants grown with vermicompost at 25% with synthetic fertilizer had the highest above-ground vegetative biomass (15.3 g) relative to plants with synthetic fertilizer only (5.3 g). These data suggest vermicompost addition rates of 10 and 25% by weight promote high vegetative biomass in greenhouse strawberry but may facilitate high initial nitrate leaching, which can negatively affect water quality and environmental health.     

北京大中型沼气工程冬季运行状况及发酵前后物料理化生物特性

为了解北京市大中型沼气工程冬季运行情况及发酵剩余物理化特性,该文实地调查了北京市29座沼气工程冬季运行情况,以调研问卷的形式了解沼气工程运行状况,并采样分析了发酵原料、沼渣和沼液样品的养分含量、粪大肠菌群数、铜、锌、砷、铅等指标。结果表明:北京29座冬季运行的沼气工程中主要以畜禽粪便为原料,其中有20座沼气工程采用猪粪进行厌氧发酵,厌氧消化反应器类型主要是全混式厌氧反应器和升流式厌氧固体反应器,沼气以供周边农户使用为主,沼渣和沼液以农田利用为主,从区域沼气工程运行状况来看,房山区的沼气工程运行状况相对较好,大兴区和顺义区的沼气工程运行状况参差不齐;所调研沼气工程沼渣和沼液的pH值适宜向农田施用,沼渣的EC值相对原料平均下降了56.97%,沼渣有机质和可挥发性固体的质量分数相对原料分别降低了20.99%和27.93%,沼渣的养分质量分数较高,沼液的养分质量浓度较低,沼渣中的粪大肠菌群数和沼液的化学需氧量、粪大肠菌群数整体偏高,有6座沼气工程的砷含量较高。调查结果可为北京市沼气工程冬季运行效果及沼渣沼液资源化利用提供基础数据,促进北京市沼气工程的可持续发展,提高生态和经济效益。     

不同形态氮对掌叶半夏生长及块茎主要化学成分影响研究

【目的】本文利用盆栽试验,探讨了不同铵态氮、 硝态氮供应比例对掌叶半夏生长、 相关生理指标及块茎中主要活性成分含量的影响,以期为掌叶半夏的合理施肥、 科学种植提供技术依据。【方法】盆栽试验以蛭石为栽培基质,以掌叶半夏为试验材料,采用不同铵态氮、 硝态氮比例处理,分析不同铵硝比例处理下掌叶半夏叶片中抗氧化保护酶（SOD、 CAT）, 叶片、 块茎中氮代谢关键酶（NR）的活性及块茎中次生代谢产物（MDA、 硝酸盐及主要活性成分）的含量变化。【结果】 1）叶片鲜重、 块茎鲜重及总叶绿素含量总体均随铵态氮比例的升高而呈逐渐增加趋势,其中在全铵营养下,块茎鲜重和总叶绿素含量均达到最高值。2）随着铵态氮比例的升高,植株叶片中SOD、 CAT酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势; 当铵硝比为50∶50时,SOD、 CAT酶活性最高,此时,叶片中NO-3-N含量也达到最高。3）在全铵营养或全硝营养下,MDA含量均高于其他处理; 当铵硝比为50∶50时,MDA累积量最低。4）在全硝营养下,叶片、 块茎中的NR活性均达到最高值,同处理水平下叶片中NR活性要高于块茎; 并且随着铵态氮比例的增加叶片中NR活性呈逐渐降低的趋势,而块茎中的NR活性则呈逐渐增加的趋势。5）块茎中主要活性成分的累积更依赖于两种氮素的配施作用,在较高的铵态氮配施处理下（75∶25时）,总生物碱、 总有机酸及腺苷的积累量均取得最高值。【结论】适宜比例的铵硝配比可以促进掌叶半夏生长及产量的形成,其促进效果也显著高于全硝营养; 当铵硝比为50∶50时,其植物体内的相关酶活性也达到最高,说明适宜的铵硝配比能减轻膜质过氧化对植株细胞膜造成的损伤; 同时,较高的NH+4-N也有利于块茎中主要活性成分的积累,尤以铵硝比为75∶25时,累积效果最显著。     

养殖粪水长期贮存过程理化特性变化规律

目前中国中小规模畜禽养殖场主要采用自然贮存后还田的形式处理养殖粪水,受场地制约,养殖粪水贮存时间通常仅有1～2个月,之后便直接还田利用,贮存后的粪水理化特性变化尚不清楚,是否适宜直接还田尚需研究。该研究以猪粪水和牛粪水为研究对象,重点分析粪水在长期贮存中粪大肠菌群、电导率(Electrical Conductance,EC)以及化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)的变化,分析粪水最佳贮存期及还田利用方式,以期为粪水资源化及安全还田提供参考。结果表明,粪水经自然贮存6个月,铵态氮损失达68%以上,不仅引起环境污染,且降低了养分;贮存后粪水基本可达到无害化要求,但pH值、EC值以及COD浓度仍然偏高,还田前应制定合理的粪水资源化利用方案;固液分离可以有效降低粪水中的COD浓度和EC值,促进粪水无害化进程。该研究为中国畜禽养殖粪水资源化用探索了新的技术路径。     

Integrated Management of Organic Manures and Chemical Fertilizers for Enhancing Paddy Yield and the Nutrient Content of Rice Cultivars

The integrated nutrient management with organic manure and chemical fertilizers can improve rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, soil health, and fertility. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of organic manures and chemical fertilizers on the yield and nutrient content of wetland rice under field conditions. It was conducted in northern Iran in two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016 as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. Two local rice cultivars, Tarom Hashemi and Tarom Mahalli, were chosen as the first factor; mineral fertilizers in four levels: 100% recommended nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK), 75% recommended nitrogen with 100% phosphorus-potassium (PK), 75% recommended phosphorus with 100% nitrogen-potassium (NK), and 75% recommended potassium with 100% nitrogen-phosphorus (NP), were selected based on soil analysis and were arranged as the second factor; and three levels of organic manures, namely zero and eight tons of vermicompost per hectare, and 10 tons of rotted manure per hectare was the third factor. Results revealed that the highest paddy yield occurs with vermicompost and manure consumption for both cultivars. Moreover, the highest paddy yield (3962 kg ha^?1) occurs with 100% recommended NPK and vermicompost consumption. For both cultivars, the most chlorophyll a and chlorophyll ab content was produced with application of 100% recommended NPK. The most grain nitrogen content, grain nitrogen uptake, protein content, and protein yield were observed with 100% recommended NPK applied with 10 tons of rotted manure and eight tons of vermicompost usage per hectare. Therefore, in view of the ever-increasing use of chemical fertilizers and irreversible damage thereby, the additional use of these compounds can benefit the environment and human health. The global attention to sustainable agricultural concepts and organic manure can, in addition to producing reasonable yields, be considered as an appropriate alternative to chemical fertilizers.     

MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES FROM FERTILIZER NITROGEN DURING INCUBATION IN ACID SANDY SOILS AND DURING SUBSEQUENT GROWTH OF RYEGRASS, USING 15N-LABELLED FERTILIZERS

Ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate both containing excess ¹⁵N were applied to four acid sandy soils; two were from old arable fields and two from grassland, selected so that one of each pair was about pH 5 and the other about pH 6 (in water). The soils were incubated for 6 weeks at 21°C in large glazed earthenware pots, one set with the nitrification inhibitor 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine added and another without inhibitor. Ammonium and nitrate N were determined at intervals, and the total-N at the start and after 6 weeks. The atom per cent ¹⁵N in the mineral-N extracted from soils treated with ammonium sulphate was determined after 0, 3, and 6 weeks, and in the total-N of all the soils given N-fertilizer at 0 and 6 weeks. Much added N was immobilized at first, but some was re-mineralized during the second half of the incubation. Mineral-N extracted from soils treated with ammonium sulphate contained less ¹⁵N than the fertilizer added, showing that part of the apparent re-mineralization during the second half was from unlabelled soil organic matter. After incubating for 6 weeks less than 5 per cent of the N added as nitrate was lost but about 5 per cent of the labelled-N added as ammonium sulphate was lost from the two grassland soils. Adding the inhibitor prevented this loss. After incubating, the soil remaining in each jar was halved to provide duplicate pots and sown with ryegrass. A similar series of pots with the same treatments (but with unlabelled fertilizer) was also prepared from the soils that had been stored slightly moist and at 21°C; these were sown with ryegrass. All pots were harvested after 42 days and again after 70 days. More than 93 per cent of the labelled-N was recovered in plants and soil, except from the two grassland soils to which calcium nitrate was added. It is concluded that while a little nitrogen may be lost during nitrification in some of these soils, more nitrogen may be lost during the growth of grass, when nitrate is present in relatively large amounts. The nitrification inhibitor decreased yields of grass at the first cutting on grassland soils treated with ammonium, but increased them on soil treated with nitrate, suggesting that changing the proportions of nitrate to ammonium by adding the inhibitor alters the growth rate and yield of grass.     

QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF CITRUS ON A CITROMELO ROOTSTOCK AS AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF N FERTILIZATION (CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC)

With respect to the important effects of nitrogen (N) on plant growth and fruit production, a five-year experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of different sources of N fertilization including chemical and organic on the quantity and quality of citrus fruit. Using five-year old trees, different types of fertilization including ammonium sulfate, urea coated with sulfur, ammonium nitrate and manure were tested using seven treatments in five replicates from 2002 to 2007. Different plant quantitative and qualitative parameters were determined. The most effective strategy on fruit yield production was the use of urea coated with sulfur and manure with 92.46 kg ha^?1 fruit yield followed by ammonium sulfate and manure (87.06 kg ha^?1) and ammonium sulfate (86.43 kg ha^?1). The combination of mineral and organic fertilization may be the most suitable fertilization strategy for citrus production.     

Assessing the Potential of Pomegranate Meal and Potato Waste as New Organic Amendments for Vermicompost

Waste disposal has become one of the greatest global concerns, which has high operational costs and might cause environmental pollution. Due to the lack of the organic matter in most of the Iranian agro-ecosystem, recycling organic waste materials favors the environment by reducing chemical fertilizers as well as improving soil structure and fertility. A vermicomposting system using cow manure (CM), pomegranate meal (PM) + sawdust (S), CM + potato waste (PW), PM + PW, CM + PM, and CM + PM + PW was set up to find a viable alternative raw material for improving physico-chemical properties of vermicompost after 60 days. The amended vermicompost of PM + S and PM + PW markedly improved the electrical conductivity (EC), which were below the EC limit (by 1.01 and 2.27 dS m^?1, respectively), pH (by 7.04 and 6.60, respectively), and water holding capacity (respectively 1.9 and 1.2 times higher than CM). Vermicompost amendment led to significant reduction of organic carbon (OC), but nonetheless, PM + S and PM + PW showed higher OC content in the final product probably due to the higher initial carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio, raw material origin, and lower decomposition rate. In regard to nutrient value, the total phosphorus content in the end-product of PM + S and PM + PW was, respectively, 19.3 and 7.9 times higher compared with the final product of CM. Additionally, the amended vermicompost of PM + PW markedly improved total nitrogen content as compared with CM. The findings suggested that the additional amounts of nitrogen and potassium to PM + S and also potassium to PM + PW would improve the physico-chemical properties and fertilization of the final vermicompost considerably higher than CM vermicompost. This amendment has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of vermicompost of CM, for example, salinity and alkalinity; and chemical fertilizers, for example, soil pollution with heavy metals in phosphate fertilizers, as well as the potential for soil rehabilitation.     

有机无机肥配施对双季稻田土壤养分利用与渗漏淋失的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究稻草、猪粪、猪粪堆肥或沼渣沼液与化肥配施对双季稻田土壤养分利用与渗漏淋失的影响。结果表明,有机肥与化肥配施有利于提高稻田土壤中N、P、K养分和有机质含量,降低稻田渗漏液中TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度,促进水稻养分吸收与利用。其中,以20%的猪粪堆肥氮与化肥配施效果较好,与施纯化肥相比,1年后土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾和有机质含量分别提高了2.59%,0.87%,0.15%和21.45%,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高3.31%,3.22%和12.24%;氮、磷、钾肥料利用率分别提高5.22%,0.55%,3.50%;水稻地上部氮、磷、钾养分累积量分别提高7.83,0.33,3.14g/kg;水稻生长期稻田渗漏液中TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度明显降低;早稻增产19.65%,晚稻无明显减产。     

灌施沼液比例对石灰性土壤性质和辣椒生长的影响

研究了灌施不同稀释比例沼液对土壤pH值、电导率、有机碳、水溶性碳、土壤结构以及辣椒生长的影响。结果表明:灌施沼液会使土壤pH值和EC值升高,尤其是高浓度(50%)沼液,土壤的EC值达到1.2m S/cm以上;土壤有机碳随沼液浓度的增大而增加,水溶性碳在灌施比例为1∶3和1∶4时达到最大,其次是原液、1∶1和1∶2,且这3个处理之间差异不显著;灌施沼液有利于土壤水稳性大团聚体(0.25 mm)的形成,尤其灌施浓度25%时,各处理之间差异显著,而且灌施沼液可以显著增加0.25 mm水稳性团聚体中有机碳的含量。生物实验表明,辣椒株高、叶片数、分枝数、叶绿素值及辣椒产量在灌施稀释比例为1∶2~1∶4的沼液时达到了相对较高的水平,而灌施沼液原液和稀释比例为1∶1时,上述各指标相对较低。综合考虑建议沼液在石灰性土壤上的稀释比例应控制在1∶2~1∶4之间,但是其长期施用效果还有待于进一步验证。     

猪粪厌氧、有氧发酵物氮源对甘蓝生长及土壤养分的影响

探讨了在等氮量供应下,猪粪厌氧发酵物(沼液)及有氧发酵物(堆肥)氮源对甘蓝生长及土壤养分的影响,结果表明:在等氮量供应的情况下,施用猪粪沼液不仅可以替代化肥为作物提供生长所必需的氮素,而且提高了养分的利用效率,对甘蓝的增产效果显著;而施用猪粪堆肥处理的甘蓝产量较低,但是施用猪粪堆肥可以提高土壤有机质和土壤p H值,减少施用化肥带来的土壤酸化危害;在等氮量供应的情况下,单施猪粪堆肥处理的土壤有效磷、速效钾含量最高。     

不同肥料类型及用量对坡面氮素流失的影响

为研究施用不同肥料类型（尿素、鸡粪）及用量（349.6,174.8 kg/hm²）下坡面氮素流失规律,采用人工模拟降雨试验方法,探究二者氮素流失差异的原因,并阐述肥料用量对氮素流失量的影响。结果表明：施肥后坡面氮素流失以泥沙全氮流失为主,占比可达78.16%~93.46%;径流硝态氮浓度高于铵态氮浓度,且径流总氮流失以硝态氮流失为主要形式,流失量占径流总氮流失量的38.53%~48.62%。肥料类型对坡面泥沙全氮浓度影响不明显,施用鸡粪处理泥沙硝态氮浓度和铵态氮浓度较高。等氮施用鸡粪可以减少坡面径流总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮流失浓度,分别减少68.64%~74.23%,70.09%~72.54%,27.90%~39.45%。等氮鸡粪替代尿素可以减少坡面氮素流失总量的11.07%~15.81%,减少径流总氮形式流失量70.55%~73.36%。坡面施氮量增加,氮素流失浓度增加,氮素流失总量也随之增加,可增加6.00%~11.00%。全量鸡粪替代半量尿素可减少坡面氮素流失总量,其效果较半量鸡粪处理下降10.40%。农业施用氮肥时,应合理选择施用量,并少量多次施用。尽量选择有机肥替代传统氮肥,以减少地表径流氮素浓度。做好水土保持工作,以降低水土流失携带大量的氮素对环境所造成的威胁。     

蚯蚓生物床工程处理对牛粪性质的影响

利用蚯蚓处理有机固体废弃物比传统技术手段具有更明显的优越性,得到越来越广泛的关注。试验通过蚯蚓生物床工程处理牛粪,采用室内分析的方法研究处理前后性质变化特征。结果表明：牛粪经蚯蚓生物床处理后的通水性和透气性得到明显改善,易干燥,无臭气,含水率和电导率明显下降,pH值趋于中性。蚯蚓生物床工程处理使全氮和有机质含量下降,提高了铵态氮、硝态氮、全钾、全磷、有机磷、无机磷和速效磷的含量,降低了钾的生物有效性,对腐殖酸含量无明显影响。对Cr、Cd和Cu的去除效果较好,对Pb、Mn、Zn和Fe的去除效果不佳。蚯蚓生物床工程处理过程丰富了蚯蚓粪中微生物区系,增加了过氧化氢酶活性,降低了脲酶活性,使牛粪中的碳水化合物发生逐步分解,生成腐殖物质,同时使水溶性有机硅化合物分解为无机硅氧化物。     

Integrated use of organic and inorganic inputs in wheat-fodder maize cropping sequence to improve crop yields and soil properties

A 2-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two organics, farmyard manure and vermicompost, each at three rates (0, 5, 10 t ha^?1 and 0, 1, 2 t ha^?1, respectively), along with two levels of mineral fertilizer (75% and 100% of recommended dose), on crops yields and soil properties under a wheat–fodder maize cropping sequence. Individual addition of organics at a higher level increased yields of wheat and subsequent maize. Soil microbial biomass carbon was enhanced as both a direct and residual effect with the addition of farmyard manure followed by vermicompost and fertilizer treatments, and also by combined addition of manure with either vermicompost or mineral fertilizer. Farmyard manure increased the availability of soil macro- and micronutrients, whereas vermicompost influenced only the availability of micronutrients at wheat harvest. A residual effect of farmyard manure and mineral fertilizers was found for available N. Meanwhile, the residual status of micronutrients in the soil was either maintained or significantly improved due to organic amendments (Mn and Zn with farmyard manure; Fe and Zn with vermicompost). Interaction of farmyard manure and vermicompost at a higher level benefited the next crop by increasing the yield of fodder maize and improving the availability of P and metals in soil.